Features of Lists in Python

A list is a versatile and widely used data structure in Python. It is a mutable, ordered, and
iterable collection that can store elements of any data type.

Key Features of Lists

1. Ordered
o Lists maintain the order of the elements.
o Example:

my_list = [10, 20, 30]

print(my_list[0]) # Output: 10 (order is preserved)

2. Mutable

Lists can be modified after creation. You can add, remove, or change elements.

Example

my_list = [1, 2, 3]

my_list[1] = 20

print(my_list) # Output: [1, 20, 3]

3. Heterogeneous

A list can contain elements of different data types (e.g., integers, strings, floats, etc.).

Example:
my_list = [1, "hello", 3.14]

print(my_list) # Output: [1, "hello", 3.14]

4. Dynamic

Lists are dynamic in size, meaning you can add or remove elements at any time.
Example:
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.append(4)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

5. Indexed
Lists use zero-based indexing, allowing direct access to elements.
my_list = [10, 20, 30]
print(my_list[1]) # Output: 20
 6. Supports Negative Indexing
you can access elements using negative indices, where -1 refers to the last element, -2 to
the second last, and so on.

my_list = [10, 20, 30]

print(my_list[-1]) # Output: 30

7. Supports Nesting

 Lists can contain other lists as elements (nested lists).

my_list = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

print(my_list[1]) # Output: [3, 4]

8. Iterable

 Lists can be iterated over using loops, comprehensions, or other iterable operations.

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
for x in my_list:
print(x)
# Output: 1 2 3

9. Supports Slicing

you can extract sublists using slicing (start:end:step).

my_list = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

print(my_list[1:4]) # Output: [1, 2, 3]

Advantages of Lists

 Ease of Use: Lists provide simple syntax for operations like addition, deletion, and
iteration.
 Flexibility: They can store any data type, including mixed types and nested structures.
 Rich Functionality: With built-in methods and list comprehensions, lists are highly
versatile for a wide range of use cases.
Accessing Elements

a. Indexing (Zero-based)
my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print(my_list[0]) # Output: 10
print(my_list[3]) # Output: 40

b. Negative Indexing
print(my_list[-1]) # Output: 50 (last element)
print(my_list[-3]) # Output: 30 (third element from the end)

c. Slicing
print(my_list[1:4]) # Output: [20, 30, 40]
print(my_list[:3]) # Output: [10, 20, 30]
print(my_list[::2]) # Output: [10, 30, 50] (step of 2)

2. Adding Elements

a. Append an Element

Adds an element to the end of the list.

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.append(4)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

b. Insert an Element

Inserts an element at a specific index.

my_list.insert(1, 100)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 100, 2, 3, 4]

c. Extend a List

Adds all elements of another list.

my_list.extend([5, 6])
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 100, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

3. Removing Elements

a. Remove an Element

Removes the first occurrence of a value.

my_list.remove(100)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
b. Pop an Element

Removes and returns the element at a specific index (default: last element).

last_element = my_list.pop()
print(last_element) # Output: 6
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

c. Clear the List

Removes all elements.

my_list.clear()
print(my_list) # Output: []

4. Modifying Elements

a. Replace an Element
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_list[2] = 300
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 300, 4, 5]

b. Replace Multiple Elements

my_list[1:3] = [20, 30]
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 20, 30, 4, 5]

5. Sorting and Reversing

a. Sort a List

Sorts in ascending order.

my_list = [5, 2, 9, 1]
my_list.sort()
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 5, 9]

b. Sort in Descending Order

my_list.sort(reverse=True)
print(my_list) # Output: [9, 5, 2, 1]

c. Reverse a List

Reverses the elements of the list.

my_list.reverse()
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 5, 9] (reversed order)
6. Copying a List
original_list = [1, 2, 3]
copied_list = original_list.copy()
print(copied_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3]

7. Mathematical Operations

a. Sum of Elements
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(sum(my_list)) # Output: 10

b. Find Maximum and Minimum

print(max(my_list)) # Output: 4
print(min(my_list)) # Output: 1

c. Find the Average

average = sum(my_list) / len(my_list)
print(average) # Output: 2.5

8. Membership Testing

a. Check if an Element Exists

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(3 in my_list) # Output: True
print(5 in my_list) # Output: False

9. Iterating Over a List

a. Using Loops
for item in my_list:
print(item)

b. List Comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in my_list]
print(squares) # Output: [1, 4, 9, 16]

10. Nested Lists

nested_list = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
print(nested_list[1][0]) # Output: 3

11. Other Operations

a. Count Occurrences of an Element

my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2]
print(my_list.count(2)) # Output: 3
b. Find Index of an Element
print(my_list.index(3)) # Output: 3

12. Joining and Splitting Lists

a. Join a List into a String

words = ['Hello', 'World']
sentence = ' '.join(words)
print(sentence) # Output: "Hello World"

b. Split a String into a List

sentence = "Hello World"
words = sentence.split()
print(words) # Output: ['Hello', 'World']

13.With sorted() (creates a new sorted list):

my_list = [3, 1, 4, 2, 5]
sorted_list = sorted(my_list, reverse=True)
print(sorted_list)

Output:

[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
The reverse=True parameter tells Python to sort the list in descending
order.

14. Remove Duplicates from a List

my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]
unique_list = list(set(my_list))
print("List after removing duplicates:", unique_list)

Output (order may vary due to set):

List after removing duplicates: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

15.Find Even and Odd Numbers

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
even_numbers = [x for x in my_list if x % 2 == 0]
odd_numbers = [x for x in my_list if x % 2 != 0]

print("Even numbers:", even_numbers)

print("Odd numbers:", odd_numbers)
Output:
Even numbers: [2, 4, 6, 8]
Odd numbers: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]