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Matrices

The document explains the solution of systems of linear equations using matrices, illustrating the process of expressing equations in matrix form and finding the inverse of a matrix. It includes examples of calculating the inverse of a matrix and solving specific systems of equations using matrix operations. Additionally, it provides homework exercises for further practice.

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pahadkhan.28
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10 views4 pages

Matrices

The document explains the solution of systems of linear equations using matrices, illustrating the process of expressing equations in matrix form and finding the inverse of a matrix. It includes examples of calculating the inverse of a matrix and solving specific systems of equations using matrix operations. Additionally, it provides homework exercises for further practice.

Uploaded by

pahadkhan.28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solution of system of Linear equations by applying matrices:

Consider, a system of linear equations are


𝑎11 𝑥1 +𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙1
𝑎21 𝑥1 +𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙2
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
𝑎𝑛1 𝑥1 +𝑎𝑛2 𝑥2 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛
The above linear equations can be written in matrix form as
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 𝑙1
𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ . . = 𝑙.2.
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ .. ..
[𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 [
⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛 ] 𝑛𝑥 ] [𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 𝑙1
𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 𝑙2
Consider, A = ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ , X = .. , L = ..
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ .. ..
[𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛 ] [ 𝑥𝑛] [𝑙𝑛 ]
∴ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐿
⟹ 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿
⟹ (𝐴−1 𝐴)𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿
⟹ 𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿
𝑥1 𝐵11 𝐵12 ⋯ 𝐵1𝑛 𝑙1
𝑥2 𝐵21 𝐵22 ⋯ 𝐵2𝑛 𝑙2
∴ .. = = ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ..
.. ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ..
[𝑥𝑛 ] [𝐵𝑛1 𝐵𝑛2 ⋯ 𝐵𝑛𝑛 ] [𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑥1 𝑚1
𝑥2 𝑚2
⟹ .. = ..
.. ..
[𝑥𝑛 ] [𝑚𝑛 ]
∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑚1, 𝑥2 = 𝑚2 ………. 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑚𝑛
2 −1 3
Example-1: Find the inverse of the matrix A = [4 0 −1]
3 3 2
Solution: Let D be the determinant of the matrix, then
2 −1 3
D = |4 0 −1|= 2(0+3)+1(8+3)+3(12-0) = 6+11+36=53 ≠ 0
3 3 2
So, the matrix A is non-singular and 𝐴−1 exists.
0 −1
Cofactor of 2 is 𝐴11 = | |=3
3 2
4 −1
Cofactor of -1 is 𝐴12 = − | | = −(8 + 3) = −11
3 2
4 0
Cofactor of 3 is 𝐴13 = | | = 12
3 3
Cofactor of 4 is 𝐴21 = 11
Cofactor of 0 is 𝐴22 = −5
Cofactor of −1 is 𝐴23 = −9
Cofactor of 3 is 𝐴31 = 1
Cofactor of 3 is 𝐴32 = 14
Cofactor of 2 is 𝐴33 = 4

3 −11 12 𝑇
Therefore, adjoint 𝐴 = [11 −5 −9 ]
1 14 4
3 11 1
= [−11 −5 14 ]
12 −9 4
adjoint of 𝐴
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|

1 3 11 1
⟹ 𝐴−1 = [−11 −5 14 ]
53
12 −9 4
H.W.:
1 −21 3 1 1 1
1. If 𝐴 = [1 3 5 ] and 𝐵 = [1 2 3 ], Find the values of 𝐴−1 𝐵 and 𝐴𝐵 −1
1 5 12 1 4 9
1 −3 2 2 1 5
2. If 𝐴 = [ 4 1 −1] and 𝐵 = [−1 − 2 −2], Find 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼, 𝐵𝐵 −1 = 𝐼 and Justify
−3 2 5 3 1 2
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1

Example-2: Solve the following equations with the help of matrices


3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 7𝑧 = 13
4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 12𝑧 = 6
2𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 20
Solution: The given equations can be written in matrix form as
3 5 −7 𝑥 13
[4 1 −12] [𝑦] = [ 6 ]
2 9 −3 𝑧 20
⟹ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐿
⟹ 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿
⟹ 𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿
⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿 (1)
3 5 −7 𝑥 13
where 𝐴 = [ 4 1 −12] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐿 = [ 6 ]
2 9 −3 𝑧 20
1 105 −48 −53
⟹ 𝐴−1 = [−12 5 8 ]
17
34 −17 −17
(1) ⟹ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐿
𝑥 105 −48 −53 13
1
⟹ [𝑦] = 17 [−12 5 8 ][ 6 ]
𝑧 34 −17 −17 20
𝑥 1
⟹ [𝑦] = [2]
𝑧 0
𝑥=1
∴ 𝑦 = 2}
𝑧=0
H.W.
1. Solve the following systems of equations with the help of matrices
(𝑎) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 20
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 7
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 41
(𝑏) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4 = 0
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 7 = 0
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 6𝑧 + 10 = 0

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