Knowledge Representation

An agent can deduce appropriate actions.

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Propositional Logic
The architecture of knowledge-based agent:
Rules of Inference
The Wumpus world
knowledge-base for Wumpus World

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Knowledge-Based Agent in Artificial intelligence

An intelligent agent needs knowledge about the real world for taking decisions and reasoning to
act efficiently.

Knowledge-based agents are those agents who have the capability of maintaining an internal The above diagram is representing a generalized architecture for a knowledge-based agent. The
state of knowledge, reason over that knowledge, update their knowledge after observations knowledge-based agent (KBA) take input from the environment by perceiving the environment. The input
and take actions. These agents can represent the world with some formal representation and is taken by the inference engine of the agent and which also communicate with KB to decide as per the
act intelligently. knowledge store in KB. The learning element of KBA regularly updates the KB by learning new knowledge.
Knowledge-based agents are composed of two main parts:
Knowledge base: Knowledge-base is a central component of a knowledge-based agent, it is also known
Knowledge-base and as KB. It is a collection of sentences (here 'sentence' is a technical term and it is not identical to sentence
in English). These sentences are expressed in a language which is called a knowledge representation
Inference system.
language. The Knowledge-base of KBA stores fact about the world.

A knowledge-based agent must able to do the following: Why use a knowledge base?
Knowledge-base is required for updating knowledge for an agent to learn with experiences and take
action as per the knowledge.

Inference system
Inference means deriving new sentences from old. Inference system allows us to add a new sentence to
the knowledge base. A sentence is a proposition about the world. Inference system applies logical rules
to the KB to deduce new information.

Inference system generates new facts so that an agent can update the KB. An inference system works
mainly in two rules which are given as:

Forward chaining

An agent should be able to represent states, actions, etc. Backward chaining

An agent Should be able to incorporate new percepts

Operations Performed by KBA
An agent can update the internal representation of the world
Following are three operations which are performed by KBA in order to show the intelligent
An agent can deduce the internal representation of the world
behavior:
 1. TELL: This operation tells the knowledge base what it perceives from the environment. 1. Knowledge level
2. ASK: This operation asks the knowledge base what action it should perform.
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3. Perform: It performs the selected action. Knowledge level is the first level of knowledge-based agent, and in this level, we need to specify what the
agent knows, and what the agent goals are. With these specifications, we can fix its behavior. For
A generic knowledge-based agent: example, suppose an automated taxi agent needs to go from a station A to station B, and he knows the
way from A to B, so this comes at the knowledge level.
Following is the structure outline of a generic knowledge-based agents program:
2. Logical level:
function KB-AGENT(percept):
At this level, we understand that how the knowledge representation of knowledge is stored. At this level,
persistent: KB, a knowledge base
sentences are encoded into different logics. At the logical level, an encoding of knowledge into logical
t, a counter, initially 0, indicating time
sentences occurs. At the logical level we can expect to the automated taxi agent to reach to the
TELL(KB, MAKE-PERCEPT-SENTENCE(percept, t))
destination B.
Action = ASK(KB, MAKE-ACTION-QUERY(t))
TELL(KB, MAKE-ACTION-SENTENCE(action, t))
3. Implementation level:
t=t+1
return action This is the physical representation of logic and knowledge. At the implementation level agent perform
actions as per logical and knowledge level. At this level, an automated taxi agent actually implement his
The knowledge-based agent takes percept as input and returns an action as output. The agent maintains knowledge and logic so that he can reach to the destination.
the knowledge base, KB, and it initially has some background knowledge of the real world. It also has a
counter to indicate the time for the whole process, and this counter is initialized with zero. Approaches to designing a knowledge-based agent:
There are mainly two approaches to build a knowledge-based agent:

1. 1. Declarative approach: We can create a knowledge-based agent by initializing with an empty

knowledge base and telling the agent all the sentences with which we want to start with. This
approach is called Declarative approach.
2. 2. Procedural approach: In the procedural approach, we directly encode desired behavior as a
program code. Which means we just need to write a program that already encodes the desired
behavior or agent.

However, in the real world, a successful agent can be built by combining both declarative and procedural
approaches, and declarative knowledge can often be compiled into more efficient procedural code.

Each time when the function is called, it performs its three operations:
Next Topic Knowledge representation in AI

Firstly it TELLs the KB what it perceives.

Secondly, it asks KB what action it should take ← prev next →

Third agent program TELLS the KB that which action was chosen.

The MAKE-PERCEPT-SENTENCE generates a sentence as setting that the agent perceived the given
Related Posts
percept at the given time.

The MAKE-ACTION-QUERY generates a sentence to ask which action should be done at the current time. Inference in First-Order Logic
MAKE-ACTION-SENTENCE generates a sentence which asserts that the chosen action was executed. is used to deduce new facts or sentences from existing sentences. Before understanding the
FOL inference rule, let's understand some basic terminologies used in FOL. Substitution:
Various levels of knowledge-based agent: Substitution is a fundamental operation performed on terms and formulas. It occurs in all
inference systems in first-order logic. The...
A knowledge-based agent can be viewed at different levels which are given below: