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Lecture 14

Chapter 5 of 'Signals and Systems' focuses on the Fourier Transform, detailing its definition, computation, and properties. Students will learn to compute the Fourier Transform and its inverse, as well as utilize Fourier transform tables for various functions. The chapter emphasizes the importance of the Fourier Transform in electrical engineering for analyzing signals and systems in the frequency domain.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views12 pages

Lecture 14

Chapter 5 of 'Signals and Systems' focuses on the Fourier Transform, detailing its definition, computation, and properties. Students will learn to compute the Fourier Transform and its inverse, as well as utilize Fourier transform tables for various functions. The chapter emphasizes the importance of the Fourier Transform in electrical engineering for analyzing signals and systems in the frequency domain.

Uploaded by

shahdalahmri0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and System

Chapter 5: The Fourier Transform

1
Objectives
By the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:
• Recall the formula for Fourier Transform and Inverse Fourier Transform
• Compute the Fourier Transform and Inverse Fourier Transform using the integration formula
• Recall the Fourier transforms of popular functions
• Recall the Fourier transform properties
• Utilize the Fourier transform tables (Tables 5.1 and 5.2) to compute the Fourier transform of
various functions

2
Revision
Example 4.6
Find the Fourier Series of the function depicted below:
𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)
𝑉𝑉

𝑇𝑇/2
1 −𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
− 0 𝑉𝑉 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝜔𝜔0
𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ⋅ 𝑒𝑒 2 − 𝑒𝑒 2 = sin
𝑇𝑇0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2
−𝑇𝑇/2
𝑉𝑉 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝜔𝜔0 𝑘𝑘𝜔𝜔0
sin 𝑥𝑥 sin ⋅ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝜔𝜔0
Define: sinc 𝑥𝑥 ≜ , then 𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2
𝑘𝑘𝜔𝜔0
2
= sinc( )
𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇0 2
2
3
sinc Function
• The sinc function appears often in EE classes.
• In some books it is defined as

sin 𝑥𝑥
sinc( 𝑥𝑥) ≜
𝑥𝑥

• Next, we will learn how to plot the sinc function.


• At 𝑥𝑥 = 0,
sin 𝑥𝑥
sinc 0 = lim = lim cos(𝑥𝑥) = 1 Note: in some books, the sinc
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥→0
• Clearly, the zero crossings appear at function is defined as
𝑥𝑥 = ±𝜋𝜋, ±2𝜋𝜋, ±3𝜋𝜋 … etc sin 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
sinc 𝑥𝑥 ≜
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 4
Fourier Transform
Introduction
• Fourier transform is a method of mathematical representation of signals and systems in the
frequency domain

• Engineers use the Fourier transform to simplify the mathematical analysis of signals and
systems and for explaining physical phenomena mathematically

• It is widely used in the field of electrical engineering, especially in the study of


communication signals and systems

• For this reason, every student of electrical engineering should become familiar with the
Fourier transform and its applications

• Fourier series can be applied to periodic signals. The Fourier transform is derived to
generalize the concepts of frequency analysis for non-periodic signals.
5
Fourier Transform
Derivation
• The Fourier transform is derived from the Fourier series by relaxing the period of the periodic function to reach
∞, so the signal never repeats itself as illustrated in the figure below.

Periodic signal with period 𝑇𝑇1

Periodic signal with period 𝑇𝑇2 = 4𝑇𝑇1

Periodic signal with period 𝑇𝑇0 = ∞ (non-periodic)

• For detailed mathematical derivation, refer to the textbook pages 201 – 203. We will focus instead on the
physical meaning, computation of the c of Fourier Transform, and computation of the inverse Fourier Transform.6
Fourier Transform
Definition
• The Fourier Transform (FT) of aperiodic signal 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) is denoted ℱ{𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)}, and is
defined as • Negative exponent
• Integration with respect to d𝑡𝑡
∞ • 𝑡𝑡 will be integrated out; i.e., the result does not
ℱ[𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)] = 𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔) = � 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 contain any 𝑡𝑡
−∞

