Q.

7 25 mL of a solution of barium hydroxide on

Single Correct Choice Type titration with a 0.1 molar solution of
hydrochloric acid gave litre value of 35 mL.
The molality of barium hydroxide solution was
(2003)
Q.1 Mole fraction of A vapours above the
solution in mixture of A and B (XA = 0.4) will (A) 0.07 (B) 0.14 (C) 0.28 (D) 0.35
be [Given: PA0 = 100 mm Hg and PB0 = 200
mm Hg]
Q.8 Which of the following moles of
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.8 expressing concentration is independent of
temperature? (1988)
(C) 0.25 (D) None of these
Q.2 A mixture contains 1 mole of volatile (A) Molarity (B)
liquid A (PA0 = 100 mm Hg) and 3 moles of (C) Formality Molality
volatile liquid B (PB0 = 80 mm Hg). If solution
behaves ideally, the total pressure of the
distillate is Q.9 Two solutions of a substance (non-
electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner
(A) 85 mm Hg (B) 85.88 mm H 480 mL of 1.5M first solution + 520 mL of
(C) 90 mm Hg (D) 92 mm Hg 1.2 M second solution. What is the molarity of
the final mixture (2005)

Q.3 The vapour pressure of a solvent (A) 1.20 M (B) 1.50 M

decreased by 10 mm of Hg when a non– (C) 1.344 M (D) 2.70 M
volatile solute was added to the solvent. The
mole fraction of solute in solution is 0.2, what
would be mole fraction of the solvent if Q.10. Increasing the temperature of an
decrease in vapour pressure is 20 mm of Hg. aqueous solution will cause
(1993)
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.6 (D)
0.8 (A) Decrease in molality
(B) Decrease in molarity
Q.4 Two liquids A and B form an ideal solution.
What is the vapour pressure of solution (C) Decrease in mole fraction
containing 2 moles of A and 3 moles of at
300K? Vapour pressure of pure liquid A (PA0) = (D) Decrease in %w/w
100 torr, Vapour pressure of pure liquid B (PB0)
= 300 torr/ Q.11 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present
in 100 mL of its solution. The concentration of
(A) 200 torr (B) 140 urea solution is
(D) None of these (2004)
(C) 180
(A) 0.02 M (B) 0.01 M (C) 0.001 M
Q.5 The Henry’s law constant for the solubility (D) 0.1 M [Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 ×
of N2 gas in water at 298 K in 1.0 × 105 atm.
The mole fraction of N2 in air is 0.8. The 1023 mol–1]
number of moles of N2 from air dissolved in Q.12 To neutralize completely 20 mL of 0.1 M
10 moles of water at 298 K and 5 atm aqueous solution of phosphorus acid (H 3 PO3),
pressure is the volume of 0.1M aqueous KOH solution
(A) 4.0 × 10–4 required is
(B)–54.0 × (2004)
(C) 5.0 × 10–4 10
(A) 40 mL (B) 20 mL (C) 10 mL (D) 60 mL
Q.6 With increase of temperature, which
of these changes? Q.13 A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl
(2002) alcohol, CH3OH, is supplied. What is the mole
(A) Molality fraction of methyl alcohol in the solution?
(2011)
(B) Weight fraction of solute
(A) 0.100 (B) 0.190 (C) 0.086 (D) 0.050
(C) Fraction of solute present in water
(D) Mole fraction Q.14 The density of solution prepared by
dissolving 120 g of urea (mol mass = 60 u) in
1000g water is 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of this
solution is
(2012)
(A) 0.50 M (B) 1.78 M (C) 1.02 M (D) 2.05 M
20.36 | Solutions and Colligative Properties

Q.15 Two liquids X and Y form an ideal Q.17 At 80°C , the vapour pressure of pure
solution. At 300K, vapour pressure of the liquid ‘A’ is 520 mm Hg and that of pure liquid
solution containing 1 mol of X and 3 moles of ‘B’ is 1000 mm Hg. If a mixture solution of ‘A’
Y is 550 mm Hg. At the same temperature, if and ‘B’ boils at 80°C and 1 atm pressure, the
1 mol of Y is further added to this solution, amount of ‘A’ in the mixture is (1 atm = 760
vapour pressure of the solution increases by mm Hg) (2008)
10 mm Hg. Vapour pressure (in mm Hg) of X
and Y in their pure states will be respectively (A) 52 mol percent (B) 34 mol percent
(2009) (C) 48 mol percent (D) 50 mol percent
(A) 200 and 300 (B) 300 and
(C) 400 and 600 400 Q.18 At a given temperature, total vapour pressure in
Torr of a mixture of volatile components A and B is
given by PTotal = 120 – 75XB hence, vapour pressure of
Q.16 A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl pure A and B respectively (in Torr) are
alcohol has a vapour pressure of 290 mm at A) 120, 75 (B) 120, 95
300K. The vapour pressure of propyl alcohol (C) 120, 45 (D) 75, 45
is 200 mm. If the mole fraction of ethyl
alcohol is 0.6, its vapour pressure (in mm) at Q.19 The mole fraction of a solute in a
the same temperature will be solution is 0.1. At 298 K, molarity of this
(2007) solution is the same as its molality. Density of
this solution at 298 K is 2.0 g cm-3. The ratio
(A) 350 (B) 300 (C) 700 (D) 360 of the molecular weights of the solute and

solvent (2016)
 2 2
v (10)
(B) tan θ = Rg= (10)
=1
(10)

