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Pet animal internal medicine ,clinical examination of digestive system

of pet animals

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Youssef M.Y. Elgazzar

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 Pet animal internal medicine

Dr/Youssef elgazar
Demonstrator of internal medicine, Department of
animal medicine ,faculty of veterinary medicine
,benha university
 Digestive system in cat

2
 Digestive system in dog

3
 Digestive system
2 main groups of organs in the digestive system.
1. Alimentary Canal (nutrition)
-Mouth
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small Int.
-Large Int.
4
 Digestive system
2.Accessory Digestive Organs
a. Teeth
b. Tongue
c. Gall bladder
d. Salivary glands
e. Liver
f. Pancreas

5
 Functions of digestive system

6
Prehension & mastication
Prehension
Bringing the food to the
mouth by Upper limbs,
head,, claws, mouth, teeth
and lips.

Mastication or chewing
To crush the food, increase
surface area and allow enzymes
to act on molecules

7 Dogs and cats are carnivorous (animals that eat meat)

Swallowing
The next step of digestion
Transportation of the
masticated food from the
oral cavity to the stomach
through the pharynx and
esophagus

Digestion
The food in the stomach usually
stays there for 8-10 hours

8
 Digestion
Purpose: reduce feed particles to molecules that can be
absorbed into the blood

Mechanical breakdown of food

Chewing
Contractions of digestive tract

Chemical breakdown of food

HCl in the stomach
enzymes 

9
 Dog digestion

10
 Digestive Process
Proteins Fats Starch

MOUTH amylase

Maltose

STOMACH proteases

Peptides

SMALL bile salts amylase

peptidases
INTESTINE lipases maltase

Amino Fatty Glucose

acids acids

= main site of absorption

11
 Absorption
(transportation of digested food particles from the
intestine to the blood stream then to the tissue through
blood vessels
Excretion

Endocrinological functions (pancreas &

12
liver)
 Points of examination

(III)-
(II)- (IV)-
Examination (V)-Special
Examination Examination
(I)-Inspection of pharynx methods of
of the oral of the
and examination
cavity abdomen
esophagus

13
 1-manifestations of the digestive :
disorders
1-Disturbances in prehension and mastication.

2-Disturbances in swallowing (deglutition).

3- Disturbances in appetite

4-Disturnbances in water intake.

5-Vomiting and regurgitation of food.

6-Abdominal pain.

7-Diarrhea

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8- Constipation
 1-Prehension And Mastication:
 Prehension :holding up and introducing the food in the mouth
 Mastication :tearing of the food by the teeth to be ready for
swallowing and digestion
 In pet animals : teeth, tongue and lips are the main organs of
prehension and mastication.
 Dog and cat take up solid food by the teeth and when the food not
readily they use their forelegs in tearing of the large particle food.
 Dog and cat convey the fluid into the mouth by the tongue as
a ladle.

15
 Abnormal prehension mastication
manifested in:
 Incomplete loss of appetite
 Dropping the food from the mouth.
 Passing undigested food particles in the feces due to
improper mastication.
 Difficult or painful mastication.
 Sialosis or excessive salivation.
 Smacking of the lips

16
 Abnormal prehension and mastication
 as in case of :-
 Stomatitis
 Cheilitis
 Glossitis
 Tonsillitis
 Sharp or broken teeth

17
 Disturbances in Swallowing or
Deglutition:
1-Deglutation means that transportation of the masticated food from the
mouth to the stomach through the pharynx and esophagus.

2-Tangue, floor of the mouth, palate laryngeal muscles and esophagus are the
main organs of deglutition

18
 Dysphagia :difficult painful swallowing
 manifested in the form of:-
 1-Forcefull attempts to swallow with extension of head and neck
 2-Violent contraction of the muscles of the neck and abdomen during
swallowing.
 3-Regurgetation of food from the mouth and nostrils specially due to
pharyngeal Dysphagia.
 4-Excessive salivation and dropping of food from the mouth.
 5-Snorting in some cases .

19
 Diseases causing Dysphagia
 Acute pharyngitis or tonsillitis
 Foreign body or tumor in the pharynx or
esophagus
 Esophageal obstruction or esophygitis.

20
 Salivation:-
 1-Sialosis : excessive  Choke
salivation  Organ phosphorous
 As in case of:- poisoning
 Stomatitis  Rabies
 Gingivitis  Canine Distemper
 Glossitis
 Sharp teeth
 Tonsillitis
21
 2- Dry mouth or Sialoporia:
 As in case of:-
 -Atropine sulfate toxicity
 -Sialolithiasis

22
 4-disturbance in appetite

1
• Hyperphagia

2 • Inappetance

3 • anorexia

4 • pica

5 • Thirst
23
 A- Hyperphagia or polyphagia:
 It is excessive consumption of food
 as in case of
 Parasitism either internal or external.
 Diabetes mellitus (DM).
 Normal in late stage of pregnancy or in lactating animal.
 Cushing syndrome.

