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Dna Microarray

DNA microarray is a technique that enables the study of gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously through hybridization on a solid surface. It involves several steps including sample collection, RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, hybridization, and detection, providing valuable insights in fields like cancer research and personalized medicine. While it offers real-time data for numerous genes, it can be expensive and has a limited shelf life.

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35 views11 pages

Dna Microarray

DNA microarray is a technique that enables the study of gene expression across thousands of genes simultaneously through hybridization on a solid surface. It involves several steps including sample collection, RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, hybridization, and detection, providing valuable insights in fields like cancer research and personalized medicine. While it offers real-time data for numerous genes, it can be expensive and has a limited shelf life.

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minecraftserver4555
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DNA

MICROARRAY
Shubham Roy
Roll no.-22/7085
B.sc Zoology
th
6 sem
DNA microarray is a powerful molecular biology technique that allows researchers to
study the expression of thousands of genes in a single experiment. The core principle
involves hybridization—where single-stranded DNA molecules bind to complementary
DNA sequences that are immobilized on a solid surface like a glass slide or chip.
This technology has revolutionized the field of genomics and molecular diagnostics by
providing a snapshot of gene activity under specific conditions. Whether we are
comparing gene expression between healthy and diseased tissues or assessing the
response of cells to drugs, DNA microarrays provide crucial data.
They are extensively used in areas like cancer research, infectious disease monitoring,
and even in the development of personalized medicine
The core principle behind this technology is nucleic acid hybridization. This is a process
where single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules bind to their complementary sequences.
In a DNA microarray, thousands of short DNA fragments—called probes—are fixed onto
a solid surface, usually a glass slide or silicon chip. These probes are known sequences
that correspond to specific genes.
1.Sample Collection
Collect cells or tissues from two sources (e.g., normal vs. cancer cells).
2. RNA Extraction
Extract total RNA, especially mRNA, from both samples using RNA isolation techniques.
3. cDNA Synthesis & Labeling
Use reverse transcription to convert mRNA to complementary DNA (cDNA).
During this process, label:
Sample A (e.g., normal): with green dye (Cy3)
Sample B (e.g., cancer): with red dye (Cy5)
4. Microarray Chip Preparation
Use a microarray slide containing thousands of immobilized single-stranded DNA probes, each corresponding to
a specific gene.
5.Hybridization
Mix the two labeled cDNA samples and apply them to the chip.
Allow hybridization (binding of complementary sequences) to occur under controlled temperature and
humidity.
6. Washing
Wash off unbound or weakly bound cDNA to reduce background noise.
7. Scanning & Detection
Use a laser scanner to detect the fluorescent signals from each spot:
Red: gene upregulated in cancer
Green: gene upregulated in normal tissue
Yellow: equally expressed
Black/no color: gene not expressed
ADVANTAGES:
1.Provides data for thousands of genes in real time.
Single experiment generates many results easily.
2.Fast and easy to obtain results.
3.Promising for discovering cures to diseases and cancer.
4.Different parts of DNA can be used to study gene expression.

DISADVANTAGES:
1.Expensive to create.

2.The DNA chips do not have very long shelf life.


Brief Case Study: DNA Microarrays in Breast Cancer

Objective:
To classify breast cancer into subtypes using gene expression profiling.

Method:
Researchers used DNA microarrays to analyze thousands of genes in tumor
samples from patients.

Result:
Identified 5 molecular subtypes of breast cancer (Luminal A, Luminal B,
HER2-enriched, Basal-like, Normal-like), each with different recovery period
and treatment responses.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.https://www.slideshare.net/Haddies/dna-microarray-dna-chips

2.https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Steps-in-DNA-Microarray-Experiment-
III-GENE-EXPRESSION-DATA-A-typical-DNA-microarray_fig1_236868392

3.https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dna-
microarray

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