MSCIT 2019

1. What is a user account?

A user account is an identity created for a person in a computer or computing system. User accounts
can also be created for machine entities, such as service accounts for running programs, system
accounts for storing system files and processes, and root and administrator account for system
administration.

2. What do you mean by web hosting?

A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that hosts websites for clients, i.e. it offers
the facilities required for them to create and maintain a site and makes it accessible on the World Wide
Web. Companies providing web hosting services are sometimes called web hosts.

3. What is CAPTCHA?
CAPTCHA stands for the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans
Apart. CAPTCHAs are tools you can use to differentiate between real users and automated users, such as
bots. CAPTCHAs provide challenges that are difficult for computers to perform but relatively easy for
humans.

4. who is the domain name registrar with examples?

A domain name registrar is a business that handles the reservation of domain names as well as
the assignment of IP addresses for those domain names. Domain names are alphanumeric
aliases used to access websites; for example, Google's domain name is 'google.com' and their
IP address is 192.168. 1.1.

5. how cookies improve user experience?

Most websites you visit will use cookies in order to improve your user experience y enabling
that website to 'remember' you, either for the duration of your visit (using a 'session cookie')
or for repeat visits (using a 'persistent cookie'). ... Cookies make the interaction between you
and the website faster and easier.

6. Examples of B2B?
Samsung, for example, is one of Apple's largest suppliers in the production of the iPhone.
Apple also holds B2B relationships with firms like Intel, Panasonic and semiconductor producer
Micron Technology.

7. What do you mean by product recommendation?

A product recommendation is basically a filtering system that seeks to predict and show the items that
a user would like to purchase. Recommendation engines basically are data filtering tools that make use
of algorithms and data to recommend the most relevant items to a particular user.
 8. What is difference between rating and review?
Ratings are a star score from 1-5 stars that may or may not also contain a review. A Review has a star
rating as well as a text comment.

9. what is dashboard in ecommerce?

an eCommerce dashboard is a curated set of metrics, KPIs, and other data that are
designed to highlight, in the clearest possible way, trends, anomalies, and information related
to an online store that regularly warrants attention.

10.what is the best way to calculate shipping costs?

Calculated shipping is the easiest way of calculating shipping costs. To get the price, measure
the weight and dimensions of your package. The shipping charge is calculated based on these
measurements and the customer's location.

11.what do you mean by refund?

A refund is a reimbursement from a government of taxes that were paid above the amount
that was due. The average refund for an American taxpayer for the tax year 2019 was $2,8691
Refunds can also refer to the money a store or business returns to an unsatisfied customer.

12.What is the admin panel?

The Administration Panel (or the admin panel for short) is the primary tool for you to work
with your online store. Here you can manage products and orders, offer discounts, interact
with your customers, change the look of your store and do much more.

13.what is a shopping cart in eCommerce?

It's software that allows website visitors to select, reserve, and purchase a product or
service from an eCommerce interface. You can add and remove items as you wish, just like
you would in the real world. Shopping cart software is a fundamental part of the online shopping
experience.

14.what are views in a database?

A database view is a subset of a database and is based on a query that runs on one or more
database tables. Database views are saved in the database as named queries and can be
used to save frequently used complex queries. There are two types of database views: dynamic
views and static views.

15.

BSCS 7th Term Exam 2020

i. Why is it necessary to register a domain name?
Domain name registration is necessary for a website, an email or another web
service. The most important thing about a domain name registration is that it
gives you personality and recognized identity. Once you register a domain
name, the information about its owner is publicly available.
ii. What do you know about capped shipping?
The CAP requires the addition of a 1% fuel surcharge for program shipments for all
continental US customers due to the increase in shipping rates.
iii. What is the final stage before payment?
Shipping method is final stage before payment.
iv. Why user's basket got empty after a certain period of time?
Basket should have a function to clear old(er) items. A "select all" on the list of items in
the basket and "remove from basket" action would suffice for that.
v. What is the complication of gift purchases?
Arguably the biggest complication is that the client has permanently given up their
right to the property that is gifted. This can become a problem if the client needs that
money down the road for their own care, or if they need to apply for a benefit program
that prohibits this kind of transfer.
vi. What do you know about discount codes?
Discount codes are personalized or publicly-released codes offered to customers
as a purchasing incentive that reduces the price of an order. Discount codes can
be an effective means for ecommerce stores to attract shoppers and encourage repeat
customers.
vii. Name any two of the popular e-commerce applications available.
I, Amazon. Ii. EBay
viii. What is MVC?
The Model-View-Controller (MVC) is an architectural pattern that separates an
application into three main logical components: the model, the view, and the
controller. ... MVC is one of the most frequently used industry-standard web
development framework to create scalable and extensible projects.
ix. What is off-site payment method?
Off-site payment is enabled through a redirect from the Payment checkout page to the
payment service, with customers ideally being returned back to the Payment page upon
success or failure so they can be moved forward or backward in the checkout process
as the case may require.
x. What is the benefit of storing card details on your server2?
xi. What is SSL?
SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer, a security protocol that creates an encrypted
link between a web server and a web browser. Companies and organizations need
to add SSL certificates to their websites to secure online transactions and keep
customer information private and secure.
xii. What is PPC advertisement?
Pay-per-click is an internet advertising model used to drive traffic to websites, in which
an advertiser pays a publisher when the ad is clicked. Pay-per-click is commonly
associated with first-tier search engines.
xiii. Write HTML for 404 error page.
<body>
<div> <h1>404 <h1></div>
</body>
xiv. What is the use of E-mail recommendations?
Email product recommendations can be bulk and personalized. The bulk are often used in
promo campaigns and in messages to new users on which you don't have enough behavioral
data. Personalized recommendations are most often put in triggered campaigns: abandoned
browse, abandoned cart, order confirmation, etc.
xv. Write HTML for submission form to collect customer's reviews.
xvi. <!DOCTYPE html>
xvii. <html>
xviii. <head>
xix. <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
scale=1">
xx. </head>
xxi. <body>
xxii. <h2>FEED BACK FORM</h2>
xxiii. <div class="container">
xxiv. <form>
xxv. <div class="row">
xxvi. <div class="col-25">
xxvii. <label for="fname">First Name</label>
xxviii. </div>
xxix. <div class="col-75">
xxx. <input type="text" id="fname" name="firstname" plac
eholder="Your name..">
xxxi. </div>
xxxii. </div>
xxxiii. <div class="row">
xxxiv. <div class="col-25">
xxxv. <label for="lname">Last Name</label>
xxxvi. </div>
xxxvii. <div class="col-75">
xxxviii. <input type="text" id="lname" name="lastname"
placeholder="Your last name..">
xxxix. </div>
xl. </div>
xli. <div class="row">
xlii. <div class="col-25">
xliii. <label for="email">Mail Id</label>
xliv. </div>
xlv. <div class="col-75">
xlvi. <input type="email" id="email" name="mailid"
placeholder="Your mail id..">
xlvii. </div>
xlviii. </div>
xlix. <div class="row">
l. <div class="col-25">
li. <label for="country">Country</label>
lii. </div>
liii. <div class="col-75">
liv. <select id="country" name="country">
lv. <option value="none">Select Country</option>
lvi. <option value="australia">Australia</option>
lvii. <option value="canada">Canada</option>
lviii. <option value="usa">USA</option>
lix. <option value="russia">Russia</option>
lx. <option value="japan">Japan</option>
lxi. <option value="india">India</option>
lxii. <option value="china">China</option>
lxiii. </select>
lxiv. </div>
lxv. </div>
lxvi. <div class="row">
lxvii. <div class="col-25">
lxviii. <label for="feed_back">Feed Back</label>
lxix. </div>
lxx. <div class="col-75">
lxxi. <textarea id="subject" name="subject" placehol
der="Write something.." style="height:200px"></textarea>
lxxii. </div>
lxxiii. </div>
lxxiv. <div class="row">
lxxv. <input type="submit" value="Submit">
lxxvi. </div>
lxxvii. </form>
lxxviii. </div>
lxxix.
lxxx. </body>
lxxxi. </html>
xiv. What type of e-commerce website is eBay?
 EBay is a very familiar name within the e-commerce industry. It is an online
shopping site that functions as both a business to consumer E-tailing enterprise
and a consumer to consumer E-tailing business.

Q.2. Write about different ways in which we can store filtered products results.
Q.3. Discuss how shipping costs are calculated based on product and weight?

What Are Shipping Costs?

For small businesses, shipping costs are the expenses associated with moving an item
or product from a warehouse to a consumer’s doorstep. These costs include the
packaging materials such as boxes, tape, bubble wrap, and stickers for shipping labels,
in addition to the cost of a courier to pick up and deliver the package.
Expenses also tend to include import and export fees when shipping internationally and
the cost of paying workers to prepare and dispatch packages. There can be other costs,
but essentially, these are the costs associated with shipping inventory.
Why is Calculating Shipping Costs Important?
Calculating the cost of shipping is necessary because shipping record is an essential
business operation. If the shipping costs are too expensive for you, it could amount to
significant losses for your business in the long term.
You need to find the right balance between what works for your business and the
customer. Knowing what your shipping costs are, you can set reasonable shipping costs
for customers. The ideal shipping cost should be low enough to entice customers but
not so low that it eats away at your profits.
Being transparent about your shipping costs is also great for building brand loyalty and
providing a good customer experience. Knowing your exact shipping costs allows you to
provide the customer with a shipping cost in real-time when they’re ready to checkout
online. You can also provide customers with multiple shipping options at different price
ranges based on how quickly they want to receive the package.
To find the most efficient and affordable way possible to ship your products, contact a
professional shipping company. They can help you determine where to reduce shipping
costs and improve your business. At Asiana USA, we can assist you in finding the most
economical way to ship your products.
How to Calculate Shipping Costs
For shipping within the U.S., you can calculate the majority of postal rates with four
types of information. You need to know the shipping point and origin, the package
weight, package dimensions, and expected delivery times. With this data, you can
calculate shipping costs using a shipping cost calculator. Most shipping companies let
you check shipping costs before sending a group of packages.
International shipping is a bit more complicated than domestic shipping. When shipping
internationally, you need to include landed cost. In addition to transportation costs,
landed cost takes into account currency conversion, duties, and taxes.
Package Weight and Size
The cost of shipping a package depends on its size and weight. Couriers have different
ways of calculating shipping costs, and sometimes they give you a couple of options.
The most basic method of calculating shipping costs is based on weight. Simply weigh
the package and use a shipping calculator to get the price. Some couriers give you the
option of calculating shipping costs based on volume. If you have a heavy but small
package, this option is more affordable.
Large carriers usually use the dimensional weight of a package. This is calculated by
multiplying length x width x height, giving the package’s total cubic size. This number is
then divided by a specific rate that depends on your negotiated status with the carrier.
This method accounts for very light packages that occupy a lot of space in trucks and
containers.
Q.4. Write PHP code to calculate the shipping costs based on weight ranges
using an array.
Q.4. what are the main responsibilities of the user authentication class? Write
PHP code for a method check for authentication, which checks if a user is logged
in and if he is an active user.
Q.5. what are shopping baskets? What consideration should be taken into
account when implementing them? Write PHP code for a method to add a
product to the basket.
Q.6. Discuss the different processes involved in the checkout and order process.

What are the standard checkout process steps?

The checkout process is the series of steps a customer follows to purchase the items in
their shopping cart on an ecommerce store. This includes every step that a customer
goes through to proceed through to checkout. An ideal checkout flow will have a
smooth, frictionless user experience.

The typical checkout process for a customer is:

shopping cart > billing info > shipping info > shipping method > preview
order > payment > confirmation

Digital products and goods won’t require shipping information or shipping method, as
you’ll download what you’ve purchased. Physical goods will require shipping details and
methods to be input. Depending on the store, you will need to optimize the checkout
flow.
All checkouts have the same essential steps, whether they are part of a single page
checkout, multi-page checkout, or even a more complicated checkout process. Below
are the 7 essential steps any ecommerce checkout will contain:

1. Initiate checkout

Checkout begins when the customer leaves the shopping cart to proceed to checkout.
This is done through a call to action button, typically labelled “Checkout,” “Buy Now,” or
something similar. Once a customer has engaged with this option, they are advancing
to checkout.

2. (Optional) login or signup

Allow the customer to proceed to checkout without registering for an account. Enforcing
account creation acts as an obstacle in the checkout process, and will deter the
purchase process. Give the users an option to login if they are returning customers.

