1/28/2025

WhatisanOperatingSystem?

•The most important

program that runs on your

OperatingSystems
computer. It manages all
other programs on the
machine.
Introduction
•Every PC has to have one to
run other applications or
programs. It’s the first thing
“loaded”.

OperatingSystem OperatingSystem
•It performs basic tasks, •Keeping track of
such as:
files and directories
on the disk, and
•Recognizing input from the
keyboard or mouse,
•Controlling
peripheral devices
•Sending output to the such as disk drives
monitor, and printers.

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IsThereMoreThanOneTypeofOS? TypesofOperatingSystems
•Generally, there are four types, 2. Multi-user, multi-task
based on the type of computer
they control and the sort of
applications they support. Allows two or more users to run
programs at the same time. Some
operating systems permit hundreds or
1.Single-user, single even thousands of concurrent users.
task

This type manages the

computer so that one user
can effectively do one
thing at a time.

TypesofOperatingSystems
3. Real Time Operating Systems
(CGM=Continuous
RTOS are used to control machinery, Glucose Monitor)
scientific instruments, and industrial
systems.

There is typically very little user-

interface capability.

Resources are managed so that a

particular operation executes
precisely the same every time.

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TypesofOperatingSystems OS’sManageApplications
•Operating systems provide
4. Single-user, Multi-tasking a software platform on top
of which other “application”
This is the type of operating system most programs can run.
desktops and laptops use today.

Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s MacOS are •The application programs

both examples of operating systems that will must be written to run on a
let a single user have several programs in particular operating system.
operation at the same time.
•So, your choice of operating
system determines what

application software you can

run.

OperatingSystemFunctions OS-MemoryStorageandManagement
1. Each process must have
enough memory in which
•Besides managing to execute, and
software
resources on the system,
the OS must manage It can neither run into the
memory space of another
hardware resourcesincluding memory. process,

•There are two broad Nor be run into by another

process.
tasks to be accomplished.

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OS-MemoryStorageandManagement CacheMemory
•Cache - A section of a
1. The different types of memory computer's memory
in the system must be used which temporarily
properly so that each process retains recently
can run most effectively.
accessed data in order
to speed up repeated
access to the same data.
• It provides rapid
access without having
to wait for systems to
load.

RAMMemory RAMMemory
•Random access • The more RAM your computer has,
the faster programs can function.
memory (RAM) is the The two main types are called
best known form of DRAM and SRAM. SRAM is faster
computer memory. than DRAM, but, more expensive.

• RAM is considered
"random access" because
you can access any memory
cell directly if you know the Remember, that if the power is turned off,
row and column that then all data left in RAM, that has not been
intersect at that cell. saved to the hard drive, is lost.

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VirtualMemory VirtualMemory–SwapFile
•Virtual Memory – a method of using
hard disk space to provide extra
memory. It simulates additional RAM.

•In Windows, the

amount of virtual
memory available,
equals the amount of
free RAM plus the
amount of disk space A swap file is an area of your hard disk that is
allocated to the swap set aside for virtual memory. Swap files can be
either temporary or permanent.
file.

Okay–SoNowWhat? OS-BootingthePC

• Booting is the process of

loading the kernel into the
memory once the machine is
turned on.
• How does the H/W know where
the kernel is?

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OS-Wakeupcall OS-Wakeupcall

This is a set of instructions kept in

the computer's read-only
memory (ROM).
When you turn on the power to
a PC, the first program that runs (BIOS is firmware code typically embedded as a
is the Basic Input Output motherboard chip.)
System (BIOS).

OS–WakeupCall
OS-WakeupCall
•It checks to make sure •Once successful, the
everything is functioning software will begin to
properly. activate the computer's
disk drives.

•It checks the CPU, memory,

network card, basicinput-output •It then finds the first piece
systems (BIOS) for errors. of the operating system:
the bootstrap loader and
It ensures they are in a form that loads it.
the OS can use.

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OS-BootingthePC Booting
• Small devices' (phones etc)
• A bootstrap loaderis a small firmware haveboth the bootstrap
program in the form of ROM. loader and themain OS residing in
them.
• It's part of the OS and each OS
typically has its own bootstrap • Larger computers have the
loader. bootstrap loaderlocated in the
ROM and the main OSlocated in
the disk.

OS-BootingthePC OS-BootingthePC
•The bootstrap loader is a small program •The bootstrap loader sets up the
that has a single function: small driver programs that
It loads the operating system into memory interface with and control the
and allows it to begin operation. various hardware.

Thus once the bootstrap loader is loaded

into memory, it •It sets up the divisions of
• traverses the file system looking for the • memory
OS kernel from the secondary storage, • user information, and
• loads it onto memory, and • applications.
• starts the kernel's execution.

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OS-BootingthePC OS-BootingthePC
•It establishes the data Summary:
structures needed to BIOS is the minimum software that a
communicate within system needs to be able to start loading an
and between the operating system.
subsystems and
It does relevant self-tests then checks the
applications of the mass storage devices looking for specific
computer. software (i.e. thebootloader) to tell it how
to proceed with booting.
•Then it turns control of
the computer over to
the operating system.

Windows Desktop

Your Desktop may

look like this… …or like this.

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HowDoITellTheOSWhatIWantToDo? EnterCommands

•You must continue to give •Commands can be

the operating system entered several ways:
commands that are accepted •Through a keyboard.
and executed.
•Pointing or clicking on
an object with a mouse.
•The first command was
pushing the “ON” button which (Graphical User Interface or GUI)
started the “boot” process.
•Sending a command
from another program.

Windows andMac areGUI’s GUI–Standards

•Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh • GUI interfaces have standards that
operating systems are examples of “graphical user are usually the same or similar in all
interfaces” or GUI’s. systems and applications.

GUI is defined as: A picture used in place of

a word or words to issue commands. • Standards apply to:
• Pointers and pointing devices
• Icons, desktops, windows and menus