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Pressure Types

The document discusses the concepts of absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures, emphasizing the importance of using absolute pressure in thermodynamic relations. It explains the definitions and relationships between these types of pressures, as well as the common pressure units used in engineering. Additionally, it introduces the concept of temperature as an intensive property, highlighting the challenges in defining it precisely.

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Zohaib Javaid
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30 views1 page

Pressure Types

The document discusses the concepts of absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures, emphasizing the importance of using absolute pressure in thermodynamic relations. It explains the definitions and relationships between these types of pressures, as well as the common pressure units used in engineering. Additionally, it introduces the concept of temperature as an intensive property, highlighting the challenges in defining it precisely.

Uploaded by

Zohaib Javaid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

7 Temperature 15

FIG. 1.12 Relationships among


the absolute, atmospheric, gage,
and vacuum pressures.
p (gage)

Absolute
pressure that is Atmospheric
greater than the local pressure
atmospheric
pressure
p (absolute) p (vacuum)

Absolute
patm pressure that is
(absolute) less than the local
atmospheric
pressure
p (absolute)

Zero pressure Zero pressure

Since 1 bar (105 N/m2) closely equals one standard atmosphere, it is a convenient pressure
unit despite not being a standard SI unit. When working in SI, the bar, MPa, and kPa are all
used in this text.
Although absolute pressures must be used in thermodynamic relations, pressure-measuring
devices often indicate the difference between the absolute pressure of a system and the ab-
solute pressure of the atmosphere existing outside the measuring device. The magnitude of
the difference is called a gage pressure or a vacuum pressure. The term gage pressure is gage pressure
applied when the pressure of the system is greater than the local atmospheric pressure, patm. vacuum pressure
p(gage) = p(absolute) − patm (absolute) (1.14)

When the local atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure of the system, the term vac-
uum pressure is used.
p(vacuum) = patm (absolute) − p(absolute) (1.15)

TAKE NOTE...
In this book, the term pressure refers to absolute pressure unless indicated otherwise.

Engineers in the United States frequently use the letters a and g to distinguish between absolute
and gage pressures. For example, the absolute and gage pressures in pounds force per square
inch are written as psia and psig, respectively. The relationship among the various ways of
expressing pressure measurements is shown in Fig. 1.12.

1.7 Temperature
In this section the intensive property temperature is considered along with means for measur-
ing it. A concept of temperature, like our concept of force, originates with our sense percep-
tions. Temperature is rooted in the notion of the “hotness” or “coldness” of objects. We use
our sense of touch to distinguish hot objects from cold objects and to arrange objects in their Animation
order of “hotness,” deciding that 1 is hotter than 2, 2 hotter than 3, and so on. But however Extensive and Intensive
sensitive human touch may be, we are unable to gauge this quality precisely. Properties Tab e
A definition of temperature in terms of concepts that are independently defined or
accepted as primitive is difficult to give. However, it is possible to arrive at an objective

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