3. Billing information

An essential part of any checkout is choosing the payment method and entering billing
details. Form fields should be intuitively designed to fit all required billing information,
and billing details should be one of the final steps of the checkout process.

4. Shipping information

One of the main draws of ecommerce is getting things delivered to your door. Collect
shipping information, ideally with a streamlined set of form fields. Create a checkbox
with “Shipping address same as billing address” pre-checked.

5. Shipping method

When customers are inputting shipping details, it’s a good idea to request the shipping
method. Make it easy for your customer by collecting these pieces of information
together. When possible, provide as much variety in shipping methods as possible, so
customers can choose the delivery method they prefer.
6. Preview order

Once customers have filled out their information, many checkouts then let them preview
their order. Display as much relevant information as you can, including order subtotals,
taxes applied, delivery fees, and total cost.

You’ll also want to include product details, such as quantity, item name, and a short
description. When possible, make this available throughout the entire checkout flow for
the customer’s reference.

7. Payment confirmation

Often on the ‘preview order’ screen, the final step involves confirming the order and
completing the payment. This call to action should be prominent, as it finalizes the sale.
This is the end of your funnel, and you should capitalize on customers that have
proceeded to this step, capturing the sale.

BSCS 7th Term Exam 2019

16.What is C2C?
Customer to customer (C2C) is a business model that enables customers to trade with each
other, frequently in an online environment. Online C2C company sites include Craigslist,
Etsy, and eBay, which sell products or services through a classified or auction system.
17.Define the purpose of Controllers in MVC?
The Controller is responsible for controlling the application logic and acts as the
coordinator between the View and the Model. The Controller receives an input from the
users via the View, then processes the user's data with the help of Model and passes the
results back to the View.
18.What is the purpose of configuration file?
A configuration file, often shortened to config file, defines the parameters, options, settings
and preferences applied to operating systems (OSes), infrastructure devices and
applications in an IT context.
19.What is singleton design pattern?
In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the
instantiation of a class to one "single" instance. This is useful when exactly one object is
needed to coordinate actions across the system.
20.What do you mean by request routing?
The request for routing instructions are for shipments originating from one shipping origin
point, to be delivered to one or more destination points.
21.What is DBMS?
Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users' data
while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs which
manipulate the database.
22.What is search box?
A search box is a graphical element present in many desktop applications and websites. It
acts as the field for a query input or search term from the user to search and retrieve
related information from the database.
23.What do you mean by product recommendation?
A product recommendation is basically a filtering system that seeks to predict and show
the items that a user would like to purchase. Recommendation engines basically are data
filtering tools that make use of algorithms and data to recommend the most relevant items
to a particular user.
24.What is difference between rating and review?
Ratings are a star score from 1-5 stars that may or may not also contain a review. A Review
has a star rating as well as a text comment.
25.What is the importance of Wish list in an E-Commerce website?
A wishlist allows shoppers to create personalized collections of products they want to buy
and save them in their user account for future reference. Wishlists signify a customer's
interest in a product without an immediate intent to purchase.
26.What is user account?
A user account is an identity created for a person in a computer or computing system. User
accounts can also be created for machine entities, such as service accounts for running
programs, system accounts for storing system files and processes, and root and
administrator accounts for system administration.
27.What do you mean by web hosting?
A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that hosts websites for clients,
i.e. it offers the facilities required for them to create and maintain a site and makes it
accessible on the World Wide Web. Companies providing web hosting services are
sometimes called web hosts.
28.What is CAPTCHA?
CAPTCHA stands for the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and
Humans Apart. CAPTCHAs are tools you can use to differentiate between real users and
 automated users, such as bots. CAPTCHAs provide challenges that are difficult for computers
to perform but relatively easy for humans.
29.What do you mean by backup?
In information technology, a backup, or data backup is a copy of computer data taken and
stored elsewhere so that it may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. The
verb form, referring to the process of doing so, is "back up", whereas the noun and adjective
form is "backup".
30.What is web service?
A web service is any piece of software that makes itself available over the internet and uses
a standardized XML messaging system. ... For example, a client invokes a web service by
sending an XML message, then waits for a corresponding XML response.
31.Why authentication is important in an E-Commerce webs?
Authentication is required for securely validating the subject identity and it is a crucial
precursor to authorization. Your ecommerce site needs to use an authentication method
that helps keep your customers' information secure but isn't so burdensome that it turns
potential customers away.

Q2. What is Deploying, write procedure to deploy, an E-Commerce project?

What Is eCommerce Deployment?

Your website would never make a sale if it weren’t available on the internet.
Shoppers must be able to find your website and access it. Deployment is
essentially how you make your eCommerce store discoverable and available
for use on the internet.
ECommerce deployment also refers to the IT environment where the
website, the back-end and the resources used to support the eCommerce
platform are running.
Organizations can run their software on-premise (physically located in a
building under the control of the business) or they can take advantage of off-
premise resources (referred to as clouds).
Historically, deploying on-premise was the only way to use computer
applications. However, with the rising popularity of the internet, cloud
computing became a core technology used by millions of businesses all over
the world. Cloud computing owes its existence to the original internet,
ARPANET – the network established by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency of the US Department of Defense to connect universities and defense
research contracting companies.

Q3. What is C' Panel, why it is useful?

What is c’panel:
cPanel is an online Linux-based graphical interface (GUI) used as a control panel to simplify
website and server management. cPanel allows you to publish websites, manage domains,
 organize web files, create email accounts, and more. cPanel is one of the most popular control
panels in the United States.

cPanel is one of the most popular Linux-based web hosting control panels,
featuring a range of modules including Files, Preferences, Databases, Web
Applications, Domains, Metrics, Security, Software, Advanced, and Email.
The user-friendliness and a simple interface make cPanel a popular choice
among webmasters. Additionally, cPanel makes it easier to run a website,
manage web files, and perform various tasks.
Below are some actions you can do via cPanel:
1. Manage and edit site files.
2. Save important contact information.
3. Create and manage MySQL databases for WordPress websites.
4. Install software with only a few clicks.
5. Enable Cloudflare for better performance.
6. Add and update DNS records.
7. Monitor key metrics of your site and server.
8. Configure extra security layers.
9. Activate various cron jobs.
10. Create and manage email accounts.

