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Lecture (2)

The document discusses applications of first-order differential equations, specifically focusing on orthogonal trajectories and flow through orifices. It provides examples of calculating orthogonal trajectories for a family of curves and analyzes the drainage of liquids from tanks, including conical and hemispherical tanks. Additionally, it presents a homework problem involving a rectangular water tank and the time required to empty it through an orifice.

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2 views

Lecture (2)

The document discusses applications of first-order differential equations, specifically focusing on orthogonal trajectories and flow through orifices. It provides examples of calculating orthogonal trajectories for a family of curves and analyzes the drainage of liquids from tanks, including conical and hemispherical tanks. Additionally, it presents a homework problem involving a rectangular water tank and the time required to empty it through an orifice.

Uploaded by

mmoh13351
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Warith Al_anbiyaa,

College of Engineering,
Department of Civil Engineering

Engineering Analysis
and Numerical Methods

Third Year

Lecturer:

Basel Abbas Hasan

1
Applications of first order D. E.

**Orthogonal Trajectories

One Parameter-Family of Curves

A set of plane curves defined by an equation involving just one parameter.

*orthogonal trajectories of one another are one parameter families of curves.

𝟏
̅𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉. = − ̅
𝒚
𝒚𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍

EX1:- find the orthogonal trajectories of the curves of the following family.

x2 +2. y2 = c.y

sol/

c =( x2 +2. y2)/y

̅ = 𝒄. 𝒚
𝟐. 𝒙 + 𝟒. 𝒚. 𝒚 ̅ ⟹ ̅ = 𝟐. 𝒙/(𝒄 − 𝟒. 𝒚)
𝒚

𝟐.𝒙 𝟐.𝒙.𝒚 −𝟏 𝟐.𝒚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐


̅=
𝒚 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐.𝒚𝟐
= ̅𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉. =
;𝒚 =
−𝟒.𝒚 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐.𝒚𝟐 ̅𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝒚 𝟐.𝒙.𝒚
𝒚

2.x.y.dy = (2.y2 - x2).dx homogenous ‫يكمل الحل‬

𝒚𝟐 = −𝒙𝟐 . 𝐥𝐧|𝒌. 𝒙|

2
** Flow through orifices

Consider a tank which contains any liquid and there is an orifice (hole) at its bottom through which

the liquid drains under the influence of gravity .thus the depth of water is changed through time in

an interval of time (dt). The water level will fall by the amount (dy),and the change of volume if

liquid inside tank is equal to the volume of liquid drained outside the tank .

3
EX/An inverted right circular conical tank, as shown in the figure ,is initially filled

with water. The water drains due to gravity, through a small hole of radius (r) at

the bottom of tank. Find the height of water as a function of time and the time

required for the tank to drain completely?

4
5
EX2:- A hemispherical tank of radius (R) is initially filled with water. At the bottom of the tank

there is a hole of radius (r) through which the water drains under influence of gravity. Find the

depth of the water in the tank at any time, and determine how long it will tank to drain

completely.

sol.
y

dV= -𝝅. 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒅𝒚………..(1)

𝒗 = √𝟐. 𝒈. 𝒚 (torriceli's law) R


2x
dy
y
The volume of water leaves the orifice =

Length of a stream of water. A orifice

dV = dL . Area of hole r

𝒅𝑽 = √𝟐. 𝒈. 𝒚 𝒅𝒕 . 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐 ………(2)

−𝝅. 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒅𝒚 = 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐 . √𝟐. 𝒈. 𝒚 𝒅𝒕 ……..(3)

Find the relation between x & R

x2 = 2.y.R – y2 ; - x2 = y2 - 2.y.R

.: eq. (3) become

(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐. 𝒚. 𝑹). 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄𝒅 𝒓𝟐 . √𝟐. 𝒈. 𝒚 𝒅𝒕

∫(𝒚𝟑⁄𝟐 − 𝟐. 𝒚𝟏⁄𝟐 . 𝑹). 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒄𝒅 𝒓𝟐 . √𝟐. 𝒈 𝒅𝒕

𝟐 𝟒
. 𝒚𝟓⁄𝟐 − . 𝒚𝟑⁄𝟐 . 𝑹 = 𝒄𝒅 𝒓𝟐 . √𝟐. 𝒈 . 𝒕 + 𝒄 ; B.C'S t=0 , y =R
𝟓 𝟑

𝟐 𝟒 −𝟏𝟒
. 𝑹𝟓⁄𝟐 − . 𝑹𝟓⁄𝟐 = 𝒄 ⟹ 𝒄= . 𝑹𝟓⁄𝟐
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏𝟓

𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟒
. 𝒚𝟓⁄𝟐 − . 𝒚𝟑⁄𝟐 . 𝑹 = 𝒄𝒅 𝒓𝟐 . √𝟐. 𝒈 . 𝒕 − . 𝑹𝟓⁄𝟐
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏𝟓

𝟏𝟒 𝑹𝟓⁄𝟐
𝒂𝒕 𝒚 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒕= . The time required to drain all water.
𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒅 𝒓𝟐 .√𝟐.𝒈

6
H.W: A water tank, rectangular in cross section, has the dimensions 2012m at the

top and 610m at the bottom and is 3m in height. It is filled with water and has a

circular orifice of 5cm diameter at its bottom. Assuming  0.6 Cd for the orifice,

find the equation of the height of water in the tank with time, then compute the time

required for empting the tank.

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