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ODE-2023-Tutorial-4

The document is a tutorial sheet for MA102 Mathematics-II at IIT Guwahati, focusing on power series solutions to differential equations. It includes problems on classifying singular points, determining the nature of points at infinity, and finding power series solutions about ordinary and regular singular points. Additionally, it covers properties of Legendre polynomials and Bessel functions, along with various related mathematical identities and proofs.

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14 views

ODE-2023-Tutorial-4

The document is a tutorial sheet for MA102 Mathematics-II at IIT Guwahati, focusing on power series solutions to differential equations. It includes problems on classifying singular points, determining the nature of points at infinity, and finding power series solutions about ordinary and regular singular points. Additionally, it covers properties of Legendre polynomials and Bessel functions, along with various related mathematical identities and proofs.

Uploaded by

av2192020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI


MA102 MATHEMATICS-II
Winter Semester of Academic Year 2022 - 2023
ODE Tutorial Sheet-4 & Date of Tutorial Class: 05-June-2023

Power Series Solutions to DEs

Singular Points:
1. Classify the singular points of the following differential equations:
(a) (x − 1)2 y 00 + 1 0
x2
y + 5y = 0.
(b) (x2 − 3x)y 00 − (x + 2)y 0 + y = 0.
(c) (x4 − 2x3 + x2 )y 00 + 2(x − 1)y 0 + x2 y = 0.
(d) (x − 1)3 x2 y 00 + 3x(x − 1)y 0 − 5y = 0.

2. For each of the following equations, determine whether the point at infinity is an ordinary point, a
regular singular point, or an irregular singular point.
(a) (1 − x2 ) y 00 − 2x y 0 + α(α + 1) y = 0, where α ∈ R (Legendre Equation).
(b) y 00 − 2x y 0 + λ y = 0, where λ ∈ R (Hermite Equation).

Power Series Solutions about the Ordinary Points:


3. Find the power series solutions about the ordinary point x = 0 to the Chebyshev differential equation
(1 − x2 ) y 00 − x y 0 + α2 y = 0, where α is a real constant. Further, show that if α is a nonnegative
integer n, then there is a polynomial solution of degree n.
4. Find the general solution of 2y 00 + x y 0 + y = 0 by computing the first few terms in the power series
solutions about the ordinary point x = 1.

Power Series Solutions about the Regular Singular Points:


5. Compute the indicial equation and their roots of the following differential equations.
(a) (x2 − x − 2)2 y 00 + (x2 − 4) y 0 − 6xy = 0 at x = 2.
(b) x2 y 00 + x y 0 + x2 y = 0 at x = 0.

Case I: Exponents r1 − r2 is not a nonnegative integer

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6. Derive two linearly independent (series) solution of 2x2 y 00 − 3x y 0 + (2 − x) y = 0.

7. Find the general solution of (x + 2)x2 y 00 − x y 0 + (1 + x) y = 0 by computing the first few terms of
power series solutions about the regular singular point x = 0.

Case II: Exponents r1 − r2 is a positive integer

8. Find the general solution of x y 00 + 3 y 0 − xy = 0 for x > 0 by computing the first few terms of power
series solutions about the regular singular point x = 0.

Case III: Exponents r1 − r2 is zero

9. Find the general solution of x2 y 00 − x y 0 + (1 − x)y = 0 by computing the first few terms of power
series solutions about the regular singular point x = 0.

Properties of Legendre Polynomials and Bessel Functions:

10. Prove the following properties of the Legendre polynomials.


Z 1 
0 if m 6= n,
(a) Pn (x)Pm (x)dx = 2 .
−1 2n+1
if m = n.
n
2k + 1 1
X Z
(b) If f (x) is a polynomial of degree n, then f (x) = ck Pk (x), where ck = f (x)Pk (x)dx.
k=0
2 −1
Z 1
(c) Use orthogonality relation to show that g(x)Pn (x)dx = 0 for every polynomial g(x) with
−1
deg(g(x)) < n.
Z 1
0
11. Show that the value of the integral Pn (x)Pn+1 (x) dx is independent of n.
−1

1 − 4k 2
 
00
12. Find a solution of y + 1 + y = 0, where k > 0 is a real constant, using the Bessel
4x2
function of the first kind.

13. Using the series definition for Jα (x), prove the following identities:
d α
(a) (x Jα (x)) = xα Jα−1 (x) where α ≥ 1.
dx
d −α
(b) (x Jα (x)) = −x−α Jα+1 (x) where α ≥ 0.
dx

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14. From the relations in Question (13), deduce the following recurrence relations.

(a) α Jα (x) + x Jα0 (x) = x Jα−1 (x) for α ≥ 1.


(b) α Jα (x) − x Jα0 (x) = x Jα+1 (x) for α ≥ 0.
2α
(c) Jα−1 (x) + Jα+1 (x) = Jα (x) for α ≥ 1.
x
(d) Jα−1 (x) − Jα+1 (x) = 2Jα0 (x) for α ≥ 1.
Z
15. Show that axα Jα−1 (ax) dx = xα Jα (ax) + C, where a > 0 and C is an arbitrary constant.

16. Using the series definition of Jα (x), show that


r
2
(a) J−1/2 (x) = cos x.
πx
r
2
(b) J1/2 (x) = sin x.
πx

****************

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