Question Under Box Their Answer Given Below:

Q. Write The Five Basic Operations Performed By Any Computer System?

The Five Basic Operations Performed By Any Computer System Are Commonly Referred To As The "Fetch-Decode-
Execute Cycle." These Operations Are Fundamental To The Functioning Of A Computer And Are Executed
Continuously During The Processing Of Instructions. Here Are The Five Basic Operations:

1. **Fetch:**

- The Computer Retrieves The Next Instruction From The Memory.

2. **Decode:**

- The Fetched Instruction Is Decoded To Determine The Operation To Be Performed And The Operands Involved.

- The Control Unit Interprets The Instruction And Prepares For The Execution Phase.

3. **Execute:**

- The Actual Operation Specified By The Instruction Is Carried Out By The Computer's Arithmetic And Logic Unit
(Alu).

- This Phase May Involve Data Manipulation, Arithmetic Calculations, Logical Comparisons, Or Other Computational
Tasks.

4. **Memory Access:**

- If The Instruction Involves Accessing Or Modifying Data In Memory, This Phase Includes Reading From Or Writing
To The Memory Location Specified In The Instruction.

5. **Write Back:**

- The Results Of The Executed Instruction Are Written Back To The Appropriate Registers Or Memory Locations.

- This Phase Ensures That The Outcome Of The Operation Is Stored For Future Reference Or For Use In Subsequent
Instructions.

Q2. Define The Term Byte And Diffrence A Tabular Representation Between Bit And Byte

**Byte:**

A Byte Is A Unit Of Digital Information That Consists Of 8 Bits.

Bytes Are Used To Measure Both Storage Capacity And File Sizes, And They Provide A Convenient And Common Way
To Express Data Size In Computing.
Q3. What Is A Syntax Error?

In The Context Of Computing And Programming, An Error Refers To A Deviation Or Mistake In The Execution Of A
Program Or The Handling Of Data

Understanding The Types Of Errors Is Essential For Effective Debugging And Troubleshooting. Here Are The Common
Types Of Errors:

1. **Syntax Errors:**

- **Description:** Syntax Errors Occur When The Code Violates The Programming Language's Grammar Rules.

- **Example:** Missing Semicolon, Mismatched Parentheses, Or Incorrect Keyword Usage.

2. **Runtime Errors:**

- **Description:** Runtime Errors Occur While The Program Is Running And Can Be Caused By Issues Such As
Division By Zero, Accessing An Undefined Variable, Or Attempting To Open A Non-Existent File.

- **Example:** Division By Zero, Null Pointer Dereference, File Not Found.

3. **Logical Errors:**

- **Description:** Logical Errors Occur When The Program Does Not Produce The Expected Output Due To Flawed
Logic Or Incorrect Algorithmic Implementation.

- **Example:** Incorrect Formula, Improper Loop Condition, Flawed Algorithm.

- **Description:** Semantic Errors Involve Incorrect Meaning Or Interpretation Of Code That Leads To Undesired
Outcomes.

- **Example:** Using The Wrong Variable Name, Misinterpreting The Requirements.

Q. Why Computer Use The Binary Number System?

Computers Use The Binary Number System As Their Fundamental Representation Of Data And Instructions For
Several Reasons:

1. **Simplicity Of Hardware:**

- Electronic Circuits Can Easily Distinguish Between Two States (On/Off Or High/Low Voltage).

- Binary Representation Aligns Well With The Binary Nature Of Electronic Switches, Making It Simpler To Design And
Implement Electronic Circuits.

2. **Reliability:**

- Binary Signals Are Less Prone To Errors And Noise Interference Compared To Analog Signals.

3. **Consistency In Data Representation:**

- Using A Binary System Provides Consistency In Representing Data And Instructions.

- It Simplifies The Design Of Digital Circuits, Memory Storage, And Arithmetic Operations.

4. **Ease Of Digital Circuit Design:**

5. **Efficient Storage:**

- Data Storage Devices, Like Memory Chips And Hard Drives, Naturally Use Binary Storage Cells (Bits).

