Perfect — let's upgrade the program to take user input and show both manual conversion

and the built-in method for comparison. Here's your full Java program:

✅ Decimal to Binary Converter (with User Input)

import java.util.Scanner;

public class DecimalToBinary {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

🔹
// Step 1: Get decimal number from user
System.out.print("Enter a decimal number: ");
int decimal = sc.nextInt();

🔹
// Step 2: Manual Conversion Logic
String binaryManual = "";
int num = decimal;

if (num == 0) {
binaryManual = "0";
} else {
while (num > 0) {
int remainder = num % 2;
binaryManual = remainder + binaryManual;
num = num / 2;
}
}

🔹
// Step 3: Built-in Java Method
String binaryBuiltIn = Integer.toBinaryString(decimal);

🔹
// Step 4: Display both results
System.out.println("\n[Manual Method] Binary of " + decimal + " is: " + binaryManual);
System.out.println("[Built-in Method] Binary of " + decimal + " is: " + binaryBuiltIn);
}
}

🧪 Sample Output:
Enter a decimal number: 25

[Manual Method] Binary of 25 is: 11001

[Built-in Method] Binary of 25 is: 11001

🚀 Pro Tip:
When you're learning, always write your own logic first — it builds your core thinking.
Built-in methods are great for speed, but custom logic shows your real skills during coding
interviews and exams.

Want me to include binary to decimal in the same program too, like a 2-in-1 converter?
Absolutely! Knowing the data types in Java is like knowing the tools in your toolbox.
Whether you're building apps, working on algorithms, or handling databases — you need to
know what type of data you're dealing with. Let’s break it down in a clean, powerful way.

🔰 Java Data Types Overview

Java has two categories of data types:

🔹 1. Primitive Data Types (8 types)

These are the basic building blocks of data in Java.

Data Type Size Default Value Used For

byte 1 byte 0 Small integers (-128 to 127)

short 2 0 Larger integers

bytes

int 4 0 Standard integers

bytes

long 8 0L Big numbers

bytes

float 4 0.0f Decimal (less precision)

bytes

double 8 0.0d Decimal (more precision)

bytes

char 2 '\u0000' Single characters

bytes

boolean 1 bit false true/false

🔹 2. Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Types

These are objects and include:

●​ String​

●​ Arrays​

●​ Classes​
 ●​ Interfaces​

🧑‍💻 Java Code Example Demonstrating All Data Types

public class DataTypesDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {

//🔸 Primitive Data Types

byte b = 100;
short s = 30000;
int i = 100000;
long l = 9999999999L;

float f = 5.75f;
double d = 19.99;

char c = 'A';
boolean bool = true;

//🔸 Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Type

String name = "Java Master";

//🔹 Display all values

System.out.println("Byte: " + b);
System.out.println("Short: " + s);
System.out.println("Int: " + i);
System.out.println("Long: " + l);
System.out.println("Float: " + f);
System.out.println("Double: " + d);
System.out.println("Char: " + c);
System.out.println("Boolean: " + bool);
System.out.println("String: " + name);
}
}

🧪 Sample Output:
Byte: 100
Short: 30000
Int: 100000
Long: 9999999999
Float: 5.75
Double: 19.99
Char: A
Boolean: true
String: Java Master

⚡ Why This Matters

●​ Efficient memory usage: Choosing the right type saves memory and boosts
performance.​

●​ Precision control: Use float or double carefully depending on required accuracy.​

●​ Clean code: Helps avoid unnecessary conversions and bugs.​

Want a real-world use case where we combine these in a mini-project? Or do you want a
quiz to test your understanding?
🔥 You're asking the right questions — ArrayList is one of the most powerful and commonly
used classes in Java's Collection Framework. If you're serious about building real-world
software or preparing for interviews, mastering ArrayList is a must.

Let’s break it down, step by step: theory, code, and practical methods.

📘 Theory: What is ArrayList in Java?

