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ART277 Section 1

The document outlines the history and evolution of HTML and CSS, starting from their origins in the late 1980s to their current versions, HTML5 and CSS3. It highlights key developments, such as the introduction of new features, standardization efforts, and the focus on responsive design. The document also mentions the ongoing evolution of both languages and the emergence of frameworks and libraries that aid in modern web development.

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4 views4 pages

ART277 Section 1

The document outlines the history and evolution of HTML and CSS, starting from their origins in the late 1980s to their current versions, HTML5 and CSS3. It highlights key developments, such as the introduction of new features, standardization efforts, and the focus on responsive design. The document also mentions the ongoing evolution of both languages and the emergence of frameworks and libraries that aid in modern web development.

Uploaded by

beatzjuice516
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ART277 ASSIGNMENT SECTION 1

Elkanah Tommy prosper Boimah ID#10056

History of HTM

Origins of HTML (1989-1991) Inventor: HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)


was created by Tim Berners Lee while he was working at CERN (European
Organization for Nuclear Research) in 1989.

Purpose: Berners Lee’s initial goal was to create a system for sharing
documents across different machines, using hyperlinks to connect
documents.

First Web Browser: Along with HTML, Berners-Lee also developed the first
web browser, WorldWideWeb (later renamed Nexus).

Early Development and HTML 1.0 (1993):

HTML 1.0: The first version of HTML was simple and contained basic
elements like headers, paragraphs, lists, links, and basic text formatting (like
bold and italic).

Text-Based: Early HTML focused on text-based content. Images were later


incorporated through external references.

HTML 2.0 (1995)

Standardization: HTML 2.0 was the first version standardized by the IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force). It incorporated elements that were already
being used in various web browsers, like forms and tables.

Foundation This version set the foundation for web forms, which allowed user
interaction and the submission of data to web servers.

HTML 3.2 (1997)

W3C Involvement HTML development was taken over by the W3C (World
Wide Web Consortium), which aimed to standardize web technologies.

New Features HTML 3.2 introduced many features such as applets, improved
table formatting, and more complex forms. However, some proposed
features, like the math tag, were dropped due to limited browser support.
HTML 4.0 (1997-1999) Separation of Concerns HTML 4.0 emphasized the
separation of content (HTML) and presentation (CSS). It introduced attributes
like `id` and class for better styling and scripting.

Accessibility This version also focused on accessibility, introducing elements


like label title, and alt for better screen reader support.

Document Types HTML 4.0 supported multiple document types (Strict,


Transitional, Frameset), which catered to different needs and degrees of
backward compatibility.

XHTML 1.0 (2000) XML-Based: XHTML was a reformulation of HTML 4.01 in


XML (eXtensible Markup Language). It required stricter syntax, such as
closing all tags and using lowercase.

Cross-Browser Issues: XHTML aimed to address inconsistencies between


browsers by enforcing stricter rules, but this led to compatibility issues,
especially with older browsers.

HTML5 (2008-Present)

Unified Web Language: HTML5 aimed to provide a single, cohesive language


that could be used across all devices, with support for multimedia,
interactive content, and more complex web applications.

New Elements: HTML5 introduced many new elements like video, audio,
canvas, and semantic elements like article, section, and nav.

Focus on Web Apps: HTML5 also integrated APIs for offline storage, real-time
communication, and graphics rendering, making it a robust platform for web
applications.

History of CSS

Origins and Early Proposals (1994-1996):

Inventor CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) was proposed by Håkon Wium Lie in
1994, while he was working with Tim Berners-Lee at CERN.

Purpose: The aim was to separate the content from the presentation,
allowing developers to style HTML documents without affecting their
structure.

CSS1 (1996): The first official specification, CSS1, was released by the W3C.
It included properties for fonts, colors, and alignment but lacked many
features we see today, like layout control.
CSS2 (1998):

Enhanced Styling CSS2 introduced more sophisticated styling options,


including absolute, relative, and fixed positioning, z-index for layering, and
media types for different devices (like screen, print, etc.).

Complex Selectors CSS2 also introduced more complex selectors like child
selectors, adjacent sibling selectors, and pseudo-elements like before and
after.

CSS2.1 (2004)

Clarifications and Fixes CSS2.1 was a revision of CSS2, fixing errors and
ambiguities in the original specification. It became the widely used standard
for many years, as CSS3 development was ongoing.

Better Browser Support: CSS2.1 provided better guidance for browser


makers, leading to more consistent rendering across different platforms.

CSS3 (2011-Present):

Modular Approach: Unlike previous versions, CSS3 was broken down into
modules, each focusing on a specific aspect of styling, such as colors, text,
backgrounds, borders, and animations.

Advanced Features CSS3 introduced a wide range of new features, including


rounded corners, shadows, gradients, transitions, and animations, which
allowed for more dynamic and visually appealing websites.

Responsive Design: Media queries in CSS3 enabled responsive web design,


allowing web pages to adapt to different screen sizes and orientations.

Widespread Adoption With the rise of mobile devices and modern web
applications, CSS3 features became widely adopted, and browsers rapidly
implemented these features.

Modern Usage and Evolution

HTML5 and CSS3: The combination of HTML5 and CSS3 has revolutionized
web design and development, providing the tools necessary for building
responsive, interactive, and visually appealing websites.

Frameworks and Libraries: Frameworks like Bootstrap and Foundation, and


libraries like Tailwind CSS, have emerged to streamline the process of
building modern websites by providing pre-designed components and utility
classes.
Continued Development: Both HTML and CSS continue to evolve, with new
specifications and features being introduced regularly to address the needs
of modern web development. The W3C and WHATWG (Web Hypertext
Application Technology Working Group) play significant roles in shaping the
future of these languages.

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