U 3 l r.

,*-tww**o**n
ity oJ T, c h d olog!

nnuication Engiidirg Lab.

Ep.No.I
FM Demodulrtors

l studying lhe pdnc ple ol pha*l@ked l@p

2. UndsEtand ng th€ chaGcter stics of ih€ PLL 1M565
3 OEmodllaling FM siqdalusn9 PLL
4. Domdulaiing FM signalusing FM to AM @nv*ion di$ndimto'

8 r t)ls( r sst{rN I)l: l:l l\l),\\ll NT,\l.s

FGquency dododulalor also ca led frequencv d$iminator, is a cncuil which

@nv€ds instanla@G neqEncy vana ons lo lireat wltage chano6
Th€e

aGmany typ€s ol cncun used 1n @mnunieton sylt6d sch as FM lo AM

conveGion balan@d and phae_shfl di& dhaioE and phae locked
roop

(PLL) neq@nc'y d€modulato. Ln this .tpeamed

opealions of PLL fi€qudcy demodulaior and FM !o AM 6n@6i@

Ph!+Gr.d !@p (PLL) oFntion

Th€ PLL E an 6leciro.Lc e€dback mnlrol syetem a3 illuskaled by th€ block

dia96d in FLg &1 ot locling lhe odpd.nd opul signals in go'd aoreflec
ph.e. h 6dio communi€tion il , €rid filqlencv
in both fi€quency and
dris due to lEBmiss on tle PLL n @eive. crculi wil tack lhe carier
 sismr]:

Fig&1 pLL btck diag.Em

The PLL in the fotJeing expsimsts i! used in two difbEm

waF: (t) as a
d€modllarof where ii is u*d to iolow phase or frequercy
nodur.l,on and (2)
io rEck a €fjer siqnat *hidr may vary n f,equdcy with
tjme
rn g6nerar. a PLLcncuit inctud€e the toltowrig
sdi*

3 VorEge Contro ed o*itiato. (vco)

Ihs phase d.iecior wihrn lhe pLL t@ks at tts iwo inputs
and devetop..n
outp(n 0lat B zerc at the t*E inAn tr€qoencj€s ae id€nti@t.
|' ihe t*o inAn
r€q6ncr6 aB not denhcat, th.n lhe o!9ut of d€tector. when pa$ed throloh
tE low-pa* filier remrying $€ 4 @mp@nts, is a dc t4t apd€d rro the vco
input This adion cloe$ nre t€edback oop stnce the dc teve ApprEd
to the
VCO input dEng6 lhE VCO odpd rr6qHcy in an atlarpr
b mb n eEclry
mabh ihe inpui fi€qlency tf the VCO output tequency squEtE
the input
f€quffcy, Lne PLLbase.hierfd tod( and lhe@ rotvolt
96n[ b. uero ror as
long as fle PLL Inpui trequency €mahs consia Th6 paEmGrs
o, pLL
shwn In Fig &1 a.e as lol@:

pha* d€tector f.in in vo[tradian

&6K. =clos€d l@p gain in kHz,\/ott

 , J-LTt_r -rlf LJ t f LrL[1
"''"', J-Lf Lf l-l-f-Lf LfLfLf
-* _JUUULI ff,'L,tftru |IT-U.lf]fl

A betlr undeGtandinq of th6 opeEilon of phas delector m.y ba obta ned by

onsidenng lhal the s mple EXCULSIVE OR (XOR) gate is used as a pha*
detector The XOR gate €n be thoughl ot as an inequalit deteclor which
compaf6 lh€ npuls and produ€ a puls oulpul when f€s nplts ae
unequal Thewdtholtheouiputpuseisproporlona b the pha* €rcr ot rhe
iiputsign.b AsshdninFig 3-2. lhe widh ol lhe ouQ|n puls6 of (b) i5 larcer
rhan rhat ol (a) and is smalrer $an thal or (c) vlrH the outpul of phase
deleror s appried ro l,he inpd ol low-pass lShe( rhe oLFur ol low-p.s fher
sholld b€ a dc leve tlal s d rcdly poponDnal lo tle pul* widlh n olhef
words the odpul dc level is proporlDna io the pha* e(or or inplt sgnals. Fig.
&2(d) shws lhe €lalionship b€lwen the input phase ero. and the outpul d.
naflv f--.l
t""f f
--f-
+

