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Lecture 4

The document discusses heat transfer mechanisms, specifically focusing on conduction, convection, and radiation, which all require a temperature difference. It details the principles of conduction, including Fourier's law, thermal conductivity, and the differences in conductivity among solids, liquids, and gases. Additionally, it introduces thermal diffusivity as a measure of how quickly heat diffuses through materials.

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alinaser2366
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2 views

Lecture 4

The document discusses heat transfer mechanisms, specifically focusing on conduction, convection, and radiation, which all require a temperature difference. It details the principles of conduction, including Fourier's law, thermal conductivity, and the differences in conductivity among solids, liquids, and gases. Additionally, it introduces thermal diffusivity as a measure of how quickly heat diffuses through materials.

Uploaded by

alinaser2366
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS


• Heat can be transferred in three different modes: conduction,
convection, and radiation. All modes of heat transfer require the
existence of a temperature difference, and all modes are from the
high-temperature medium to a lower-temperature one.

CONDUCTION
• Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic
particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result
of interactions between the particles. Conduction can take place in
solids, liquids, or gases.
• In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion
of the molecules during their random motion.
• The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the
geometry of the medium, its thickness, and the material of the
medium, as well as the temperature difference across temperature
difference across the medium.

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Consider steady heat conduction through a large plane wall of


thickness dx = L and area A, as shown in Fig. 1–23. The
temperature difference across the wall is dT = T2 - T1.
The rate of heat transfer Q· through the wall is doubled when
the temperature difference dT across the wall or the area A
normal to the direction of heat transfer is doubled, but is
halved when the wall thickness L is doubled.
The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is
proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and
the heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to the
thickness of the layer

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

k is the thermal conductivity

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Thermal Conductivity
• The thermal conductivity of a substance is
normally highest in the solid phase and
lowest in the gas phase.
• the thermal conductivity k is a measure of a
material’s ability to conduct heat. For
example, k = 0.607 W/m·K for water and k =
80.2 W/m·K for iron at room temperature,
which indicates that iron conducts heat more
than 100 times faster than water can.
• the thermal conductivity of a material can be
defined as the rate of heat transfer through a
unit thickness of the material per unit area
per unit temperature difference.
• A high value for thermal conductivity
indicates that the material is a good heat
conductor, and a low value indicates that the
material is a poor heat conductor or
insulator.

Gas Conductivity
• Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energies of the
particles such as the molecules or atoms of a substance. In a
liquid or gas, the kinetic energy of the molecules is due to
their random translational motion as well as their vibrational
and rotational motions.
• When two molecules possessing different kinetic energies
collide, part of the kinetic energy of the more energetic
(higher temperature) molecule is transferred to the less
energetic (lower-temperature) molecule, much the same as
when two elastic balls of the same mass at different velocities
collide, part of the kinetic energy of the faster ball is
transferred to the slower one.
• The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move
and the higher the number of such collisions, and the better
the heat transfer.

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Liquid Conductivity
• The thermal conductivity of liquids is generally insensitive
to pressure except near the thermodynamic critical point.
• Unlike gases, the thermal conductivities of most liquids
decrease with increasing temperature, with water being a
notable exception.
• Like gases, the conductivity of liquids decreases with
increasing molar mass. Liquid metals such as mercury and
sodium have high thermal conductivities and are very
suitable for use in applications where a high heat transfer
rate to a liquid is desired, as in nuclear power plants.

Conductivity of Solids
• In solids, heat conduction is due to two effects:
1. the lattice vibrational waves induced by the vibrational motions of the
molecules positioned at relatively fixed positions in a periodic manner
called a lattice, and
2. the energy transported via the free flow of electrons in the solid
(Fig. 1–30).
• The relatively high thermal conductivities of pure metals are
primarily due to the electronic component. The lattice
component of thermal conductivity strongly depends on the
way the molecules are arranged.

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The temperature dependence of thermal


conductivity
• The temperature dependence of thermal
conductivity causes considerable
complexity in conduction analysis.
Therefore, it is common practice to
evaluate the thermal conductivity k at the
average temperature and treat it as a
constant in calculations.

Thermal Diffusivity
• Another material property that appears in the transient
heat conduction analysis is the thermal diffusivity,
which represents how fast heat diffuses through a
material and is defined as

• Note that the thermal conductivity k represents how


well a material conducts heat, and the heat capacity
represents how much energy a material stores per unit
volume. Therefore, the thermal diffusivity of a material
can be viewed as the ratio of the heat conducted
through the material to the heat stored per unit
volume.

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