~ j L Introduction
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
The building industry is made up of the following stakeholders:-
• Client (building owner)
• Architect, Consulting Engineer, Clerk of works, Quantity Surveyor ..... (aka
Professional Building Team Members)
• Main contractor ( M c )
• Sub-Contractors (Electrical, steelwork, HVAC, etc; aka service providers)
(See Fig. 1)
o Architect produces a building plan (drawn on manila paper) to client's
satisfaction.
o Quantity surveyor estimates how much it will cost to implement the building
plan. ·
o MC receives estimated costs from all subcontractors (service providers).
o MC informs client the overall cost of the contract.
o MC produces blue print (of building plan) for each of subcontractors.
o MC coordinates the various subcontractors to ensure compliance to bye-laws
and timely completion of the building works.
(See Fig. 2)
2. WORK SCHEDULES (See Fig. 2)
3. ELECTRICAL INST ALLA TI ON DESIGN
Electrical installation:
- An assembly of associated electrical equipment to fulfill a specific purpose and
having certain co-ordinated characteristics. ·
The stages need;d in the design of a circuit are:
(i) Establish detail of subdivision and number of circuits.
·(ii) Determine the design current
(iii) Establish the norminal rating of.the protective· device.
(iv) Establish the size of the line conductors
(v) Select the type of overcurrent protection
(vi) Check for grouping, temperature and other r::orrection factors
(vii) Calculate the volt-drop
(viii) Check earth-fault-loop impedance satisfactory for shock protection.
(ix) Examine short-circuit conditions for thermal considerations.
Fig. 3 shows the activities involved in electrical installation work.
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Buildi~g 6,wner':, ,i ·.. .Employer/Cli~nt•
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Surveyor
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Specified
Suppl1ers
Figurt 1,: Structure qf th~· industry,
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r Circuit and wiring diagram s
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Supply
· Figure 27.1. Wiring diagram of a lamp controlled by a one-way single-pole switch .
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P- -- -~ ~,:;;--.,L_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _--J
--
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~ appl iance l switche d ---1 I
socket-outlet
lig~t ing mo"tor
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~sing l•pol• m i<ch
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fit
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d is-board :..--- fire-a la rm si ngle-po le
bell 5'
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sw itches
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Figure 20 Layou t dra wznx showing elec trical req u iri•11u·11ts
SCdle / ·50 ~
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, 2x85\~ fluorescents
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lighting distribution \/
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Circ: 1ir ide-ntification of lightfng
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r ·- -
i . 1.5mm1 r 20mm condu it
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lighting distribution
board 4L- -,-
--- -
Cunduil route and cable size for lighting
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switched ~ I
socket-ou tlet
~ appliance I
motor starter
lig~ting
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i%ngle•pol, =heh
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bell fire-alarm single-pol e
switches
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Figure 20
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Layout drawing showing electrica l rec1uirC' 111,·111s SC d l <' I 5/J
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Ope ratio n Desc ripti on
Wee k No.
6 7 8 91 101 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Excavation/Concrete 19
Brickwork
Carpentry/Joinery
RoofTilin_g
Plasterin
Plumbin
Electrical
Decorating
Fig.2 Bar chart of simp le buil ding trad
e oper ation
Operation Description
Installin_g sub-main cable
Erection of switch _gear
Erection of Trunking/Conduit
Wiring switchgear
Wiring final sub circuits
Connecting a tus
Inspection/festin_g
Fig. 3 Bar Cha rt Prog ram me of an elec
trica l insta llati on show ing wor k activ
ities
3.
S9lu tion : '\ ,I
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l = f_ = lQ,000 = 41.667 A
V 240
From table 6. l, a conductor having a
cross-se ctional area of IO mm:t will all
of 55 A to flow with a voltage drop or ow8 a curr ent
4,2 mV per amp ere per rnd rc run .
Total voltage-drop in cable = 4.2 x 10·3
x 41.667 x 25 =- 4.375V
* ~_ll -- This volt-drop is only 1·823% of nom
inal voltage. This is below 2.S'¾i of Llic
nominal voltage und hem.:e the cable size l Omm 2 is ther
efore suitable.