Fq &3 Ope,at on oftreqlency locr'ng

For a ludher undeGtanding ol ihe op€Elion of rh€ PLL €n be oblained by

6nsd€ring rh.l inirialry rhe PLL s not ln l@k. Th6 vco
a^ nput vo tage of
has
2V and is runninq at iE freerun^ing ftequency say lkHz conederlhe signals
shmn F g &3 ll Ihe vCO tr€quency and lhe s gnal A witi lhe lower
'n
fequency 93OHz a€ apprcn b the nputs of lhe phas deb.ror XOR ihe
natrNe. width of oulpul pulse w lcau* lhe @pass 6lter obtain ng lhe
smaller outpd vortage of 1v Ths smalrer vo[age d@reases fle vco
lrequency closero Iheinpui frequeicy llheVco oulpull€quenc'y<uaslhe
nput treauency, od( wi I res! I On lhe I 2KHz or
conlBry lhe highe.ft equency
npLn sgna B eu*s rhe rarcer filler ourpul ol 3v thal n@aes $e vco
f,equency outpul to ock at rhe input requency

LM565 PLf, Ba3rc Charactorrrrac.

ihe 1M555 is a gene.a-pu.pos phasel@ked oop a^d is widely used in

fiequency demodulaion In desEnng wilh lhe 1M565 lhe imponanl
paGmetets of rnle€sl are .s iol ows
1 F@tunhing FEq@ncy

Fg 4,4 shows 1M565 ntheabsen@oftheinpdsignat the

a PLL ctrclil wilh
outpur t€quency or vco s caled lhe ii*tunninq trequenct /, lnthe PLL
'le
circuit ot Fq 3r,. tle fr*tunn ng iaequency ol 1M565 is detem ned by the
tming @nporefts q and VR . and €n be found by

C o*d loopgaii :
^
whe€ v.: lola supplyvorage Io rhe c rcu r = vf( v@)=5v-(-5v) : 10v
n ary lhe PLL s in a r€ady locl€d siale and lhe vco tunning al some
's
fiequency f rhe npul fiequency /rs away nom lne vco fiequenry7, lockng
may s omu v\h€n the Inpul ftelue^cy eaches a spefic lrequency wh€re
fle PLL loses ock.lhe iroquency dinerene ol/ and /,6 caled lhe lock ranle
ofihe oop The rock €igeolLM565can be found by

=!l! t" z-''c.

Intraly lhe oop s lnlocked and the vco 6 tunn ng ai some lrequencv tine
rnput lrcquency, is clo* lo lhe Vco frequency I unldkng may msnla'i
wh€n lhe inoul neqlenc, reaches a specric lrequency whe€ the PLL locrs
$e iiequency dfferene oft and I s€Ledlhecaplur€€ngeoftheloop The
€ptu@ 6nge of 1M565 ca. beround bY

a) 1,,. )*,!.,*.,
l-';'l

e9=5 Illt
F€&5 rruslrai on oflo.I and cap(!re ranq*
FEouencv OomodulatorBa.d on Lxf65 PfL

The PLL crcuil ot Fig. &4 €n b€ us€d as.

d4oduiald v\,hen lhe
tr€quency
inpul egnal n@a36 i^ frequency 0re ollpur signa deeases rn votage
nveGely t lh€ npur sign.l dec€ases n lroquency, lhe output sgnat wiu

Tne VCO cncuil or tle 1M555 is equvaenl to urat or the LMs66 The
f€etunn n9 frequency /q ot lh€ vco s del€m ned by the vatu6s ot exiemal
@mponenE C, and VRj The nlemelrcss(or 3.6 ko (pn7) and the €xteh.l
€pacilor Cr lom a low-pas fner The €pac or q conn€ted beir€n pins 7
and a is a fequency @mpensaion €Fcilor

Flr-to-AM ConvoBion Dlrcrlmlnalor

Fiq 3-5 shows the bl€ks ol FM io AM discnminaror The Lnput FM s'gnat is i6t
conve.,lea inlo ihe AM signal by lhe diffe€nrator, and $ren th€ ouQlt aM sgnal
is demodulal€d by lhe envelope deieclor Io recover tle onqinal audo signal

Fig 3-5 Block d ag€m of FM i6AM @nve6ion dls.nmnaior

In FiO &6, finputsignal&' (0 s

.,{,", t,, "t']

rh6n rhe d'ffer€ntaror ouipuiul bs

!:,. = /la'{/)snrd(,)
:24.1/ - /.nr)lsi{P(/)i lso ]

Fromeq € 6)above lheamplltudeott;a{0siqnalvarywlhthevanetunorx(l)

ampltude Thus ljer'r&1t)sronal s 6n amplilude modulaled sgnal.lftlsAM
signal p3sss hrough an envelope detedor,lhe audD s'gnalwill be reveEd