• The Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT ) of 𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔) is denoted as ℱ −1 [𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔)], and is


defined as • Positive exponent
• Integration with respect to d𝜔𝜔

−1
1 • 𝜔𝜔 will be integrated out; i.e., the does not
ℱ 𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = � 𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔)𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 contain any 𝜔𝜔
2𝜋𝜋 −∞

• We say 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) and 𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔) is a Fourier Transform Pair. We write:



𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) 𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔) or 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔) 7
Fourier Transform
Notes on the Definition
Notes:

• In some communication systems books, authors prefer to express the Fourier transform as a function 𝑓𝑓,
were 𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. Then:

• 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 = ∫−∞ 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, and

• the normalization factor will disappear in the inverse Fourier definition because of the substitution

𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋. Which leads to 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• Some books use the notation 𝐹𝐹(𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔) which is the same as 𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔)

• The Fourier transform exists if and only if the Dirichlet conditions are satisfied. Please refer to the pages
206 – 207 for more information.

• For this class, you do not have to check if the Fourier transform exists every time you compute the Fourier
the transform.
8
Fourier Transform
Example 5.1
𝑡𝑡
Find the Fourier transform of the function 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ rect( ) (Note the similarity to Example
𝑇𝑇
4.6)
Solution:
𝑇𝑇/2 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑉𝑉 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 2𝑉𝑉 sin
−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 − 2
𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ⋅ 𝑒𝑒 2 − 𝑒𝑒 2 =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝜔𝜔
−𝑇𝑇/2
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑉𝑉 sin 2 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
= ⋅ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 sinc
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 2
2
• Note: the form of the Fourier transform is similar to the
result obtained in Example 4.6
9
Fourier Transform
Magnitude Spectrum and Phase Spectrum
• In general, the Fourier transform 𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 is a complex function. As a result, 𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔) has a
magnitude |𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 | and a phase 𝜃𝜃 𝜔𝜔 = ∠𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔) such that
𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 = 𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝜔𝜔) = 𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 ∠𝐹𝐹(𝜔𝜔)

• The Magnitude Spectrum is the plot of the 𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 vs 𝜔𝜔 (or |𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓 | vs 𝑓𝑓); the Phase Spectrum
is the 𝜃𝜃(𝜔𝜔) vs 𝜔𝜔 (or 𝜃𝜃(𝑓𝑓) vs 𝑓𝑓)

• To plot the magnitude and phase spectra, students must find the magnitude and the phase of
a complex function. This skill is illustrated by examples later.

10
Fourier Transform
Example
Find the Fourier transform, and magnitude and phase spectra of: Magnitude Spectrum
a) 𝑔𝑔 𝑡𝑡 = 𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡). 𝑍𝑍 𝜔𝜔

b) 𝑧𝑧 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 )
Solution:

a) 𝐺𝐺 𝜔𝜔 = ∫−∞ 𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 0 = 1 ⇒ 𝐺𝐺 𝜔𝜔 =
1& ∠𝐺𝐺(𝜔𝜔) = 0 (draw the spectra by yourself)

𝛿𝛿 𝑡𝑡 1 Phase Spectrum
∞ ∞
b) 𝑍𝑍 𝜔𝜔 = ∫−∞ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫−∞ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝜏𝜏 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗(𝜏𝜏+𝑡𝑡0 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∠𝑍𝑍(𝜔𝜔)
𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡0
⇒ 𝑍𝑍 𝜔𝜔 = 𝐴𝐴 & ∠𝑍𝑍 𝜔𝜔 = −𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡0

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡0
11
Fourier Transform
Example
Find the inverse Fourier transform of 𝐹𝐹 𝜔𝜔 = 𝛿𝛿(𝜔𝜔 − 𝜔𝜔0 ).
Solution
∞ ∞
1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
1 1 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔 𝑡𝑡
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = � 𝛿𝛿 𝜔𝜔 − 𝜔𝜔0 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝛿𝛿 𝛼𝛼 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗 𝛼𝛼+𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 0
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
−∞ −∞


𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔0 𝑡𝑡 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋(𝜔𝜔 − 𝜔𝜔0 )

Note the duality!

12

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