- Binary Representation Allows For Efficient Addressing And Retrieval Of Data From Storage.

7. **Error Detection And Correction:**

9. **Mathematical Simplicity:**
Q. How Does Computer Language Differ From A Natural Language In Tabular Forms?

Q Write A Notes On Subroutine?

**Subroutine: A Brief Overview**

A Subroutine, Also Known As A Function, Procedure, Or Method In Various Programming Languages, Is A Reusable
And Modular Section Of Code That Performs A Specific Task Within A Larger Program. Subroutines Play A Crucial Role
In Enhancing The Readability, Maintainability, And Efficiency Of Software Development. Here Are Key Points About
Subroutines:

**1. Purpose And Functionality:**

- Subroutines Are Designed To Encapsulate A Specific Set Of Instructions To Perform A Well-Defined Task.

**2. Advantages:**
 - **Reusability:** Subroutines Can Be Reused In Different Parts Of A Program Or Even In Multiple Programs,
Reducing Redundancy.

- **Readability:** Breaking Down A Program Into Smaller, Focused Subroutines Makes The Code More
Readable And Easier To Understand.

- **Maintainability:** Changes Or Updates To A Specific Functionality Can Be Made Within The Subroutine,
Minimizing The Impact On The Rest Of The Code.

- **Testing:** Subroutines Can Be Tested Independently, Simplifying The Debugging And Testing Process.

**3. Syntax:**

- In Many Programming Languages, Subroutines Are Defined Using Keywords Like `Function`, `Procedure`, Or
`Method`.

- They May Take Parameters (Input Values) And Return Results.

**7. Scope And Variables:**

- Subroutines May Have Their Own Local Variables, Which Are Separate From The Variables In The Main
Program.

- Local Variables Have A Limited Scope, Existing Only Within The Subroutine.

**8. Examples:**

- In C Programming, A Function Might Be Defined As Follows:

```C

Int Add(Int A, Int B) {

Return A + B;

**9. Recursive Subroutines:**

- A Subroutine Can Call Itself, Leading To Recursive Functions.

**10. Libraries And Modules:**

- Subroutines Are Often Organized Into Libraries Or Modules, Allowing For Easy Sharing And Reuse Across
Multiple Programs.
 Subroutines Are A Fundamental Concept In Structured And Modular Programming, Providing A Way To
Organize Code, Enhance Reusability, And Simplify The Development And Maintenance Of Software Systems.

Q .How Dos Program Debugging Differ From Program Testing?

**Program Debugging Vs. Program Testing:**

Both Program Debugging And Program Testing Are Essential Activities In Software Development, But They Serve
Different Purposes And Occur At Different Stages Of The Development Process. Here's A Comparison Between
Program Debugging And Program Testing:

**Program Testing:**

1. **Purpose:**

To Identify And Uncover Defects Or Errors In The Software.

Ensure That The Software Meets Its Specified Requirements And Functions Correctly.

2. **Timing:**

Testing Is Typically Performed After The Code Is Written And Before It Is Deployed.

Different Levels Of Testing Include Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, And Acceptance
Testing.

3. **Scope:**

Identifies Issues Related To Functionality, Performance, Security, And Other Aspects.

4. **Execution:**

- **Performed By:** Testers Or Quality Assurance Professionals.

5. **Feedback:**

- **Output:** Test Reports That Highlight The Number And Severity Of Defects Found.

Code.

- **Automation:** Test Automation Tools May Be Used To Automate Repetitive Testing Tasks.
 **Program Debugging:**

1. **Purpose:**

- **Objective:** To Identify And Fix Defects, Errors, Or Unexpected Behavior In The Code.

- **Goal:** Achieve A Correct And Functional Program By Eliminating Bugs.

4. **Execution:**

- **Performed By:** Developers Or Programmers Who Wrote The Code.

- **Activities:** Locating And Fixing Errors, Using Debugging Tools, Examining Program Flow.

5. **Feedback:**

- **Output:** Updated Code With Identified Bugs Fixed.

Q. Difference Between Digital And Analog Computer With Example