The orcuit or FE &7 is a iiequency dr*rmrnalor lilh FMTeAM conveB'on

rechniqle The omp.nenis ui. cj :nd R,, opsrate as a difia€nli.lo.
c,. R1

Th€ rnved n9 amp ifer u, witrl a 9a n ot R4/R3,8nd lhsAM peak deiector

nclud n9 D, R! R6. C.and Ca The oupiinq capacitor C6 is used lo bocklhe

FE 3-7 FM roAM (onvecDn drscnm'naw cncuil

 Fig H Frequencyr6ponseof bandDassfitler

Ex@pli^9 vanous fiequenc-y demodu ato6 menion€d .bove LC baidD:ss

filreG ac popub ny avai abte tn the use of
tiequa.y demod utalion n u[.a h ig h
and midowave frequoncy Eng6s F! &3 sh@s tje respon* ot bandpass
6ller The I near porbon on the curye whtr6 lh. vo[age vanatitr is proponional
bthe nequdcy vanalion dets the requienent ofa dtsiminarof
 1 - Modue KL-92001
2 Modu e KL 93004
3 O*rrosope

a,r !Xl'llRlMENfS r\Nl) RIjCORDS

E p.rineot 3-1 LM6AS PLL Charact ristic Xeasutehent.

1 locateLM565 PLLCtrcudon Module KL 93004 InPdlheconieciplug

n J21o set the capacitor ro c: (0 1!F)

2 Ad,usl the vRr to oblarn lhe maxrmum fi€e tunnrng rrequency lr and
lhe mnmum iiee tunnrng Lequency / al LMs65 pin 4 (o/P) Record
lhe resulls ln T.b e 4.1

13. Adjustlhe VRl to obiain ihe VCO lree{lnning trequencyl; = 2KHz

4 rnsed rhe connect p ug nJ1 Connecl a0 svp'p 2KHzsqua.ewavelo

a5 observe the PLL rnpul (/P)and the

Vco outpul (pin 4)signas and
sowly ncreaselhe npullrequency unl theoulpulsigna lusl unlocks
Recod lhe inpuliiequency as/i Tabba-l
'^

6 Return the input f.equency to the tee tunning lrequency /; ol VCO

Slowy decrease the input fiequency unti lhe outpul signa lust unlocks
and record ihe lnpll l.oquency asl, in Table 3_1
!7. U.i.! the eq@tion, - (rr -, ) / 2, cslc!|.|. lh. lo.t 8.9..

n8.Inc€a8erhe input tBquoncy ro to.ce rh€ Vco oltput unrocked. slowly

d€@e rhe jnpot lreq@cy urtir th. PLL j@r ldts. oDsM lh.
jnprn fq@ncy/.i .nd Fco.d the |wh in Trbla &l.

flg. o@F!s the input rbqwncy ro iore rh€ vco ourput [email protected]. slowly
incB.e lhe lnpul tr.q!.ncy unlillhe PLLjqsi lock.. obsed.lh. hput
ft.q!.ncy4r and l@rd the FEult in Tlbb a-1.

il lo. U.ine rhe eq@rionl - (

rr ,r )/ 2, calcul.b lhe eptu€ 6n9..

!11. Romove ihe @nn.cl pllg lrom J2.nd lh.n in.€n it in J3. Thit
ch.nFsC,(0.1llF) loC.(O.oiFF). R.p..l rl€p 2

f112. lurn $6 vR1 lo !.t th. vco ft*tunnl4 lroqrscy, ot 20kHz.

In.6n the @.nect plle ln J1 and connoct.0.5vp-p,20kHz.qu.6lo
lh. hplt (l/P). R€p€sl !i.t3 0 to 1 1.
E\o{in6t 3-2 LM565 V.F Chtactqstic ttoasur.n@B

1 LocateLM565 PLLCirculon Modue KL 93004 nsediheconnecl plug

J2lo sel lhe capacilor ro c, (0 1pF)
'.