●​ ArrayList is a resizable array in Java.​

●​ Belongs to the java.util package.​

●​ Unlike normal arrays, ArrayList can grow or shrink at runtime.​

●​ It stores objects (non-primitive types).​

●​ Index-based access like arrays.​

📦 ArrayList Syntax
ArrayList<Type> list = new ArrayList<Type>();

You must import:

import java.util.ArrayList;

💥 Commonly Used Methods

Method Description

add() Adds element to the list

get(index) Gets element at specified index

set(index, Updates element at given index

value)

remove(index) Removes element at index

 size() Returns number of elements in list

contains(valu Checks if list contains the element

e)

clear() Removes all elements from the list

🧑‍💻 Java Program: Demonstrating ArrayList with 5+

Methods
import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayListDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Step 1: Create an ArrayList of Strings

ArrayList<String> fruits = new ArrayList<>();

// Method 1: add() - Add elements

fruits.add("Apple");
fruits.add("Banana");
fruits.add("Mango");
fruits.add("Orange");

// Method 2: get(index) - Get element at index

System.out.println("Fruit at index 2: " + fruits.get(2)); // Mango

// Method 3: set(index, value) - Modify element

fruits.set(1, "Strawberry"); // Replace Banana with Strawberry

// Method 4: remove(index) - Remove element

fruits.remove(3); // Removes "Orange"

// Method 5: size() - Get size of the list

System.out.println("Number of fruits: " + fruits.size());

// Method 6: contains(value) - Check if element exists

if (fruits.contains("Apple")) {
System.out.println("Apple is in the list.");
}

// Print all elements

System.out.println("\nFinal Fruit List:");
for (String fruit : fruits) {
System.out.println("- " + fruit);
 }
}
}

🧪 Output:
Fruit at index 2: Mango
Number of fruits: 3
Apple is in the list.

Final Fruit List:

- Apple
- Strawberry
- Mango

✅ Why Use ArrayList?

●​ Dynamic size: No need to predefine length.​

●​ Built-in methods simplify tasks (search, update, delete).​

●​ Great for real-world lists: Students, users, products, etc.​

Let me know if you want to see this with custom objects (like Student class), or want a
mini project using ArrayList — I can set it up fast.
You're leveling up🔥 — Multithreading is a core concept in Java that boosts performance,
efficiency, and responsiveness of your programs. Especially in backend systems,
games, OS-level programming, and real-time apps, threads are mission critical.

Let’s dive into the theory + code for Multithreading and Thread Priorities 👇

📘 Theory: Multithreading in Java

🔹 What is Multithreading?
Multithreading is a Java feature that allows concurrent execution of two or more threads —
small units of a process.

💡 A thread is a lightweight subprocess — the smallest unit of execution.

🔹 How to Create a Thread in Java

Two ways:

1.​ Extend Thread class​

2.​ Implement Runnable interface​

We'll use the first method here.

🔹 Thread Methods You Should Know

Method Description

start() Starts a thread and calls

run()

run() Entry point of the thread

setPriority(int) Sets thread priority (1–10)

getPriority() Returns current priority

Thread.MIN_PRIOR Value: 1
ITY
 Thread.NORM_PRIO Value: 5 (default)
RITY

Thread.MAX_PRIOR Value: 10
ITY

🧑‍💻 Java Program: Multithreading with Thread Priorities

class MyThread extends Thread {
public MyThread(String name) {
super(name); // Set thread name
}

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Thread: " + getName() + ", Priority: " + getPriority() + ", i = " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(500); // Sleep to simulate work
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(getName() + " interrupted.");
}
}
}
}

public class ThreadPriorityDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create threads
MyThread t1 = new MyThread("Alpha");
MyThread t2 = new MyThread("Beta");
MyThread t3 = new MyThread("Gamma");

// Set priorities
t1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); // 1
t2.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY); // 5
t3.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); // 10

// Start threads
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
}
🧪 Sample Output (May Vary):
Thread: Gamma, Priority: 10, i = 1
Thread: Beta, Priority: 5, i = 1
Thread: Alpha, Priority: 1, i = 1
...