24
 B-Inappetance: -
 This is manifested in the form of incomplete loss of
appetite or the animal reclines to eat certain type of food
 as in case of:-
 Painful condition as in colic -Gastric ulcer.
 Sudden change in diet, weather or management.
 Oral lesion as in case of stomatitis.

25
 C-Anorexia
 This is manifested in the form of complete loss
of appetite (off food )
 as in case of :-
 Febrile condition
 Poisoning conditions
 Toxemic or septicemia diseases

26
 D- Depraved appetite(pica)
 This is manifested in the form
of eating of unusual diet or pica
 as in case of:-
 Rabies
 Calcium, phosphorous or vit.D
deficiency

27
 E-Thirst(polydepsia)
 This is manifested in the form of excessive
consumption of water as in case of:-
 Persistent vomiting or salivation
 Sever enteritis
 D.M.
 D.I
 Cushing syndrome

28
 Vomiting or Emesis

means that forceful ejection of the food and liquid

gastrointestinal contents through esophagus and mouth
 Types

1 • False
2 • True
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 1-False or projectile vomiting

 This type of vomiting occurred without retching movement

Due to irritation of the gastric mucosa
 As in case of :
 Presence of needle or thorn in the posterior part of the
tongue.
 choke
 Pharyngitis
 Esophygitis

30
 2- True vomiting :

 Due to stimulation of the vomiting center through receptors

which present in the gastrointestinal tract.
 This type of vomiting is more common in the pet animal
 as in case of :-
 Gastritis
 Enteritis
 Bowel obstruction

31
 Diarrhea
 Frequent evacuation of watery stool
 or increase the water contents of the stool with or without
increasing of numbers of defecation

32
 Causes of diarrhea

1
•With high temp

2
•With normal temp
33
 Causes of diarrhea
 Change in diet  Kidney or liver disease or
 Ingestion of poisonous pancreatic disease
substances or toxic plant  Certain medications
material  Colitis
 Allergic reaction  Stress
 Bacterial or viral infection
 Internal parasites, such
as roundworms, coccidia and
giardia
34Inflammatory bowel disease
  Diarrhea may be associated with rising in the body temperature as in
case of:
 Bacterial Or Viral Infection as in case of canine distemper or
salmonellosis or acute gastritis or enteritis.
 Diarrhea may be associated with normal body temperature as in case
of:-
 Parasitic infestation as in case Ascariasis
 Nutritional deficiency of vitamin- A
 Sudden change in the diet.

35
 Constipation
 Means that difficult defecation or evacuation of dry or scanty
faeces.
 as in case of:
 Feeding on very dry food
 Lack of water
 Dehydration
 Intestinal atony or obstruction in old dog
 Liver diseases
 Mega colon
 Proctitis (inflammation of the rectum)

36
 B- physical examination of digestive
Examination of oral cavity

Examination of pharynx

Examination of abdomen.

Examination of intestine.

Examination of liver

Examination of spleen

Examination of anal sac.

37
 Examination of oral cavity
Opening and closure of the mouth.

Examination of the oral mucous membrane.

Odor of the mouth.

Oral lesions and foreign bodies.

Examination of the tongue.

Examination of the teeth.

38
 Opening and closure of the mouth
1-The mouth is difficult to be Opened:
 Dislocation of the jaw
 Tetanus or strychnine Poisoning
 Acute dental pain.
2-The mouth is difficult to be closed:
 Rabies
 paralysis of the jaw
 Foreign body in the mouth
 Fracture of the maxillary bone
39
 Odor of the mouth:
 Abnormal odor of the mouth may be:
 Acetone odor: as in case of late stage of DM.
 Urinefrous: odor as in case of uremia .FUS(Feline Urogenital
Syndrome)
 Offensive or putrefied : as in case of: Dental cares
Gangrenous stomatitis

40
 Oral lesions and foreign bodies
 Ulcers: as in case of: Ulcerative stomatitis
 Redding or swelling: as in case of:Trauma .catarrhal
stomatitis
 Using of caustic preparation as arsenic or iodine
preparations.
 Follicles: as in case of: - Follicular stomatitis

41
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43
 Examination of the tongue