Table 6.1 (Part Table 9 D 1 of IEE Reg
ulations) single-circuit and associated
drops for single core P.V .C. insulated voltage
cables, non-armoured with copper con
ratings tabulated apply where the cab ductors . The
le is provided with coarse excess current
protection. :
Conductor
Bunched and enclosed in conduit or
Nominal cross- Number and diameter · trunking
Sectional area of wires (mm) Two cables single phase a.c. or d.c
(mm 2)
Current rating (A) Voltage drop per
ampere per metre run
(mV /Nm )
] .0 ])]. ]3
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---~ - . .- -. - ·· -- ·-··-· -- 14 -_4.Z .
l.5 - ----- - ·- - - - - · ··- 1/1.3~ 17______ ..
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-· ---- . . .. ·- .. .... •··--·· ·•··•····· ·· __ 2_8 ..
2.5 1/1.78 24
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4 .. .. 7/0. 85 ... 32
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to .
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eparlment of Medical engineering
Subject: ELECTRICAL INSTALLJ\TJON TECHNOLOGY
Topic: CONDUCTOR SIZE & CABLIB RATING
·1:~1_e amount of curre 11 t which a conductor (or cable) can carry is l.imitccl by the hcaliug
erlecl caused by th~ _resistance to flow of electricity. The maximum permissib/i:; current
under norm~! cond1t10ns must not be so high that dangerous temperatures may be
rcud1ed, wluch could cause fires .
.l ~ven with cables inside metal conduits, trunking or ducts, or where mineral insulated
cr,pper (or aluminiurn) sheathed [ MIMS] cables are used, althdugh the cables are
completely fire-proof in themselves the transmission of heat to other materials in close
proximity may still lead to fires . '
When choosing a cable for a particular d1,1ty, it is necessary to take into account not only
the .n.wx.imum curre1}_l the cable will have to carry, but also the :v.ol.tage..drop. that will
oc<,;ur when the current flows.
Tile l 51" edition of the Institute of Electrical Engineers {IEE) Regulations stale that the
rna.-.:imum permissible drop in voltage in a conductor shall not exceed 2.5% of the
nominal VLlltage when thl: conductor is caITying its foll load.
Tile temperature reached hy a cable is also affected by the following operating
co11dilions:-
(i) Whether the cable is surrounded by room air, or is enclosed in a conduit, duct
or trunking.
,. (ii) The proximity l_o other cables which may cause heat to build up, due to
induced curren,13-
( iii.) The tern.1-1L·ratu+ of the ambient (surroundmg) air.
Th,; !EE Regulalions (l 51h edition) provide tables of cable sizes for various operating
wuditio11s (see la bk <>.1)
Kx:ampl.!:
A 25m run of l wo --core non-armoured p. v,c ·- insulated copper cable, enclosed in
conduit, is reyuire<l lo supply a 10 kw load, If the nominal voltage of the supply is 240V.
calculate the sit.c of cable when coarse excess-current protection is lo be provided.
- ---- -- -- --- - ----- - -·- ..
g.
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND WORKSHOP TECHNOLO GY
To lamp To lamp
N p
Supply
Figure 27 .6. Wiring diagram of a lighting circuit using 3-plate ceiling roses and a
2-plate ceiling rose.
N p
Supply .
Figure 27 ;7. Wiring diagram of a lighting circuit with three lamps in paralle l
•, controlled by a one-way switch, and· one lamp controlled by a double-pole switch.
r-J p
stAr,ply
Supply
Figure 27 .3. Wiring diagram of a lamp controlled by two 2-way switches.
Sr
N p
Supply
Figure 27 .4. Wiring diagram of a lamp cqntrolled ·by:·a.n intefil)edi~~e S\\'.itching
arrangement with two 2:..way -switches arid· one: inte.rinedia~e ,switch;;
Lr
N-._ _ _--,.-0
Supply
p---~ -o
Figure 27.5. Wiring diagram of one lamp controlled by a one-way switch with a
loop-in terminal and one lamp controlled by a one-way switch.
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Supp ly
olled by two 2 -wny 11witc hcR.
Figure 27.3. Wirin g diagr am of n lomp contr
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Supply
by-an intermediate switching
Figure 27.4. Wiring diagram of a lamp controlled -
'One •intermediate switch~.
arrangement -with two 2~.way-<swi~ches and
Supply
N-.-- -- ~
p----~
d by a one-way switch with a
Figure 27.5. Wiring. diagram of one lamp controlle way switch.
loop-ip terminal and one lamp controlled by a one-
