Unire$itr ofTechnoloa

Lasq & ryNk tonl6 Endn e dg Departn ent

Qhdut tiu E/,s Dmcll
Conmw i.dlo, Engiieeidg Lab.

Exp. No. 7
FM modrlators
7.r ottlti('Inls

I Sludying nE op.6non and chsradensuc ot vdEcto' diodp

2 lndersianding th6 op€ralon ol votlagg controled o$i ator
3 lmplehenling F lequency modltator wrth !o tag*ontbled Gc laior

?.i2 DtsctrssloN ()l: IjLND M|NrAJ.S

P.lnclple of Foq!.ncy lodul.tio. op.adon

Feq€nq modlLtion (FM) is a prcs in rhicn fi6 €ni€r fieqEnq

Ened is
by lll emplitude ot fE modltatjng *rnat (ae, intetigene signat). Tne FM
sEn6r can be expGsed by th6 tblwtng €quaiion:

I,v(')= ?t, os/{4 = ; -{:'r, *:"r, J'r l.r.]

,,.,(,)=
""4"'''*"ct"'t]
p.i(2dtJ]
,t @42,t,t +

,() = insl.nlaneous moduraled tequ€ncy

/ = cahe. ri6quency
/" = moduErhg req|Acl
p = modutetion index ,1.fr'l;)
rhe frequen(y ol FM s sna \.,(r)maybee,pre6sedas

=l2i jl4=;!rt,t 'ta t:a^,tt

= f. | _tt c.\e4/.n

From Eq (7 3)we €n rnd lhal lhe

6cu6 lrequency dev ation iiom lhe
rntellgence afrpllude E v.ial oi

The vareclor dode. somdimes caled tunng d od6. is the aode wrrose
capacitance ls p.oponionallo lheamount orlhe @ee b'as vobge acGs p n
junclion [email protected]^! Lte rcv€e bras votage app ied across lh€ drod€
deeaes lhe epacilan@ due lo lhe deplelon relDn width &mmes *'der
conveely. Bhen lhe .eveFe bras voliage decreased. the depletion egron
width becoms narcwer and the capacilance incrcased v!fien an & vorlage s

applLed across lhe diode fte €pacilan@ vares with lhe change ol $e

4_ft
Fig 7.1 Re arionship between varaclor dode
Arelationshp befween a w6ctor diode and a @nv6nlion6lcap.otor is shNn
in Fg 7r In tact. a €vee'biased varaclor diode s sir,lar ro a c.paciror
Lr,lren a p and n *mionduclc mmbined logelher a sman depleton Elion is
iom€d be€u* difflsl.n of minor8 caders The pGfive and negalive
of ihe
charces 6cupy n and p srd€s ot jlncton respeclively This tusl rk6 a
€paolor The amounr of nlsna juncton cap.cir.n€ en be calculal€d by rhe

r= ll.8ir = dieleclric conslanl

r: cross area oicapac ro.

!./ = wrdrh ofdeprerion rcgbn

Frcm lhe tomula above. we know lhal lhe varalor capactane s inveery
popo.rionsl ro rhe width ol d€plelion reg on (o. the d stance belw@n plar6) it
[,je aca A is @nsiant The@lble, a snal @ee vohage wil produ@ a smail
deplet on r.g'on and a alg€ caEcl.n@ F orhe'wods. an
'nc,eas.
r'evek
biaswil Esul in a l.rge d€pleiion r€gion and a sma ll capac ianc6.

F 9 7 2 Th€ equiv.leni ci.cuii ol varaclo. d ode

A varaclor dbde *n be .onsdeGd as a €pac of and esi3lor @nrecl€d In

eeis Fig.7-2 The Cr F helunciion capaciEnce bolwen p and n

as shown in

tunclons The R" is the sum of bulk rs6lan@ aid contact .esisiance,
appbr malely seveEl ohms. and ir s an impod.nt parameler d€leminng ihe

Tlnins.aro isdefred as lhe .aio of tre capacila^@ of vaGclor diode al

(TR)
nre rcv€e vonage V, to lhar al anofter revee vo(aqe

n. lL

The 1SV55 varacior dione s used in od exp€nmenE and its mapr

( ,\ - 42 pF (capacitance ofvafacto. diod€ al3V)

7n 2 65 (at 3V -30V)

