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ECE 333 Lect 7

The document discusses feedback and oscillator circuits, focusing on tuned oscillator circuits such as Colpitts and Hartley oscillators, and their configurations using transistors and operational amplifiers. It also covers crystal oscillators, detailing the characteristics of quartz crystals and their use in series-resonant circuits for stable frequency generation. The importance of impedance in different operating modes of the crystal oscillator is emphasized for achieving optimal performance.

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Ahmed Aboalkher
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9 views16 pages

ECE 333 Lect 7

The document discusses feedback and oscillator circuits, focusing on tuned oscillator circuits such as Colpitts and Hartley oscillators, and their configurations using transistors and operational amplifiers. It also covers crystal oscillators, detailing the characteristics of quartz crystals and their use in series-resonant circuits for stable frequency generation. The importance of impedance in different operating modes of the crystal oscillator is emphasized for achieving optimal performance.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Aboalkher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology

Electronics & Communication Engineering


Department

ECE 333
Electronic
Circuits 2

Dr Mohamed EL-Bouridy

[email protected]
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 8. TUNED OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:
A variety of circuits can be built using that shown in Fig. 14.25
by providing tuning in both the input and output sections of the
circuit. Analysis of the circuit of Fig. 14.25 reveals that the
following types of oscillators are obtained when the reactance
elements are as designated:
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 8. TUNED OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:
❖ 8. 1 Colpitts Oscillator
❖ 8. 1. 1 Transistor Colpitts Oscillator:
A transistor Colpitts oscillator
circuit can be made as shown in
Fig. 14.27 . The circuit frequency
of oscillation is given by Eq.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 8. TUNED OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:
❖ 8. 1 Colpitts Oscillator
❖ 8. 1. 2 IC Colpitts Oscillator:
An op-amp Colpitts oscillator
circuit is shown in Fig. 14.28 .
Again, the op-amp provides the
basic amplification needed, and
the oscillator frequency is set by
an LC feedback network of a
Colpitts configuration. The
oscillator frequency is given by
Eq.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 8. TUNED OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:
❖ 8. 2 Hartley Oscillator

If the elements in the basic resonant


circuit of Fig. 14.25 are X1 and X2
(inductors) and X 3 (capacitor), the
circuit is a Hartley oscillator.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 8. TUNED OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:
❖ 8. 2 Hartley Oscillator
❖ 8. 2. 1 FET Hartley Oscillator:
An FET Hartley oscillator circuit is
shown in Fig. 14.29 . The circuit is
drawn so that the feedback network
conforms to the form shown in the basic
resonant circuit ( Fig. 14.25 ). Note,
however, that inductors L1 and L2 have a
mutual coupling M , which must be
considered in determining the equivalent
inductance for the resonant tank circuit.
The circuit frequency of oscillation is
then given approximately by
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 8. TUNED OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:
❖ 8. 2 Hartley Oscillator
❖ 8. 2. 2 Transistor Hartley Oscillator:
Figure 14.30 shows a transistor
Hartley oscillator circuit. The circuit
operates at a frequency given by Eq
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 9. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
A crystal oscillator is a tuned-circuit oscillator that uses a
piezoelectric crystal (usually quartz) for high frequency
stability. It is essential in applications requiring precision,
such as communication transmitters and receivers.
❖ 9.1 Characteristics of a Quartz Crystal:
➢ A quartz crystal exhibits the piezoelectric effect,
generating a voltage when stressed and deforming when
a voltage is applied.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 9. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
❖ 9.1 Characteristics of a Quartz Crystal(cont..):
➢ When an alternating voltage is applied to a
crystal, it vibrates at its natural resonant
frequency. This electromechanical
resonance can be modeled as an equivalent
electrical circuit, where inductance 𝐿 and
capacitance 𝐶 represent the crystal’s mass
and compliance, while resistance 𝑅
accounts for internal friction. The shunt
capacitance 𝐶𝑀 arises from mechanical
mounting. Due to low losses (𝑅), the
crystal has a high-quality factor (𝑄),
typically around 20,000, and can reach
nearly 106.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 9. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
❖ 9.1 Characteristics of a Quartz Crystal(cont..):
➢ The crystal as represented by the equivalent
electrical circuit of Fig. 14.31 can have two
resonant frequencies. One resonant condition
occurs when the reactances of the series RLC
leg are equal (and opposite). For this
condition, the series-resonant impedance is
very low (equal to R ). The other resonant
condition occurs at a higher frequency when
the reactance of the series-resonant leg equals
the reactance of capacitor C M . This is a
parallel resonance or antiresonance condition
of the crystal. At this frequency, the crystal
offers a very high impedance to the external
circuit.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 9. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
❖ 9.1 Characteristics of a Quartz Crystal(cont..):
➢ The impedance versus frequency of
the crystal is shown in Fig. 14.32 .
To use the crystal properly, it must
be connected in a circuit so that its
low impedance in the series-resonant
operating mode or high impedance
in the antiresonant operating mode is
selected.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 9. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
❖ 9.1.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
➢ To excite a crystal for operation in the series-resonant
mode, it may be connected as a series element in a
feedback path. At the series-resonant frequency of the
crystal, its impedance is smallest and the amount of
(positive) feedback is largest.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 9. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
❖ 9.1.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
➢ A typical transistor circuit is
shown in Fig. 14.33 . Resistors R1
, R2 , and RE provide a voltage-
divider stabilized dc bias circuit.
Capacitor CE provides ac bypass
of the emitter resistor, and the
RFC coil provides for dc bias
while decoupling any ac signal
on the power lines from affecting
the output signal on the power
lines from affecting the output
signal.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 9. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
❖ 9.1.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
➢ The voltage feedback from
collector to base is a maximum
when the crystal impedance is
minimum (in series-resonant
mode). The coupling capacitor CC
has negligible impedance at the
circuit operating frequency but
blocks any dc between collector
and base.
Chapter 1
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
❖ 9. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
❖ 9.1.1 Series-Resonant Circuits
➢ The resulting circuit frequency of
oscillation is set, then, by the
series-resonant frequency of the
crystal. Changes in supply
voltage, transistor device
parameters, and so on, have no
effect on the circuit operating
frequency, which is held
stabilized by the crystal. The
circuit frequency stability is set
by the crystal frequency stability,
which is good.
The
End

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