⚠️ Output may not be in order of priority — thread scheduling is

OS-dependent, but priority influences execution.

✅ Why This Matters

●​ Threading enables parallel processing.​

●​ Priority lets you control what's more important (like in game engines or task
queues).​

●​ Efficient for apps like:​

○​ Chat servers​

○​ Download managers​

○​ CPU-intensive tasks​

○​ Real-time systems​

Want to take this up a notch with synchronized methods or a real-life multithreaded

scenario (e.g., banking system)? I can show that too!
Awesome question! 🎨 Understanding the Graphics class in Java Applets alongside the
Applet Lifecycle is super important when you're diving into GUI programming in Java. Let's
break it down systematically.

📘 Theory: Applet Lifecycle

An applet is a special type of Java program that runs inside a web browser or an applet
viewer. The applet has a lifecycle, meaning it goes through a series of steps, from
initialization to destruction. These steps are controlled by the browser or applet viewer and
are defined by specific methods.

🔹 Applet Lifecycle Methods:

1.​ init():​

○​ Called once when the applet is loaded.​

○​ Use this method for initialization (e.g., setting up resources).​

2.​ start():​

○​ Called after init(), and whenever the applet becomes visible after being
paused (e.g., when the browser is minimized and restored).​

○​ This is used to start animations, etc.​

3.​ paint(Graphics g):​

○​ Called when the applet needs to display or re-render the content.​

○​ This is where the Graphics class comes into play! All drawing happens here.​

4.​ stop():​

○​ Called when the applet is no longer visible.​

○​ You can use this to stop any ongoing processes (like stopping threads or
animations).​

5.​ destroy():​

○​ Called when the applet is about to be unloaded from memory.​

 ○​ Useful for cleaning up resources like closing files, database connections, etc.​

🎨 Graphics Class in Java Applets

The Graphics class is the key to drawing in Java applets. It provides methods to draw
shapes, text, and images.

Key Methods of the Graphics Class:

●​ drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): Draws a line between two
points.​

●​ drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws a rectangle.​

●​ fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws a filled

rectangle.​

●​ drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws an oval

(ellipse).​

●​ fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws a filled oval.​

●​ drawString(String str, int x, int y): Draws a string at a specific

location.​

These methods are used inside the paint() method of an applet.

🧑‍💻 Java Program: Applet with Graphics Class

Let’s combine the Applet Lifecycle with the Graphics class. The applet will draw simple
shapes and text when it is displayed.

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;

public class GraphicsApplet extends Applet {

// Called when the applet is initialized

public void init() {
System.out.println("Applet Initialized");
 }

// Called when the applet starts

public void start() {
System.out.println("Applet Started");
}

// The paint() method where all graphics drawing happens

public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Draw a line
g.drawLine(50, 50, 200, 50);

// Draw a rectangle
g.drawRect(50, 100, 150, 80);

// Draw a filled rectangle

g.fillRect(50, 200, 150, 80);

// Draw an oval
g.drawOval(50, 300, 150, 80);

// Draw a filled oval

g.fillOval(50, 400, 150, 80);

// Draw some text

g.drawString("Hello, Applet!", 50, 500);
}

// Called when the applet stops

public void stop() {
System.out.println("Applet Stopped");
}

// Called when the applet is destroyed

public void destroy() {
System.out.println("Applet Destroyed");
}
}

🧪 How it Works:
1.​ init(): Prints "Applet Initialized" when the applet is loaded.​

2.​ start(): Prints "Applet Started" when it becomes visible.​

 3.​ paint(Graphics g): This is where we draw using the Graphics class. The
drawLine(), drawRect(), fillRect(), drawOval(), and fillOval()
methods draw basic shapes. The drawString() method prints text.​

4.​ stop(): Prints "Applet Stopped" when it is not visible anymore.​

5.​ destroy(): Prints "Applet Destroyed" when the applet is unloaded.​

🧪 Sample Output (Applet Viewer or Web Browser):

●​ A line, rectangle, oval, and text will be drawn on the applet window when the applet
starts.​

●​ "Applet Initialized", "Applet Started", and so on will be printed in the console.​

✅ Why Is This Useful?