Fequonct Modllator B.*d on l|C1ffi VCO

n our experiments we wir imp6menr the iiequency nodulalor wilh Mc164a

VCO chip shNn Fig 7-3 Basr€ny. (his crc!'l rs an o$illatq and the llning
in
cncu l al i^pul dd delehines its oscrllaling irequency l^ lhis circuil €pacfo6
q and Cr a€ ine bypass €pac oE for fhenng nore wnen opsating al a high
ftequency (for example 24 MHz). lhe €paciive €ad€n@ ol lh6e hro
cap3c o6 are very shall and can b€ negrecled ror pracx@r purpo$s
lhereto€ anac.quivalenlcircu[otluningtank shownin Fig 7-4 isa parallel
LC resonanlcna The c €n beconsideEd.snle caFcdan@ ot 1sv55 (cd)
and the ne ol MC1643 (C") conne.le! pa@llel The value of
'^put€pacit 'n
C" is approxnately 6 pF llse negl*t fle
freqlency -n be €rcu ated by th€ fomula
.

cd *(:21;';"r

+l

I
Fig7.3 MC 16i3 FM moduraror.fcu'l

As mdl on€d above. the capacirane Cc or vaGcror diode Oj va.iee wth the
amolnr ot ls rcvee bias vohage A@rdng to Eq (76), ,e know lhar the
cnange orC! value wlleusethe cnange ot os.itating n€q$ncy tn tje circuir
ot Fig 7-3 a smarr dc b as w I produ@ . vaueand a td frequency
aBe Cd
olbut Onthe other hand. an increase in dcbi6ewltresutt na.nal Civatue
and a hroh rreque^cy oupur Theretoe f fle dc bbs_is-nred and an audro
siqnal s 3pplied ro lnrs npd th6 VCO oueul signat wit be a
lrequency nodulaled signal
 L)

F'q 7 4 AC equivalenr. rcuii orllnng ta^k

Frequ€n.y Modubror a.sd on Lil5€5vco

The c rcu l ol Frg 7 5 a irequqcy modulaior ba*d on volhge@ilrolled

's
osq lator (vco) rc 1M566 lt $e sw, is oo€n, lhrs c rcu t a typ cal vco
's
who$ output frequency is lel€mned by the vaues ofCa and VR,, and the
audo volirge lllhevaues ofcr and vR, a€ nxed,lhe oulput frequency
'npur
s dnedly proponiona lo ihe vollage drfieren@ bebree^ prns 3 and 5 (VrVt
In orhe. words, an inc€a* audo ry, €us* a ds€* n |he
Lnput vohage
'^
value ol (v. vd and ade€as'^ lhe oulput iiequency convee y. d*reasrng
the audo Lnpd vollage ry5) ul eu* lhe output liequency io Inseae As
discussed above the v.lues ot ca and vR, can aso detemine the output
iieqlonc, which is invorsly propodlona lo the producl olvRi and ca lhat 6
lhe grealer lhe VR-iCr value the ower lhe oulput rrequeicv

F'975 1M566 rr€quency

It ihe sw rs crosed. the vohag€ dividd @nslru.red by R, and R, provides a dc

lewllo lhe audio inpur (pm 5) By adjGrmg the vR,, we @n easry tune the
vco enle.ftequency, wh6n ai audiosignalisappliedto (he audD input the
odpur ftequency w ll qene@le heq6c1 d4iatDns around I rn the vaf alions
otaudio amplilude Thls a lrcqwncy-modu ated siqnal s obia'^ed
 1- Module KL'92001
2 Modu e KL-93004
3-Oscillos@p€
4- Spelam AnalFer

?,,1 I]XI'IJRIMT:NIS ANI) RI]CoRDS

Expa.itu.nt 7-1 $C1UA Chfr

1 Locale lhe MC1643 FM Modualor crcull oi Module KL 93004 nsed

the connecl pluO in J2lo selthe inducto.to Lr (100 FH)

2 connecr a 3vdc lo dc bas

'^pul
(l/P2) and obseNe lhe oulpul
wavelom using rhe oscilloscope ad,usl lhe vR, untl a ene wave
app4rsatthe outpuland ecod lhe ffeqoency n Table 7-1

13 Rep€al st€p 2 tor other dc voltages lsled inTable 7 1

4 Usrng the @sllts ol Table 7-r. plot frequency vs volla€e cutue

'n
FQ

-t '". /P,) tl Jz
E prhrdtT-2 nc1*t Fr.4ntact ,,odut.'or

L.ll Inerl conn&t plugs ln Jl and J2to r.voe,bias th€ vE€ctor 1sv55 at
s V.nd Lr=100d Und.r th* @nditioB, 1116 outplr ftequoncy witl
be lhe 6ni.. frequency rr".