Main features of cPanel

Email
cPanel’s email tools help you to manage your email from directly within the
control panel. They enable you to:
 Add and remove email accounts

 Set up email forwarding, mailing lists and auto-responders

 Manage spam filters and global filters

 Encrypt emails for security

 Read and compose emails anywhere in the world via Webmail.

 FTP Manager
The FTP manager can be used to manage FTP access to your server
directories and files. Features include:
 Set up FTP accounts

 Set up anonymous FTP access

 FTP session control

File Manager
The File Manager makes managing your files even easier than using FTP as
you can do it directly from an interface within cPanel. You won’t need to
make an FTP connection, use an FTP program or create additional
usernames and passwords.
Backup
Backups are essential to help you recover from lost data, corrupted files,
hardware failure and cybercrime. cPanel has built-in backup functionality that
lets you create a backup of your website with a single click, download it, and
store it remotely from your server.
Domains
cPanel gives you complete control over your domains. It enables you to
manage your domains and DNS settings, add new domains and subdomains,
publish domains once your websites are completed, set up domain aliases
and redirects.
Raw Log Manager
The Raw Log Manager lets you choose how raw logs are stored on your
hosting account.
Raw Access Log
cPanel gives you the ability to download the raw access logs for any domain
in your account. This information is useful for tracking user movements.
Error Log
cPanel’s Error Log helps you get to the bottom of 404 errors. The log
displays all the 404 File does not exist errors, helping you discover which
files are missing from your website and quickly replace them or remove
broken links.
MySQL Databases
CMS websites require a MySQL database and you may have multiple
databases if you have more than one domain. The MySQL Databases tool
enables you to manage your databases, creating new ones, modifying
existing ones and creating, managing and removing database users.
Two Factor Authentication (2FA)
Take your cPanel security up a level by using the control panel’s 2FA tool.
This will require anyone logging into your cPanel account to use an
additional method of verification, sent to their phone, besides the username
and password. 2FA helps prevent unauthorised users or brute force hackers
gaining access to your control panel.
Softaculous
Make the installation of applications a breeze with Softaculous. Softaculous
enables you to install hundreds of useful apps and tools, quickly and easily,
to improve your website’s functionality. From CMS, such as WordPress,
Joomla, Drupal, Magento, etc, popular eCommerce platforms, image
galleries, social media tools, blogging tools, forums, ad managers, calendars,
user polls, project management tools, customer support tools and much more
– all installed with a single click!
There are many more useful features available in cPanel. With such a rich
variety of features, it’s no wonder that cPanel is the world’s most used
control panel.

Q4. Write a class to represent shopping basket for a user.

Q.5 Write a note on Dashboard and admin panel.
Q6. Write code to update a product in a Database.

BSCS 7th Term Exam 2018

1. List the major benefits of E-Commerce.
1) No geographical limitation.
2) Easy way to gain customer by search engine visibility.
3) Lower cost/investment.
4) Locate product quickly.
5) Save travel time and cost.
6) Enables deal, bargain, coupons and group buying.
2. What are the types of E-Commerce applications available in the industry?
The following are the different types of e-commerce platforms:
 Business-to-Business (B2B)
 Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
 Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
 Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
 Business-to-Administration (B2A)
 Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)

3. Differentiate web client and web server.

A web server is a piece of software designed to serve web pages/web sites/web services. A web
client is an application that communicates with a web server, using Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP). Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the protocol behind the World Wide Web. With every
web transaction, HTTP is invoked.
4. What do you know about server-side scripting?
Server-side scripting is a technique used in web development which involves employing scripts
on a web server which produces a response customized for each user's (client's) request to the
website. The alternative is for the web server itself to deliver a static web page.
5. Write down the four benefits of an E-mail.
I. It's free! Once you're online, there is no further expense.
II. Easy to reference. Sent and received messages and attachments can be stored safely,
logically and reliably. ...
III. Easy to use. ...
IV. Easy to prioritize
V. Email is accessible from anywhere – as long as you have an internet connection.
6. Differentiate between Black list spam filter and white list spam filter.
Just as the name suggests, whitelisting is the opposite of blacklisting, where a list of trusted
entities such as applications and websites are created and exclusively allowed to function in the
network. Whitelisting takes more of a trust-centric approach and is considered to be more secure
7. What is difference between orphan file and dead Link?
An orphan page is a webpage that isn't linked to by, or reachable from, any other page on the
same website. A dead-end page, on the other hand, is a webpage that doesn't link to any other
internal webpages or any external websites, thus creating a “dead end.”
8. Mention three basic functions of Electronic Commerce Software.
The basic function of e-commerce software includes catalog display, Shopping cart capabilities
and Transaction processing. Integrating different components is important for large businesses
houses, because range of products are not limited, their business interest spread over many
products and services.
9. Differentiate between threat and risk.
Risk is the potential for loss, damage or destruction of assets or data caused by a cyber threat.
Threat is a process that magnifies the likelihood of a negative event, such as the exploit of a
vulnerability.
10. How an antivirus detects viruses?
Antivirus software compares the signatures of the files on your system to the virus signatures in
the signature database to see if any signatures match. If they do, a virus has been detected. This
method works well for detecting known malware.
11. What is Ubiquity? Give an example.
Ubiquity refers to the fact that your visitors/ customers can access a service from any place, on
any device, anytime.
Ubiquity refers to the ability of a company—and the products and services it sells—to establish a
dominant presence among consumers. ... Microsoft, and the many software products it sells, is
one example.
12. Give four examples of Universal standards with respect to E-commerce?
eBay website has the universal standard that can share by all nations which have this website.
The entire eBay website will have free cost of visit this website for users and users can register
the account to get more details information of the products.
 13. What is Saturation and ceiling effects in E-Commerce?
14. What is difference between Marketplace and Marketspace?
Marketplace: The marketplace has a physical location, physical buyers, and physical sellers. ...
Marketspace: The marketspace is not required to have a physical location nor physical buyers or
sellers. All are electronic based on information and technology infrastructure.
15. What are the first mover and fast followers?
Fast Followers can leverage off the research that has already been invested in by the First Mover
so their time to market is faster and their research & development costs are usually lower. That
said, the First Mover will set the benchmark for their particular market.
16. What is Firewall? State the function of Firewall i n ecommerce.
A firewall is a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.
Firewalls prevent unauthorized internet users from accessing private networks connected to the
internet, especially intranets
Q2. We use a user-friendly name to access a web page. How a server
translates a domain name into IP address to make it computer-readable
and be able to send us back the required information' What is Encryption
and Decryption?
What is DNS?
The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which
internet domain names are located and translated into Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses. The domain name system maps the name people use to locate a
website to the IP address that a computer uses to locate that website.