1-Color

2-Dryness of the tongue

3-Presence of ulcers or sores

44
  During examination of the tongue the mouth must be kept opened
by using of gage and the tongue is grasped and pulled forward then
palpated by the finger all over it.s surface and detect the following
points :-
 1-Color (normally it is pale rosy) and abnormal color may be:-
 Deep red as in case of: - Glossitis . Distemper . Fever
 Bluish as in case of: Suffocation .carbon monoxide poisoning - dyspnoea
 Black as in case of: - Gangrene of the tongue.
 Brown red: - as in case Hemorrhagic enteritis

45
46
 2-Dryness of the tongue

 as in case of: -
 Fever
 Atropine medication
 Diarrhea or dehydration
 Glossoplagia (paralysis of the tongue)

47
 3-Presence of ulcers or sores

 as in case of:-
 Distemper
 Toxemia
 DM.
 Contact with broken or sharp teeth
 Thermal or chemicals burns.

48
 D-Examination of the teeth
Teeth should be examined during
examination of the oral cavity to detect
any
dental cares.
broken teeth or sharp teeth.

49
 Examination Of Pharynx and esophagus

A- External examination.
(I)-Inspection
(II)-Palpation
B- Internal methods

50
 Inspection:
 The area of throat should be inspected to detect any abnormal
swelling in this area
 as in case of:-
 Pharyngitis
 Goiter
 lymphangitis obstruction.
 Tonsilits

51
 Palpation
 The area of throat should be examined by palpation to detect the nature and the origin of any
abnormal swelling that detected by inspection .
 the abnormal swelling may be:
 1-inflammatory as in case of
 Pharyngitis or esophygitis or lymphadenitis or the swelling
 2-non inflammatory as in case of
 Goiter or esophageal choke or diverticulum
 3-detect the origin of the swelling either form the
 pharynx, esophagus, thyroid glands or any other deep sited structures .

52
53
 Internal examination

54
 Endoscope

55
 Clinical Examination of The Abdomen

1 •Inspection

2 •Palpation

3 •Auscultation
56
 Inspection of the abdomen

1-Generalized distension

2-Localized distention

3-Generalized decreased
abdomen
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 G.D

58
 Generalized distention
 as in case of:-
 Ascitis
 Adipose tissues
 Bladder distention or rupture
 Hair ball
 Gastric dilatation
 Advanced pregnancy
 Intestinal obstruction
 tumor of internal organ

59
 Localized distention
 as in case of:-
 Abscesses .
 Haematoma
 Hernia
 Localized edema
 Tumor

60
 Generalized decrease
 as in case of:-
 Diarrhea
 Dehydration
 Malnutrition for long period
 TB.
 Pancreatic diseases: DM.

61
 Palpation of the stomach
 Present in concavity of diaphragm in left side
 When stomach not distended :not palpated
 When the stomach is distended with the food the
pyloric area of the stomach is expanded at the left
side and can be palpated behind the costal arch on
the abdominal floor on the left side between the
xiphoid cartilage and pubis.

62
 Palpation of the liver

 Liver can be palpated in case of

enlargement behind the costal arch of
the right side

63
 Palpation of the spleen
Spleen can be palpated only in case ofenlargement ( as in case of
spleenomegaly) and it is appeared as firm or semisolid mass in
the form of tongue shape present on the cranioventral aspect
of the abdomen behind the left costal arch

64
 Finger palpation of the
anal sacs
as in case of:
Anal saculitis by anorectal
palpation for diagnosis or
treatment the
inflammation of the anal
sacs by finger evacuation.

65
 Percussion of the abdomen
In case of tympani (rare in dog) it give dump or
tympanic sound
In case of ascitis it give fluctuating or thrilling waves

66
 Examination of the intestine :

 Normal sound by Auscultation called

Barborygmi peristaltic sound

67
 Abnormal sound:
 1-loud sound (in creased peristaltic movements)as in case of
:-
 Colic & enteritis
 2-No-sound (Decreased peristaltic movement)

 As in case of:-
 Peritonitis
 Impacted colon or caecum
 Constipation
 Acute intestinal obstruction

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69
Abdominal pain
 true pain which originated  false abdominal pain that
from lesion or disease in the originated due to lesion or
gastrointestinal tract disease outside the
gastrointestinal tract as
urogenital system so
thoroughly examination of
the animal is very important
to avoid misdiagnosis
because e most of the sings
of abdominal pain are
similar.
 SIGNES
 Restlessness and depression
 Rapid respiration
 Spasm of abdominal muscles
 Arched back
 Lowering of the head
 Ears drooping
 Refuse to eat
 Praying position
 Looking for cold place
 Distension of the abdomen
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