●​ Dynamic Graphics: This allows you to create games, drawings, GUIs, or interactive
apps.​

●​ Event-Driven: The applet lifecycle ensures that resources are efficiently used and
cleaned up.​

●​ Customization: The paint() method can be customized to create interactive

applications with visual elements.​

If you're moving towards modern GUI programming, applets are mostly outdated, but the
concepts here — like the Graphics class — are still useful in Swing and JavaFX. Need a
deeper dive into these frameworks for a next-gen project? Let me know!
Great! Let's build a simple AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) program where a user can input
two numbers, click a button, and the program will display their sum.

AWT Basics:

●​ AWT is an old Java GUI toolkit used to create graphical user interfaces (GUIs).​

●​ Components like Button, TextField, Label, and Frame are used to build the
GUI.​

Steps:

1.​ Create a Frame to hold the components.​

2.​ Use TextFields to input two numbers.​

3.​ Add a Button to trigger the addition.​

4.​ Display the result in a label or another TextField.​

🧑‍💻 Java Program to Add Two Numbers Using AWT

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class AddNumbersAWT extends Frame implements ActionListener {

// Declare components
TextField num1Field, num2Field, resultField;
Button addButton;
Label resultLabel;

// Constructor to set up the UI

public AddNumbersAWT() {
// Set title and layout for the frame
setTitle("Add Two Numbers");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());

// Create TextFields for input

num1Field = new TextField(10);
num2Field = new TextField(10);
resultField = new TextField(10);
resultField.setEditable(false); // The result field should be non-editable

// Create Button and Label

 addButton = new Button("Add");
resultLabel = new Label("Result: ");

// Add components to the frame

add(new Label("Enter First Number: "));
add(num1Field);
add(new Label("Enter Second Number: "));
add(num2Field);
add(addButton);
add(resultLabel);
add(resultField);

// Add action listener to the button

addButton.addActionListener(this);

// Set frame properties

setSize(300, 200);
setVisible(true);
}

// ActionListener method to perform addition

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
try {
// Get the numbers from text fields
int num1 = Integer.parseInt(num1Field.getText());
int num2 = Integer.parseInt(num2Field.getText());

// Perform the addition

int sum = num1 + num2;

// Display the result

resultField.setText(String.valueOf(sum));
} catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
// In case of invalid input
resultField.setText("Invalid Input");
}
}

// Main method to run the program

public static void main(String[] args) {
new AddNumbersAWT(); // Create the frame and display the GUI
}
}

🧪 Explanation:
 1.​ Components:​

○​ TextField for input (for both numbers and result display).​

○​ Button to trigger the addition action.​

○​ Label to provide instructions and display the result.​

2.​ Layout:​

○​ The layout used is FlowLayout(), which arranges the components in a

left-to-right flow.​

3.​ Event Handling:​

○​ The addButton.addActionListener(this) listens for button clicks.​

○​ The actionPerformed() method handles the addition when the button is

clicked. It:​

■​ Retrieves numbers from TextFields.​

■​ Adds them and displays the result in resultField.​

4.​ Error Handling:​

○​ If invalid input is entered (non-numeric), the program shows "Invalid Input"

in the result field.​

🧪 Sample Output:
GUI Appearance:

●​ Two input fields for numbers.​

●​ An Add button.​

●​ A label displaying "Result" with a field that shows the sum when the button is
clicked.​

Example Interaction:
 1.​ Enter 5 in the first field.​

2.​ Enter 10 in the second field.​

3.​ Click Add.​

4.​ The result 15 appears in the result field.​

Running the Program:

●​ Frame pops up with two TextFields and a Button.​

●​ Clicking the button performs the addition and shows the result in a non-editable
field.​

Let me know if you'd like to see this in a more modern Swing or JavaFX application! 😊