For example, if someone types "example.com" into a web browser, a server

behind the scenes maps that name to the corresponding IP address. An IP
address is similar in structure to 203.0.113.72.

Web browsing and most other internet activities rely on DNS to quickly
provide the information necessary to connect users to remote hosts. DNS
mapping is distributed throughout the internet in a hierarchy of
authority. Access providers and enterprises, as well as governments,
universities and other organizations, typically have their own assigned ranges
of IP addresses and an assigned domain name. They also typically run DNS
servers to manage the mapping of those names to those addresses. Most
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are built around the domain name of the
web server that takes client requests.

Q3. Discuss Symmetric Encryption and Asymmetric Encryption.

 Encryption is the process of scrambling data to make sure unintended
recipients are not able to make any sense of the data.
 Two common encryption types are the symmetric and asymmetric
encryption.
The basic difference between these two types of encryption is that
symmetric encryption uses one key for both encryption and decryption, and
the asymmetric encryption uses public key for encryption and a private key
for decryption.
Let’s explore each of these encryption methods separately to understand
their differences better.
Symmetric encryption
This is said to be the simplest and best-known encryption technique. As
discussed already, it uses one key for both encryption and decryption.
 Because the algorithm behind symmetric encryption is less complex
and executes faster, this is the preferred technique when transmitting
data in bulk.
 The plaintext is encrypted using a key, and the same key is used at the
receiving end to decrypt the received ciphertext. The host in the
communication process would have received the key through external
means.
 Widely used symmetric encryption algorithms include AES-128, AES-
192, and AES-256.
Asymmetric encryption
This type of encryption is relatively new as compared to symmetric
encryption, and is also referred to as public-key cryptography.
 Asymmetric encryption is considered to be more secure than
symmetric encryption as it uses two keys for the process.
 The public key used for encryption is available to everyone but the
private key is not disclosed.
 This encryption method is used in everyday communication over the
internet.
 When a message is encrypted using a public key, it can only be
decrypted using a private key. However, when a message is encrypted
using a private key, it can be decrypted using a public key.
 Digital certificates in the client-server model can be used to discover
public keys.
  The drawback of this encryption is that it takes more time than the
symmetric encryption process.
 Common asymmetric encryption techniques include RSA, DSA, and
PKCS.
Key differences
Now that we have a basic understanding of both the encryption types, let’s
glance through the key differences between them.
 Symmetric encryption is an old technique, while asymmetric
encryption is the newer one.
 Asymmetric encryption takes longer to execute because of the
complex logic involved. For this reason, symmetric encryption is used
when transmitting data in bulk.
 Asymmetric data is more secure because it uses different keys for the
encryption and decryption process.
While both of these have their own pros and cons, asymmetric encryption is
definitely a better choice from the security perspective.

Q4. Spam is an unsolicited or commercial e-mail. you are supposed to

discuss the different solutions to UCE.
5 Simple Ways You Can Fight Spam and Protect Yourself
by GOsafeonline | 23 October 2012

Electronic mail or Email is one of the easiest and most convenient channels where we can
transfer information and share data with others. However, it is also common to receive
information or emails that contain malicious attachments or dubious messages. Some email
service providers filter and mark such dubious emails with the word “SPAM” in the subject of
the email, indicating to the recipient that the email is either a junk email or unsolicited email
with dubious content sent to numerous recipients by the sender. Clicking on links in such
spam email may direct the recipient to phishing web sites or sites that download malware to
the victim’s computer.

It is not surprising that most of us have encountered numerous spam emails in our inbox and
believe it or not, your behavior online contributes to the spam messages that you receive.
Here are five simple ways to fight spam and to protect yourself online:
1. Never give out or post your email address publicly
You should remember that everyone can easily access the Internet. That means, spammers are also
lurking on the Internet and are constantly seeking available email addresses which they will send spam
emails to. Posting your email address publicly allows others to send spam emails to you, or worse,
hack your account if you are using a weak password.

2. Think before you click

There might be instances where your email service providers’ automated email filter mistakenly mark
legitimate emails as spam email due to its content (e.g. the email contains a hyperlink). However, in
most cases, emails marked as “SPAM” or redirected to the spam folder of your mailbox are sent by
spammers. Subject of spam messages usually include offer of cheap prescription drugs,
advertisements on new medicines, and status of packages from shipping companies. Make sure that
you scrutinize the content of spam emails before opening any attachments (even if it looks like an
innocent text or image file) or clicking on hyperlinks. Refrain from downloading contents blocked by
your email service providers in such emails too.

3. Do not reply to spam messages

Almost all spam messages are malicious emails sent by unknown sources. These sources could be
hackers who aim to hack into the computers of their victims. Never respond to spam messages
because through this, the spammer will know that the email address is active and thus, it increases the
chance of your email to be constantly targeted by the spammer.

4. Download spam filtering tools and anti-virus software

Spam filtering tools and anti-virus software can help to scan the emails that you received for malware.
If the emails that you received contain malware, the malicious content would be quarantined and you
would be prevented from opening it. This helps to alleviate the chance of emails containing malware
from infecting your computer. As such, do select spam filtering tools and anti-virus software with such
features to reduce your woes of having to decipher email contents.
5. Avoid using your personal or business email address
Do not use your personal or business email address when registering in any online contest or service
such as applications, deal updates, etc. Many spammers watch these groups or emailing lists to
harvest new email addresses.

There are many ways to avoid being a victim of spam messages. But the most important thing
is to be cautious in opening your emails. Always make sure that the emails that you open are
from trusted sources and do not look dubious. If you received any of such suspicious emails,
you may forward them to the Singapore Computer Incident Response Team (SingCERT) for
their investigation.