2 Removethe connecl plug tiom J1 TunrheVRl togel a lre+runn'ng

frequencyJ" of 2kHz ar Vco oulput (pn 4)

3 Rernsenlhe connecr pluo in Jl

L 4 Connect a 0 svp-p 2kHz square wave to the input (uP) M6a3u€ and
'eco'd lhe ourp-r vorra9e of lv<6r lo,P, Tab e 3.
'n

5 Change the Inpui trequences ol0 skHz, 1kH2. 1 5kH2. 2 5kHz 3kH2
and 3 5kHz seluentaly and me.sure the o!&ul vollaqes
corespoiding lo lhe input tiequencies Record the resulls rn Table

6 Plo! oulput voltage vs mpulfrequency curueln Fg a-9

7 Remove lhe connect plug lrom J2 and inserl 1 ii J3 lo change C?

(o 1aF) io c5 (o.o1|'F)
^

3 Remove ihe con^ecl pug tom Jr TurntheVRllogetafteerunnng

lrcquency/.of20kHz ar VCO output (pin 4)

9 Re'nsedthe connocl plug In J1

10 Connecr s 0 svp p. 20kBz squae wave to the input (l/P) rvteasuie

and record lhe oulpulvolage ot 1M565 (O/P) ii Tabba-3
 11 Chang€the inpulfrequenciosoll6.5kNz l7 5kH2 13 skHz 21 SkHz
22 skl-lz and 23 SkHz*quentially.nd measlre the outpul vonages
corospondrng ro the rnpd trequenci€s R*ord lhe resu ls in Tabte

112. Plol oulput vollage vs nputlrequency curyern Fig. a,1O

E)p*inent 3-3 PLL Ft guecy Dnodubtol

1 Locate 1t0566 FM Modulalo. cncut oi Module KL 93004 nserl lhe

connedtpllgsrnJl and J3toselthecapacilortocr(0.01}|F) Tlhlhe
vR, tosetthe ourpur tree runn,nq iiequency/,of20kHz

2. Complele 1M565 PLL Cncuil by insedng rhe connecr pLug rn J3 to sel

lhe capacitor lo q (001rF) Turn the vR1 lo gel lhe lrerunn.g

nequency /, or 20kHz atVco outpul (pin 4)

3 Connectthe 1M566 FM Modulator outpul to the 1M565 PLL ctrcud Inpul

and i^serlconnecl pug n J1

4 connect a 300mvp-p lkHz she wave lo the Inpd ol 1M566 FM

Modulator Usrng lhe osolloscope, obsetue lhe outpul wavelom or
LM56s PLL Cncun.nd record the resull m Table a-4

5 Repeat dep 4 for lh€ npui frequencies ol2kHz and 3kl_12

6 Change lhe ampliude to soomvp p Repeal steps 4 and 5 and

'npul
rccord lhe resuris n Tabe 3-5
Exwnnenr a4 F$ to All Ftquacy Danodulator

l1 Loc.re l!lc164a FM Modulator crcu( on Module KL-93004 Insort

connecr pugs in J1 and.l3 to set the rnducro. to Li (220!l) and the
lSv55va6ctoroper.tng at5V

42. connocl a 2vp-p. lkHz sine wave to rhe mpui (i/P1) Turn lhe vR, to
get lhe outpul amplltude ot600mVp-p

3 Connecllhe ourputol Mc164a FM Moduratorto rhe inpul olFM to AM

D scininaior ctclil on lhe rower ofModu/e K!,93004.

Ll4 Using the osciloscope, obsetoe and rocod lhe nput .nd outpul
wavetorfrs oftrequency denodulalof rn Table 3-6

5 Repeal sleps 2 to 4 lor audio lr€quencies ol 2KHz and 3KHz

 1.1

001 2A

L=
(V-=0 5VFp. /,=2kHz. c?=01aF)

l5 20 25 30

(v)

(v)
ry-=o 5 vp-p r,.20kHz.c5=001rF)

t€5 20 215 235

16 5 t7 5 145 20 21.5 22 5 21.5 (KHr)

(v.=300mvtsp,,6=2okHz)
(V-=500mVpp / =20lrlz)
3lHz
8.5 QTTESTTONS

1 €x.mining rh6 €3uhr ot arp.nm.nt a-1, @uld you fnd lh.t lha vco
tGquency woutd be wh€. th6 input frequanci* ol1M565 w.rc oulside

2. compa.ing rhe bcl r.ngo lid! the l@t range ol 1M565. *hicn as tne

3. St t ep&itor cr i. lhe ckcuit of Fio.6{. ll Fplacing the

lhe tunclion of
Ca (0 1 llF) by a 0.01 rF c.pacitor. whal is lhe daneo ot ih€ outprt
3ign.l(pin 7) of 1M565?

4. ll . ld pas nlr.r i6 .xt ,n.lly @n.ecled lo lha oulpol ol LMa,65

f€quoEy ddnodulator, dc the demodulated 6igml b@m6 rmoolhe,
T.y to de;iqn rhi. fin6r.

5. D€.19n . ii.quency doubl.r witn PL! .nd logic cirtull3