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Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation

The document outlines the course ELE 407: Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, detailing its content, requirements, and assessment methods. It covers principles of measurement, types of instruments, accuracy, errors, and methods of measurement. The course is mandatory for 400-level engineering students, requiring a minimum attendance of 75% to qualify for the final examination.

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41 views4 pages

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation

The document outlines the course ELE 407: Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, detailing its content, requirements, and assessment methods. It covers principles of measurement, types of instruments, accuracy, errors, and methods of measurement. The course is mandatory for 400-level engineering students, requiring a minimum attendance of 75% to qualify for the final examination.

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http://www.unaab.edu.

ng
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

COURSE CODE: ELE 407


COURSE TITLE: Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation
NUMBER OF UNITS: 3 Units
COURSE DURATION: Three hours per week

COURSE DETAILS:
COURSE DETAILS:

Course Coordinator: OPEODU F.A


Email: [email protected]
Office Location: Civil Engineering Building
Other Lecturers: None

COURSE CONTENT:

Principles of measurements: errors and accuracy – units of measurements standard


symbols for electrical measuring instruments and electrical standards. Basic meter in
DC measurement of current and voltage – moving coil, moving iron, electrodynamic
and electrostatic measuring instruments. DC and AC bridges and their applications.
Measurement of electrical energy , power, power factor and frequency. Measurement
of magnetic field strength. Electronic instruments for the measurement of voltage,
current, resistance and other circuit parameters. Principle of the cathode-ray
oscilloscope.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

This is a compulsory course for all 400 level students in the College of Engineering.
In view of this, students are expected to participate in all the course activities and have
minimum of 75% attendance to be able to write the final examination.

READING LIST:

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Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

E
LECTURE NOTES

Measurement and instrumentation


Scientific and technical instruments are devices used in observing, measuring,
controlling, computing or communication. Instruments and instrument systems refine,
extend or supplement human facilities and abilities to sense, perceive, communicate,
remember, calculate or reason.

Before describing any instrument in detail it is desirable to consider the following


questions before making any measurement.

• What is the most suitable method of performing the measurement?


• How should the result be displayed?
• What tolerance on the measured value is acceptable?
• How will the presence of the instrument affect the signal?
• How will the signal wave-shape affect the instrument’s performance?
• Over what range of frequencies does the instrument perform correctly?
• Will the result obtained be affected by external influence?

In solving any engineering problem, a compromise between the ideal and the real provides
the solution, especially where there are limitations of availability in practice, when it comes
to selecting an instrument without restrictions.

Methods of Measurement

Apprecialtion of the methods used in instrumentation and measurements can be assisted by


categorising them into broad groups under the headings of analogue, comparison and digital
metthods.

Analogue techniques

Analogue measurements are those involved in continuously monitoring the magnitude of a


signal or measurand.

A large under of analogue instruments are electromechanical in nature, electromechanical


instrumenta re used obtain the deflection of a pointeer: (a) by the interaction of magnetic field
around a coil with a permanent magnet; (b) between ferromagnetic vanes in the coil’s
magnetic field; or (c) through the interaction of magnetic fields produced y a number of coils.
Constraining these forces to form a turning moment produces a deflecting torque Td= Gg(i)
Nm, which is a function of the current in the instrument’s coil and the geometry and type of

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Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

coil system. To obtain a stable display it is necessary to equate the deflection torque with a n
opposing or control torque.

Since the movable parts are attached toa control spring they conbine to form a mass-spring
system and in order to prevent excessive oscillations when the magnitude of the electrical
input is change, a damping torque(Ddθ/dt Nm) must be provided that will only act if the
movable parts are in motion. The methods by which this damping torque may be applied are:

(a) Eddy- current


(b) Pneumatic
(c) Electromagnetic

Accuracy

Definition- The accuracy of a measuring instrument is the qauliti which characterises the
ability to the time values of the quantity to be measured.

True Values& Uncertainty

True Value

It is impossible to determine exactly the true values of any quantity; the value assigned to a
quantity will always have a tolerance or uncertainty associated with it. In some instances this
tolerance is very small, say 1 part in 109,and the true value is approached but it can never be
determined exactly.

Nominal Value

This is the value of a component given by a manufacturer for example, a 10kΩ resistor. Such
a value must be accompanied by a tolerance, say +_1% and the interpretation of the complete
statement is that the true value of the resistor is between 9.9 kΩ and 10.1kΩ.

Measured value

This is the value indicated by an instrument or determined by a measurement process.

Tolerance & uncertainty

The accuracy of a measurement is quoted as tolerance or uncertainty In measurement. For


example, if a measurement on a particular resistor gave the result 102.5kΩ +_ 0.2 Ω.the
uncertainty in the measurement would be +_ 0.2Ω. and the true value of the resistor is
102.6kΩ and 102.7kΩ. it is therefore possible to estimate or postulate that the true value of
the resistor is 102.5kΩ +_ 0.05 Ω

Errors

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Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

The error in a measurement is the algebraic difference between the indicated value (or
measurand ) and the conventional true value. The conventional true value is the value the
measurand can be realistically accepted as having

Sources of Error

1. Construction effect
2. Determination Error
3. Approximation of expressions
4. Calculation error
5. Environmental effects
6. Ageing effects
7. Strays and residuals
8. In section errors

Summation of Errors

Measuring Errors

We distinguish between the absolute error F and the relative error F (per cent error)

The absolute error is the difference between the value indicated by the measuring instrument
A and the true Value W

F=A–W

The relative error is calculated by expressing the absolute error as a function of the true vlue

Relative error F = Absolute error F

True value

Errors inherent in the design of measuring instruments are indicated by their Accuracy class.

Accuracy class expresses the potential absolute error as percentage of full-scale value.

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