Q5. Customer loyalty is both an attitudinal and behavioral tendency to

favor one brand over all others, whether due to satisfaction with the
product or service, its convenience or performance, or simply familiarity
and comfort with the brand, You are to elaborate a Five-stage Model of
Customer Loyalty.
Nowadays, a majority of people prefer online shopping because it
allows them to save both time and money. The eCommerce
businesses should focus more on certain important things when
they want to get the desired results. Another thing is that they will
help a lot to generate more profits and revenues. Any eCommerce
business that wants to improve its customer retention by building
loyalty effectively. Gaining customer loyalty is not an easy process
 and a business should follow certain strategies that will help
obtain optimal results.

Knowing the 5 stages of customer

loyalty in the eCommerce business

1. Awareness
Awareness is the first step involved in building customer loyalty when
an eCommerce store wants to increase sales. A business should create
brand awareness in the markets with unique concepts. It should
consider how to impress customers online that will help gain more
advantages. Businesses willing to establish their brand online should
work on precise targeting with storytelling and other techniques.
Furthermore, a business can establish brand awareness with the best
strategies that give ways to obtain optimal results.

2. Exploration
A majority of customers visit the internet to know more about the
products and services of a business easily. Therefore, a business
should consider designing a website with outstanding designs that will
help create impacts on visitors. In addition to that, it should focus more
on communicating with customers through various channels to
enhance its online presence. This will help a lot to increase the loyalty
among customers that boosts the business. A business should also
consider building the reputation of a brand with different options.

3. Benefits
A business should mention the benefits of products when they want to
build customer loyalty among customers. This is because most of them
will look out for the advantages while buying a product. Therefore, an
eCommerce store should build loyal customers significantly that help
grow business in the markets. A business must mention the
uniqueness of its brand when compared to others. This is because it
gives ways to stand out from competitors in the markets. Branding
provides the best opportunities for enhancing the loyalty of customers
efficiently that will help gain more advantages.

4. Familiarity

Customers who make their initial purchase will give more importance
to the first-hand experience. They form a solid opinion about how they
like a product sold by a business. Also, they will move to the next level
when they are highly satisfied with a brand. The familiarity of a product
enables a business to increase loyalty in eCommerce selling. Another
thing is that it paves ways to build a positive image among customers
while offering a product or service. Besides that, the familiarity of a
brand enables a business to ensure regular customers who will buy a
product repeatedly.

5. Commitment
Commitment is the last stage in building customer loyalty that will help
accomplish goals in online business. Customers at this point will tell
others about the specialty of a product or service after ensuring
complete satisfaction. Besides that, it will help build strong bonds with
them while selling a product. On the other hand, an eCommerce
business should consider offering the best services to customers with
excellent customer care support. Moreover, they likely to become the
brand advocates of a business that will help enhance sales. It is wise to
utilize the right analytics to know the feedback and interests to
measure the loyalty levels of customers to a large extent.

