EE5070 Instrumentation Engineering

Assignment 2

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1. What reference conditions of temperature are to be adopted according to Indian Standard IS-1248
when no specific value is marked on an electrical indicating instrument?
Ans: 25oC

2. A current of 2 A dc is to be measured. Which one of the following PMMC ammeters you would

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choose and why?
(a) 0 – 5 A, class 0.5 (b) 0-3 A, class 1.0

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0.5 × 5 100
Ans: % Error in reading, if (a) is used = × = 1.25 %
100 2
1× 3 100
If (b) is used = × =1.5 %, so (a) is the better choice.
100 2

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3. A 4 ½ digit DMM has accuracy specificities as D.C. Voltage 0.2 % FS + 2 counts, A.C. Voltage
0.5 %FS + 10 counts and resistance 0.7 % FS + 2counts
Determine the worst case error when the meter reads
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(a) 12.345 V D.C. (b) 500.0 mV D.C. (c) 10.000 V A.C. (d) 190.50 mV A.C.
(e) 1000.5 Ω (f) 210.0 Ω
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0.2 × 20 20
Ans: (a) This is a 4 ½ meter with full scale 20V. Total error voltage = + × 2 = 0.042 V.
100 20, 000
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Therefore, % error in reading = 0.340.

0.2 × 2 2
(b) This is a 3 ½ meter with full scale 2V. Total error voltage = + × 2 = 0.006 V,
100 2000
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Therefore, % error in reading = 1.2.

0.5 × 20 20
(c) This is a 4 ½ meter with full scale 20V. Total error voltage = + ×10 = 0.11 V
100 20, 000
Therefore, % error in reading = 1.1
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0.5 × 0.2 0.2

(d) This is a 4 ½ meter with full scale 0.2V. Total error voltage = + × 10 = 0.0011 V
100 20, 000
Therefore, % error in reading = 0.577.
0.7 × 2000 2000
(e) This is a 4 ½ meter with full scale 2000.0 Ω. Total error = + × 2 =14.2 Ω
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100 20000
Therefore, % error in reading =1.419
0.7 × 2000 2000
(f) This is a 3 ½ meter with full scale 2000 Ω. Total error = + × 2 =16 Ω
100 2000
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Therefore, % error in reading =7.62.

4. If in the above problem the percentage accuracies are specified as that of the reading, determine the
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errors.
0.2 × 12.345 20
Ans: (a) This is a 4 ½ meter with full scale 20V. Total error voltage = + × 2 = 0.026 V.
100 20, 000
Therefore, % error in reading = 0.216.
 0.2 × 0.5 2
(b) This is a 3 ½ meter with full scale 2V. Total error voltage = + × 2 = 0.003 V,
100 2000

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Therefore, % error in reading = 0.6.
0.5 × 10 20

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(c) This is a 4 ½ meter with full scale 20V. Total error voltage = + ×10 = 0.06 V
100 20, 000
Therefore, % error in reading = 0.6
0.5 × 0.1905 0.2
(d) This is a 4 ½ meter with fullscale 0.2V.Total error voltage = + × 10 = 0.0010V
100 20, 000

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Therefore, % error in reading = 0.55
0.7 × 1000.5 2000
(e) This is a 4 ½ meter with full scale 2000.0 Ω. Total error = + × 2 =14.2 Ω
100 20000
Therefore, % error in reading =0.72

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0.7 × 210 2000
(f) This is a 3 ½ meter with full scale 2000 Ω. Total error = + × 2 =3.47 Ω
100 2000
Therefore, % error in reading =1.65.

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5. In a Wheatstone bridge, the voltages across the two adjacent arms of the bridge are measured with
a 5 V, class 0.5 meters as 3.6 and 3.5 V and the difference voltage is then computed. Determine the

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worst case error. Determine the measurement error if a 120 mV FS, class 2.5 meter is employed to
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measure the difference voltage and it reads 100 mV.
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Ans: % Errors in readings at 3.6V and 3.5V are 0.69 and 0.71 respectively

3.6 × .69 3.5 × 0.714

% Worst case error in the difference = + = 49.83
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0.1 0.1

120 × 2.5
% Worst case error in the difference if the 120 mV meter is used = = 3.
100
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6. A student measures the height of his friend by asking him to stand against the doorway way, which
is known to be 200 cm high. He estimates that there is a 12 cm clearance over his friends head and
hence concludes the height of his friend to be 188 cm. If his estimation can be off by 2 cm (either
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direction), estimate the error in the measurement.

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Ans: % error = × 100 =1.063

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7. If V, I and R for a resistor are measured with an accuracy of 1%, which of the following will provide
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least measurement error for the computation of power?

(a) VI (b) I2R (C) V2/R
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Ans: % worst case error in each case

(a) 1+1=2; (b) 2 × 1 + 1 =3; (c) 2 × 1 + 1 =3, Thus method (a) gives less error.
8. Two resistors R1 and R2 are in parallel. R1 has a nominal value of 100 Ω and a standard deviation
of 5 Ω. R2 has a nominal value of 200 Ω with a standard deviation of 10 Ω. Find the nominal value of

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the parallel combination and its standard deviation.

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Ans: Final value of the parallel combination of resistors = 66.66.
1
⎡⎛ 2 ⎞
2
⎛ 2 ⎞
2 ⎤2
And its standard deviation = ⎢⎜ ⎟ ( σR 2 ) ⎥ =2.48 Ω
R R
⎟ ( σR1 ) + ⎜

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2 2 1 2
⎢⎜ ( R1 + R 2 ) 2 ⎟ ⎜ ( R1 + R 2 )2 ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥

9. Refer to the Solution of Problem 7. A student uses the formula R = Z cos θ and calculates

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∈% % + ∈% = 138
R as ∈ . + 3.88 = 5.26
z pf
at step (c). Explain why his result is erroneous.

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Ans: In we use this method for computing the value of R the error propagated in to the final result is
more.
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10. The a.c. bridge circuit shown in Fig. P10 is used to measure the supply frequency. The capacitance
C is varied till the detector reads zero. If under these conditions, M = 20 mH ±0.5% and C = 2 µF
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±0.1%, deduce the value of the supply frequency and the uncertainty in this value.
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L1 L2
nts

R1 R2
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Fig. P10
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Ans: At balance, voltage drop across C and the voltage induced in L2 are equal in magnitude. Thus
1
= I1 ωM (assume I1 is the current flowing through the L1, R1 and C at
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we can write I1
ωC
balance)
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1
Or supply frequency, f = =795.77 Hz and
2π CM
1
Uncertainty in f = ( 0.5% + 0.1% ) =0.3 %
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