1- Define the air saturation state.

Answer
- It is the state at which air no more holds any additional quantity of
water vapor under the same temperature and pressure.
- Any additional water vapor which may be added will directly
condense.

2- List the different classes of heat sources needed for load calculation.
Answer
There are two general classes:-
1- Those, which result an internal heat load on the conditioned space.
2- Those, which result an external heat load on the conditioning apparatus.

3- Write down the general equation for transmission heat load.

Answer
The transmission heat load depends on:
1- Wall area (A).
2- Wall overall coefficient of heat transmission, U factor.
3- Wall difference in the temperature, (To – Ti).
And the general equation is:
Q = A * U * (To – Ti)

4- What are the factors on which the heat given off by a person depends on?
Answer
Heat given off by a person depends on the degree of activity of the person in a specific
application.

5- What is the importance of ventilation for conditioned spaces?

Answer
The introduction of outdoor air for ventilation of conditioned spaces is
necessary to dilute odors given off by people, smoking and other
internal air contaminants.
 6- What type of heat can be generated by using ordinary lights? How it
can be generated?
Answer
Ordinary (Incandescent) lights generate sensible heat. It can be generated
by converting approximately 10% of the power input into light with the
rest begin generated as heat within the bulb and dissipated by radiation,
convection and conduction. About 80% of the power input is dissipated by
radiation and only about 10% by convection and conduction.

7- In load calculation drive the equation that can be used for calculation
of the fresh air sensible heat.
OR
** Prove that for air [Qs = 1.08 (cfm) Dt ]
Where; Qs is the sensible heat, BTU/hr, cfm is the air cubic feet per minute
of air and Dt is the air temperature difference, F.
Answer
For standard air;
ρair = 0.075 lb/ft3 Cair = 0.24 BTU/lbF v = cfm
Sensible heat added to air Qs = ma x ∆hs ma = vair x ρair
Therefore, Qs = ma x Cair x ∆tair
= 0.24 x0.075 x 60 x (cfm) x ∆tair
= 1.08 x (cfm) x (ta – tb)

8- Which generate greater heat relative to input power incandescent

light or fluorescent light? Give reason.
Answer
Fluorescent light generates greater heat than incandescent light relative to
the input power. This is because, fluorescent light generates 100% of the
input power while incandescent generating 90% only.

9- To what limit the temperature (t) decreases linearly with altitude (Z).
Answer
Temperature ( t ) decrease linearly with altitude (Z),m, up to the limit of
isothermal atmosphere (-59.44 oC at 10.7692 km).
 10- Using the relation: t = to – 0.0069122 (Z), temp. in oC, Z in m, What
is the temperature outside a plain at an altitude of 8 km.
Answer
t = to – 0.0069122 (Z) = 15 – 0.0069122 x 8000 = -40.2976 oC

11- Dalton’s rule states that the pressure of mixture of perfect gases is
equal to ……………………………………………of the constituent
gases while the volume of mixture of perfect gases is equal to
………………………………
Answer
(The sum of the pressures) , (the volume of each of the constituent gases).

12- Drive an expression for the specific humidity of moist air.

OR
** Prove that: [w = 0.622 Pv / (PB - Pv)]
Where; w is the air specific humidity, Pv is the vapor pressure and Pa is the
barometric pressure.
Answer

13- Draw the process of mixing of two air streams on the psychrometric
chart and drive the mixing point conditions.
Answer

14- On the psychrometric chart, draw the process of air when it passes
over a coil which temperature is smaller than the air dew point
temperature.
OR
With the help of a net sketch and chart, discuss the by-pass factor for an
air undergoes a cooling and dehumidification process (write down the
equation).
Answer
Any air that comes into sufficient contact with the cooling surface of
the coil will be reduced in temperature to the mean effective surface
temperature. This will be along the pass a c d with condensation
occurring between c and d.
 The final state of air will be somewhere on the line ad, point b.
By-pass Factor (B.P.F)

tb−td
BPF = ta−td

15- Draw a sketch of the evaporative cooler, represent the process of air on
the psychrometric chart, and write down its efficiency.
OR
** Discuss the air washer apparatus, write down the equation for its
outgoing air saturation efficiency and represent the cycle on the
psychrometric chart.
Answer

16- Draw a sketch of the air conditioning cycle for a standard room and
represent it on the psychrometric chart.
Answer

17- Draw a sketch of the psychrometer and discuss its operation.

Answer

18- Discuss when the process of heating and dehumidification for air
occurs; represent the process on the psychrometric chart.
Answer

19- Classify the air conditioning systems and clarify how the basic
system names are derived.

20- Where reducers in main ducts may be fixed relative to branches?

21- Define width and depth of elbows.

22- Show by chart how you can locate splitters inside an elbow.
 23- When splitters in elbows must be used?

24- What is the advantage of using splitters inside elbows?

25- Differentiate between elbows and straight ducts.

26- What is meant by Equivalent length for an elbow?

27- A typical all air system consists of:

28- A typical all water system consists of:

29- A typical direct refrigerant zoned system consists of:

30- Define the cooling tower unit capacity relative to the refrigeration
cycle evaporator capacity.

31- For the cooling tower, define each of the following:

* Range ** Approach

32- Draw a sketch for the once through water system and write down its
constituents showing its most application.

33- Draw a sketch for the re-circulated closed water system and write
down its constituents showing its most application.

34- Draw a sketch for the re-circulated open water system and write
down its constituents showing its most application.

35- Draw a sketch for the (1- pipe) water system showing its advantages
and disadvantages.

36- Draw a sketch for the (2- pipe) water system showing its advantages
and disadvantages.

37- Draw a sketch for the (3- pipe) water system showing its advantages
and disadvantages.

38- Draw a sketch of the (4- pipe) water system showing its advantages
and disadvantages.
39- Draw a sketch for the direct return water system, discuss the system
and show how it can be balanced.

40- Draw a sketch for the reverse return water system, discuss the
system and show how it can be balanced.

41- Draw a sketch for water pipe connected with all instruments needed
for proving performance and discuss how it can be help in testing,
adjusting and balancing the system.

42- Draw a sketch for a set of water pumps hook-up complete with the
essential required valves and flanges.