Q6. Discuss online payment modes and their

available scope in Pakistan. Also describe their
pros and cons.
Electronic payment allows your customers to make cashless
payments for goods and services through cards, mobile phones or
the internet. It presents a number of advantages, including cost and
 time savings, increased sales and reduced transaction costs. But it
is vulnerable to internet fraud and could potentially increase
business expenses.
Each has its own advantages and drawbacks. Some tend to have
more financial disadvantages than others.
I’ve heard from a lot of very dedicated people that they have the
best system for managing their money. Some devotees of one
popular financial guru will say that cash is the only way to go.
Others swear by prepaid cards and gift cards. Still others stay loyal
to money orders and wire transfers because it’s all they know or
they’ve been blocked out of mainstream banking options.
Is there one answer that works for everyone in every situation? Of
course not, no more so than if we said there was one shampoo that
works best for everyone. Different methods of payment are
appropriate in different situations. Let’s go through them one by
one. By the end of this chapter, you should be in a better position to
determine which method works best for your lifestyle and financial
needs.
Cash
Cash is king. It’s true. Without cash (whether in our wallets, bank
accounts, or tied up in CD’s and money markets), there is no true
financial security. To some, cash might seem “old school,” but for
others, a cash-only system seems to hold the key that will magically
transport them back to a time when debt didn’t exist and credit
didn’t lead people into financial holes they couldn’t dig themselves
out of. Like any rose-tinted glasses peering into history, such
optimism is a bit too, well, optimistic. Don’t get me wrong. I truly
believe that there is a definite place for cash in daily, weekly, and
monthly money management systems. Studies are pretty clear that,
contrary to the old notion of cash burning a hole in your pocket,
using cash actually means that most of us spend less each month
than if we’re using plastic (whether credit cards or debit cards). How
much less? Keep reading to find out.
Who is the cash-only system for, and what are its advantages and
disadvantages? The cash system is likely the best option for anyone
or any household constantly in credit card debt or living paycheck
to paycheck, finally ready to make a financial change for the better.
Not only do we spend less using cash, we actually can’t overspend.
If we go into a store with only cash in our wallets (no plastic and no
checks), we cannot overspend, unless we open up a store card
account on the spot, which we hereby solemnly swear not to do in
such cases. How to Build Credit
The challenges of a cash-only system are numerous and not trivial.
First of all, there’s the biggest challenge of all. How do we go from
living paycheck to paycheck, making only minimum payments on
credit cards, and using credit cards to purchase day-to-day items,
without bouncing checks and miss payments? From Credit Card
Debt to Cash Only
The second challenge actually is a bit trivial. It’s inconvenient. We
need to go to the bank or credit union regularly and withdraw the
right amounts of cash in the right denominations to take care of all
our bills. The strictest of cash-only crazies would also pay their bills
in cash at the place of business rather than sending it by mail.
The third challenge is not as trivial as some make it appear to be.
Using cash means never using credit cards. I can be just fine with
that, until someone asks me (and many have) how they can build
their credit without using credit. This question usually comes in the
context of someone wanting to qualify for a home loan. The reality is
that if we want to build credit, we actually have to use it. For the
foreseeable future, there’s no way around that. I’ll go into this in
detail in the chapter on credit. Besides, there’s more to credit than
just purchasing a home. Our credit reputation can often influence
our employment applications, our apartment rental applications, our
vehicle and homeowner’s insurance premiums, our ability to get
student loans for our children, any elective surgeries we want that
are not covered by insurance, and more. So, if we choose to go
cash-only, which I’m certainly not against since I often use the
method in my own home, just be aware that there are tangible
downsides to it. Often, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
Debit Card
This payment option has its advantages but also some definite
downsides. Most people would think that debit cards are the best
option for households trying to live within a budget. After all, we
can’t overspend with a debit card be-cause it can only draw against
the funds that are already in our checking account, right? Yes and
no. Yes, debit cards draw the payment directly (and pretty much
immediately) from our checking account. Theoretically, when we’ve
spent all of the money in our checking account, our debit card
should stop working. However, many people have opted in to
overdraft systems that approve the purchase and then either charge
the customer a hefty overdraft fee (commonly twenty to thirty
dollars) or their financial institution takes the overdrawn amount
directly from the customer’s savings accounts with the same
institution.
Even if we haven’t opted into these overdraft programs, we need to
be aware of the findings of a study on human nature when it comes
to purchasing with plastic. It doesn’t matter if we’re talking about
debit cards, credit cards, gift cards, or store cards, if it’s plastic, we
tend to spend upwards of 50 percent more than we would using
cash or a check. The difference can be dramatic and can
dramatically impact a business’ bottom line. In 1980, L. L. Bean
began accepting credit cards and observed that customers using
credit cards had average purchases 30 percent more than others.
Not coincidentally, Visa found in a study over six years ago that
people using credit cards (which studies show we equate
psychologically with debit cards when it comes to purchase
amounts) spent 30 percent more than those who used cash. So, if
we’re using a debit card for all of our purchases because we think it
helps us to “control” our spending, might I suggest we consider
switching to the cash-only method? We could save 10–50 percent
immediately on our discretionary spending. For the average
household, that could easily be $400 or so!
Another downside to debit cards starts with the security benefits
built into the cards. Yes, if we lose our debit card and report it stolen
within two business days of learning of its loss or theft, we’ll likely
get all of our money back, minus up to about fifty dollars (thanks to
the Electronic Fund Transfer Act signed by President Carter all the
way back in 1978), even if someone used it fraudulently to drain our
accounts. However, unlike credit cards, where the thief was actually
spending the credit card company’s money and not our money,
losing a debit card might mean that we’re out of money and out of
luck for however long it takes our bank or credit union to resolve the
fraud case (possibly several weeks). This is why most financial
experts would recommend that we carry and use credit cards in
situations when we can least afford to be without money, such as
when traveling away from home. Still, we use debit cards regularly
in our household, particularly for groceries and around town
expenses.
Checks
It won’t be too far in the future when a teenager or a young adult
will ask us what the expression, “The check’s in the mail” means.
After all, many being born right now will likely never write a check. If
they receive a check for payment, they’ll take it to their financial
institution, but not to deposit it. They’ll go and ask them what it is
and if it has any historical value.
Okay, so I’m not too optimistic about the long-term survival of our
dear friend, the paper check. But what about now? Does it still make
sense to use checks? Of course. A study by Dilip Soman found that
using either cash or a paper check, because the purchase requires
us to count out or write down the amount we’re spending, actually
leads us to spend less than if we were to use plastic.5 However, in
our world of instant everything, where an extra twenty-five seconds
at the checkout stand is an eternity, checks are not so convenient.
Plus, mailing checks will require the additional purchase of a post-
age stamp (another future relic from our present).
Are there any other benefits of using checks besides spending a
little less? Some might think they’re easier to track than electronic
purchases, but that’s not necessarily true. Bank statements
automatically show either the name or the address of the business
where we used our debit card.
Still others think checks are safer than debit cards or online
payments. Again, not true. Electronic payments online are much
safer than placing a check in the mail. Checks can be stolen (from
our mailbox or from the recipient’s mailbox), acid washed, and
rewritten payable to the thief in any amount they choose. Yes, our
financial institution has some safeguards against such fraud, but
that doesn’t make such experiences pain-free.
Still not a believer? Let’s look at the bottom of a check. What do all
those numbers mean? They include our financial institution’s routing
number and our account number. It doesn’t take a deep thinker to
figure out what kind of financial damage could befall us if those two
numbers fell into the wrong hands.
Additionally, checks are no longer even accepted by many
businesses. Many restaurants and gas stations have a sign stating
that checks are about as welcome as the plague.
Finally, most banks or credit unions do not give us free boxes of
checks. We’re required to buy them. However, if we’re only using a
couple of checks each month, it is worth asking our financial
institution to provide us with some temporary checks. Many will give
us three to ten such checks each month at no cost.
Bill Pay
With the advent and maturation of free bill pay services from our
financial institutions, why would we ever write another check
anyway? We can use our free bill pay to send money to our brother-
in-law for the sushi party we had (I did). We can use it to pay for our
child’s lunch at school (rather than using their online service that
probably charges us a service fee). We can even use our free bill
pay to make donations to our church or to our favorite charity. If the
organization accepts checks, they’ll accept bill pay. Even if they
don’t accept checks, we might be able to set up a direct transfer
from our account to the organization’s account. They just need to
provide us with their account number, which they should since it’s
already printed on any check they issue themselves.
Prepaid Cards
Prepaid cards, including the prominent Green Dot Visa and the
Bluebird American Express cards, have been growing wildly popular.
Former and even some current bank and credit union customers
who have incurred hefty over-draft or bounced check fees, in
addition to those enduring mounting monthly account maintenance
costs, have been turning to prepaid cards in droves. Not all prepaid
cards, though, are created equal. Green Dot currently charges its
customers a hefty $5.95 a month while Bluebird advertises no fees
other than some for uncommon situations. There are several others
out there. All cards have some fees, but some cards are all about
the fees. Beware of cards with high-profile endorsements, because
they can come with monthly fees of fifteen dollars just to carry the
card. Ouch!
However, one of the benefits to using a prepaid card is that we can’t
overspend with them. Check that. I should say “most” of them.
Some will actually charge a fee if we try to make a purchase for an
amount greater than what is on the charge card. Obviously, we
should avoid such cards.
Generally, though, I can see a place for cards like these in
household finances, particularly for variable expenses like groceries,
entertainment, dining out, or chocolate. What? Don’t all households
have a chocolate category in their budget? After loading the
budgeted amount for the month onto the prepaid card, we can use it
till it’s gone, but then it’s gone. We leave the other methods of
payment home, and we can’t overspend.
While not technically the same thing as a prepaid card, gifts cards
can be used in a similar fashion. Just be sure to understand all of the
fees (purchase, loading, reloading, etc.) the gift card might carry,
steer clear of those that would be more expensive than the pre-paid
cards referred to above.
Money Orders
When I start talking about money orders, it means we’re getting into
some of the more expensive options when paying for goods and
services. To those who use money orders, a $.50 or a $1.50 fee may
not seem like much, the same way spending four dollars each day
for energy drinks might not seem like much to caffeine junkies. Over
time, these fees build up. If we use just eight money orders per
month to pay for utilities, rent, cell phone, a couple of debts, and a
mail order transaction, we could easily spend $75 to over $120 each
year just in fees.
Additionally, money orders are typically limited in size to $1,000 or
less. However, they do make for a decent payment option if we want
to ensure the payment is not slowed by check processing or to avoid
carrying a lot of cash to make a major purchase (such as buying a
used car or buying something off of Craigslist or eBay).
Advantage: Increased Speed and Convenience
E-payment is very convenient compared to traditional payment methods such as cash
or check. Since you can pay for goods or services online at any time of day or night,
from any part of the world, your customers don't have to spend time in a line, waiting
for their turn to transact. Nor do they have to wait for a check to clear the bank so they
can access the funds they need to shop. E-payment also eliminates the security risks
that come with handling cash money.
Advantage: Increased Sales
As internet banking and shopping become widespread, the number of people making
cash payments is decreasing. According to Bankrate, more than two-thirds of
consumers carry less than $50 a day, meaning electronic alternatives are increasingly
becoming the preferred payment option. As such, e-payment enables businesses to
make sales to the customers who choose to pay electronically and gain a competitive
advantage over those that only accept traditional methods.
Advantage: Reduced Transaction Costs
While there are no additional charges for making a cash payment, trips to the store
typically cost money, and checks also need postage. On the other hand, there are
usually no fees – or very small ones – to swipe your card or pay online. In the long
run, e-payment could save both individuals and businesses hundreds to thousands of
dollars in transaction fees.
Disadvantage: Security Concerns
Although stringent measures such as symmetric encryption are in place to make e-
payment safe and secure, it is still vulnerable to hacking. Fraudsters, for instance, use
phishing attacks to trick unsuspecting users into providing the log-in details of their e-
wallets, which they capture and use to access the victims' personal and financial
information. Inadequate authentication also ails e-payment systems. Without superior
identity verification measures like biometrics and facial recognition, anyone can use
another person's cards and e-wallets and get away without being caught. These
security concerns may make some people reluctant to use e-payment systems.
Disadvantage: Disputed Transactions
If someone uses your company's electronic money without your authorization, you
would identify the unfamiliar charge and file a claim with your bank, online payment
processor or credit card company. Without sufficient information about the person who
performed the transaction, though, it can be difficult to win the claim and receive a
refund.
Disadvantage: Increased Business Costs
E-payment systems come with an increased need to protect sensitive financial
information stored in a business's computer systems from unauthorized access.
Enterprises with in-house e-payment systems must incur additional costs in procuring,
installing and maintaining sophisticated payment-security technologies.
 07. What is E-marketing? Explain how is it
playing Business?
E-Marketing (a.k.a. electronic marketing) refers to the marketing conducted over the
Internet. By such a definition, eMarketing encompasses all the activities a business conducts
via the worldwide web with the aim of attracting new business, retaining current business and
developing its brand identity.

