RESULTS BASED

MONITORING AND
EVALUATION
TRAINING
Result Based Management of Development Projects
 Logical Framework
MODULE 2
WORKBASED PROBLEM
Approach and its
ANALYSIS Elements
Problem Tree

❖ Problem tree is a diagramming technique used to analyze and solve problems.

It is a visual representation of the causes and effects of a problem, and it can be
used to identify the root causes of a problem and to develop solutions.
❖A problem tree is typically drawn as a tree, with the problem at the top and
the causes and effects at the bottom and top respectively (another variation is
branching off below)
❖The other variation the causes are written on the left side and effects are
written on the right side.
❖The causes can be further broken down into sub-causes, and the effects can be
further broken down into sub-effects.
❖This tool assists in analyzing an existing situation by identifying the major
problems and their main causal relationships.
 Problem Tree
Development Steps
1. List all the problems that come to mind. Problems need to be carefully
identified: they should be existing problems, not possible, imagined or
future ones. The problem is an existing negative situation, it is not the
absence of a solution.
2. Identify a core problem (this may involve considerable trial and error before
settling on one).
3. Determine which problems are “Causes” and which are “Effects.” by
brainstorming the causes of the problem it may take a workshop/boardroom
model e.g. Miro online software or Jamboard.
4. Arrange in hierarchy both Causes and Effects, i.e., how do the causes relate
to each other - which leads to the other, etc.
 Problem
Tree

Source: EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
(2004)
Problem Tree Contd.

Problem trees do more than just identify the root causes of the
problem.
❖They provide a visual breakdown of problems into their
symptoms as well as their causes,
❖They Create a visual output that can be understood by
anyone. The process can be a useful method in building a
stakeholders and community’s awareness
Who are the
problem
stakeholders?
 Level Nature of Problem Stakeholders

Macro •Policy environment •Central government

• Legal provisions •National research organizations
•State of the national economy (as a whole and by •Private sector
sector) •International NGOs
•Trade (import/export) regulations •National NGOs
•Professional unions
•International collaboration
Intermediate •Poor Institutional performance •Regional government
•Poor Infrastructure (transport, •Service providers
communications, markets) •Private sector (manufacturers,
• Limited Services (credit, extension, •Wholesalers, distributors,
training, education, health) •Retailers)
•NGOs
•Professional organizations
Micro •Limited access and control over resources and •Individual women, men,
benefits •Children
•Poor decision making •Youth
•Elderly
•Households
•Communities (tribes)
Objective Tree

The negative situations of the problem tree are converted into

solutions, expressed as “positive achievements”. For instance, in
the shown example of river pollution, “river water quality is
deteriorating” is converted into “quality of river water is
improved”. These positive achievements are in fact objectives and
are presented in an objective tree showing the means/ends
hierarchy.
Objective Tree

Since the negative situations of the problem tree have to be

reformulated into positive situations that are desirable and
realistically achievable, it is of primal importance that all
stakeholders are involved in the discussions giving their
feedback. Appropriate consultation will help to consider
priorities, assess how realistic the achievements of some
objectives might be and identify additional MEANS that might
be required to achieve the desired ends.
 Objective
Tree

Source: EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
(2004)
Objective
Tree

The long term

desired (The
goal/impact )
The short term desired
situation
(purpose/outcome )

The means to
achieve the
desired situation
(outputs and
activities)
 LOGFRAME
DEVELOPMENT
 Log frame

❖Through consultation with stakeholders the

problem is analyzed including the root causes
❖Then the negative situations are turned into
positive situation e.g. deforestation=afforestation
❖After developing the objectives, they are arranged
in logical order through the log frame
Log frame

❖LF is a management:
✓ Planning,
✓Execution, and
✓Monitoring tool used to improve the design of
interventions.
Log frame answers the following questions
1. What the project is going to achieve in short and long
term? (outputs/outcome/Goal)
2. What activities will be carried out to achieve its
outputs and so the purpose/goal?
Log frame

❖LF is a management:
✓ Planning,
✓Execution, and
✓Monitoring tool used to improve the design of
interventions.
Log frame answers the following questions
1. What the project is going to achieve in short and long
term? (outputs/outcome/Goal)
2. What activities will be carried out to achieve its
outputs and so the purpose/goal?
The First Row Contains

1. Narrative Summary
2. Indicators
3. Means of Verification
4. Risks and Assumptions
Log frame
3. How the progress and ultimate success of the project will be
measured and verified? (indicators and means of verification).
4. What are the potential problems which could affect the success
of the project?(Risks and Assumptions).

The Column in sequence contains:

A. The goal
B. Purpose
C. Outputs
D. Activities
HIERACHY INDICATORS MEANS OF Responsi Informati
OF VERIFICATION ble/ By on Use
OBJECTIV who
ES
Indicator Baseli Target Data Data Freque
descripti ne Source Collectio ncy
on n
Method
Goal/
Impact

Purpose/
Outcome

Outputs/G
oods and
Services
1. The Goal/Impact

1. Project goal are the longer term targets (5

and above years) known as development
objectives
2. Reduced youth unemployment by 10% by
2030 in Kenya
3. Increased economic growth in Kenya by
5% by 2030
2. The Purpose/
Outcome
❖Project purpose are a short term targets (below 5 years)
that contribute to the longer term goal of a project
❖Your project is responsible for achievement of the
project purpose
❖Project purpose describes the desired project outcome
for the target group (direct recipients)
❖The desired changes for the target group can be change
in behavior, system or performances
2. The Purpose/
Outcome Contd
▪In Behavior: (adoption)
✓What they resisted before, now becomes normal: i.e.
▪Change in System or Services
✓Cooperatives include women in leadership roles
✓ Adoption of sustainable land management practices
▪Change in Institutional Performance
✓The number of community members enrolling in
Conservation groups
✓Household income increased
2. The Purpose/
Outcome Contd
A good objective is Specific, Measurable, Realistic and Time bound
(SMART)
▪ Specific: what exactly do you want to happen and where? (to increase
crop productivity in Machakos Kenya)
▪ Measurable: How can one measure the achievement? How to track the
progress:- Specify metric of measurement (Indicator definition table)
▪ Achievable: is it possible to achieve it given your resources and time (30%
vs 50%)
▪ Relevant: Is it relevant to all stakeholders given the real problem?
(Improved cookstove vs Capacity of Household to use)
▪ Time bound: By when do you want it to happen? (after 2 or 3 or 15
years)
3. Outputs

▪There may be several outputs under one Purpose

▪Purpose: Reduced youth unemployment by 15% through
forest based IGAs by 2030 in Kilifi County, Kenya

OUTPUTS
▪500 forest-based IGAs established in Kilifi County Kenya by
2024
▪2000 Youths Capacity built in forest-based IGAs
▪200 Youth groups formed
3. Outputs:
Characteristics
1. Has to be delivered by the project
2. Necessary to achieve the project
outcome/purpose
3. Stated clearly in verifiable terms
4. Feasible with the available budget
4. Activities

OUTPUT 1: 2000 Youths Capacity built in forest-based IGAs by in 2024 in

Kilifi County

ACTIVITIES

1.1) Needs assessments

1.2) Development of training modules

1.3) Youth Mobilization

1.4) Training of youths on Gaps Identified in Forest Based IGAs

4. Activity 1

1. Assume a problem

2. Change it to objectives

3. Develop
a. Goals

b. Outcome/Purpose

c. Output

d. Activity for one output

Activity 2

Develop a problem tree and an Objective tree of a project in

your sector