!2. Conn6ct . 2vp-p 3kHz sine wav. oa to the audlo inpur (t/p1) 6nd
obsaM lh. ourpd w.v.iorm u.ing 0E cci|ccop6. adjud th€ vR,
until a Bin€ waw app4c d nF ouFut

ll3. lJsing th6.pectrum en.tyzer. ob$ry. and reod ih. outpur 3p.crrum

L4. Repeat 3l6p 3lor aldio fequenci€3 ot 5 kHz and I kh2.

Nol.: Snn@ $. fr.quenc, dlli.6ne botwEn tE €ni$ and modut.tdd

signals ir too la€€toob.eDe an €vid.nt va ia on ln iim€ dofrain on
lh6 o€cillo&op6, theE o.€ w6 reommend th6 !s of the lFou.ncv
ddy:d in Euch a csae
E psinet 7-3 LM566 Chaac?e:rr'. tl6suMer!

!1. Locale the LMs66 Modulalor circul on Module KL-93004. lm6n the
connect plug n J2lo s€lfte capacilorto cr (01 [F)

Con^eci a 3 6vdclo lhe dc volage input (pn 5) and Adlusl the vR,10
-2
oblain an output freque^cy of 2 kHz This trequency s lhe cenrer

3 change the dc vo iages at pin 5 to 2 7V, 3 0v 3 3v,3I V,4.2 V and

4 5v sequerlialy obserye lae o-tour
aeauences coa.spono'ng o

the dc vollage npulsand.eco.d the.esults in Table 7 3

a4 usng rhe r€sllts otlabl€ 7-3 pol lhe trequencv vs vorlage curue n

5 Renove the connecl plug lrom J2 and lhen Th'schanges

'nserlilin.l3
lhe capacitorriom cr (01llF)lo c. (0 01pF)

16 conn€ct a 3 6vdc to lhe dc votage npul (prn s) and Adjust lh€ VR, to
obtarn an oulpul treqlency of 20 kH? Thrs trequencv is lhe @^ler

a7 chanq€rh€dcvotagesalpin5lo27v 30V 33V 39V 42Vand

4 5V sequentially obsetue the oulput fioquenci€s @(6spondrn9 lo
the dcvoltageinputs and record lhe resulls inTableT 4

3 Using lhe .esuts of Table 7-4. plot the lrequencv vs voltage curye in
Etpainqt 71 un56c Frcqudcy ilodllaror

L 1 Locale the 1M566 FM Modllalor crcut on lvlodu e KL 93004 Insert

connectplugsinJl andJ3ro s€rthe capacirortoc! (0 01!D rurn rhe
vRl ro 961 the outpul iiequef.y of2okHz

2 Connect a 500mvp-p.lkHz sife wave to rhe audio Inpul (r/Pl) usrng

lhe oscllGcope, obseryo lhe oulplt waverorm (o/P) and €cord ihe
.esult in Table 7-s

3 Chanqelhe audio trequencres io 3kHz and skHz sequenlially Obsetoo

rh6 outpll w.veforms coirespondmg to ihe audio inputs and reordth€
resulls in Table 7,5

14 Change th€ audio inpur to . p. lkflz sne wave Observe the

1Vp
oulpul waverom and.ecord lhe resln n TableT-6

5 Chsnqe thE audio nequencres io 3kHz and 5kHz sequenli.ly Obserye

lho output qavelorms coiresponding lo lhe audio ,npuls and recod lhe
.esulls n T6ble 7 6

,..J
 9 12 r3
(v)

910 1r (v)
(v, = 2v)
 27 33
(v)

27 30 1.3 36 39 42 4 5 (\')
 27
{v)

21 33 36 3.9 (v)
(v-=500mvEp Cr=o01rF / =20[Nz)
(v"=1vEp cr=o 01}lF. /:=2okflz)
r lfrheinduclaneinlhelankcncunolFig andweush lo get
7-3 is 30nfi
a rcsonance rrequency of rooMHz whal capaclan@ value oi vaEclo.

2 Examning the Frequency vs Volage cude ofF9 7-6, which portDn on

thecutue is suilabe for mpledenting a iiequency modulator?

3 Review ng rhe circuir ol FQ 7-5. what is the funcl'on ol Rl and R2 whe^