How Does Internet Marketing Help Businesses Grow?

Below we discuss several reasons why you should use digital marketing to boost your brand visibility,
gain new customers on a more consistent basis, and ultimately grow your business.
1. YOU GAIN THE OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE MORE CONSISTENT
BRANDING
Online marketing presents the unique opportunity for businesses to create a consistent brand. From
displaying your logo, name and slogan across social media platforms to creating a website with
professional graphics, the Internet bridges the branding gap for small businesses and large brands alike.

2. YOU CAN EXPAND YOUR CUSTOMER OUTREACH

One of the most important ways in which online marketing helps businesses is customer interaction and
acquisition. In the digital age, customers expect to be able to engage with the brands they love in a
meaningful way. From responding to customer complaints and questions on social media to establishing
your business as an expert in a niche, relationships are a key element to successful internet marketing.

3. ONLINE ADVERTISING IS MORE AFFORDABLE (AND EFFECTIVE)

THAN TRADITIONAL MARKETING
When looking at how online marketing helps businesses reach their goals, it is important to consider the
role of paid advertisements. While traditional advertising mediums, such as television and print
advertising, once ruled the marketing world, online mediums have raised the bar for what businesses
expect regarding their return on investment.

Online marketing offers specific metrics that can be analyzed and tracked to ensure optimal performance,
while the numbers for television, radio and print ads are often less precise. Because of this competition,
digital marketing is more affordable than traditional mediums and available even to businesses with small
to nonexistent marketing budgets.
To see the value of your marketing efforts, there are free tools, like Google Analytics, that make it easier
for you to gauge just how effective your digital marketing and advertising have been.

4. YOU CAN CONDUCT MORE TARGETED MARKETING

Online marketing helps your business succeed by allowing you to target the consumers who are most
likely to buy your products or invest in your services. While television ads cast a wider net, paid online
marketing campaigns allow you to narrow your focus, showing your advertisements only to those users
who have opted into your niche in some way.
For example, Facebook advertising allows you to target users in a particular age range or who have
shown interest in a specific niche, such as auto parts or women's clothing. This narrow focus means more
efficient lead generation and fewer advertising dollars wasted.
5. YOU CAN USE SEARCH RANKINGS TO GET FOUND BY MORE
POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS
In the digital age, most people find the goods and services they are looking for through search engines
such as Google. Without a prominent search ranking, your business will miss out on new leads and loyal
customers alike.

Online marketing allows you to boost your business website and online sales, by making your business
more visible and accessible to a wider range of consumers who are already searching for
products/services in your industry.

It is easy to see how digital marketing helps businesses connect with their customer-base. Whether you
are a small business offering local goods and services, or you are looking for a way to reach consumers
on a limited budget, online marketing can help you meet your business objectives.