(C) θ = tan−1 (1) = 45°

(D) =a

Q.7 FeCl3 on reaction with K4 [Fe(CN)6] in

aqueous solution given blue colour. These are
separated by a semipermeable membrane AB as
shown. Due to osmosis there is

Q.11 A difference between diffusion and osmosis

is
Q.16 Which relations are not correct for
(A) A semipermeable membrane is required for aqueous dilute solution of K3 PO4 if its degree
osmosis while diffusion requires no
semipermeable membrane of dissociation is α?
(B) In osmosis movement of molecules is only
in one direction whereas in diffusion movement
is on both sides
(C) In osmosis only the solvent moves while in
diffusion both solute and solvent move
(D) None of the above

Q.12 Which of the following statement is/are

correct?
(D) Mw of K2 PO4 = Mwobs × (1 + 3α)
(A) The freezing point of water is depressed
by the addition of glucose
(B) The degree of dissociation of a weak
electrolyte decrease as its concentration
decreases
(C) Energy is released when a substance
dissolves in water provided that the
hydration energy of the substance is more
than its lattice energy
(D) If two liquids that form an ideal solution are
mixed, the change in entropy is positive

Q.13 Which of the following gases are highly

soluble in water
(A) HCl (B) SO2 (C) NH3 (D) H2

Q.14 Which of the following would be equal

to zero when the liquid pairs form an ideal
solution.
(A) ΔH (B) ΔS (C) ΔG (D) ΔV

Q.15 Two miscible liquids A and B having

vapour pressure in pure state PA0 and PB0 are
mixed in mole reaction XA and XB to get a
mixture having total vapour pressure of
mixture PM. Which of the following relation are
correct?

(D) All of
Q.17 Which of the following is/are true?
(A) For the same solution, elevation in boiling
point = depression in freezing point
(B) The Van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of
BaCl2. (C) The elevation in boiling point is due
to increase in vapour pressure.
(D) The depression in freezing point is due to
decrease in vapour pressure.

Q.18 Which pairs of liquids on mixing is/are

expected to show no net volume change and no
heat effect?
(A) Acetone and ethanol
(B) Chloro benzene and bromo benzene
(C) Chloroform and benzene
(D) n–Butyl chloride and n–butyl bromide

Assertion Reasoning Type

Q.19 Statement-I: Addition of ethylene glycol

(non– volatile) to water lowers the freezing
point of water hence used as antifreezing
Statement-II: Heat must be removed from the
water to make it freeze.
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true
and statement-II is correct explanation for
statement-I
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true
and statement-II is NOT the correct
explanation for statement-I
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true

Q.20 Statement-I: The freezing of water

is an endothermic process.
Statement-II: Heat must be removed from the
water to make it freeze.
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true
and statement-II is correct explanation for
statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true
and statement-II is NOT the correct
explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true
 Chemistry | 20.41

Comprehension Type Match the Columns

The various relations between colligative Q.26 PA =0 partial pressure of components A in liquid
properties and molecular mass are applicable mixture. PA = vapour pressure of A, χA = mole fraction
only to solutions of non–electrolytes and in
of A in liquid
dilute solutions. Out of various colligative
properties osmotic pressure measurement is Column I Column II
especially suitable for the determination of
molecular masses of proteins whereas freezing (A) C2 H5OH + H2O (p) Azeotropic mixture
point depression and other colligative (q) Obeys Raoult’s law
(B) C2 H2 Br + C2 H5 I
properties are too small. Certain solutes which
dissociate or associate in solution affect the (C) PA = XAPA0 (r) Non–ideal solution
colligative property and hence molecular with positive deviation
mass determination also. In case of
association observed molecular mass is more (D) H2O + H2SO4 (s) Non–ideal solution
than normal the correction factor i < 1. For with negative deviation
dissociation of solute i > 1 and observed
molecular mass is less than the normal (t) Ideal solution
molecular mass

Q.27 Match the following

Q.21 Which of the following 0.1 m aqueous
solution will have the lowest freezing point?
Column I Column II
(A) Al2(SO4)3 (B) C6 (A) Urea, glucose, fructose (p) 1 : 0.8 : 1
(C) (D) C12 H22O11
(B) NaCl, MgCl2.K2SO4 (q) 1 : 2 : 1

Q.22 Correction factor for 0.1M ideal solution is (C) Al2(SO4)3, Na3 PO4, (r) 1 : 1 : 1
K3r[Fe(CN)6]
(A) 0.1 (B) 1 (C) 0.01 (D) 2 > (s) 2 : 3 : 3
1 (D) Glucose, NaCl, CaCl2

Q.23 The Van’t Hoff factor for 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 Q.28

solution is 2.74. The degree of dissociation is
(A) 91.3% (B) 87% (C) 100% (D) 74% Column I Column II
(A) ppm (p) Van’t Hoff factor
Q.24 Which one of the following (B) ΔTb (q) Molal depression
statements gives below concerning properties
of a solution describe a colligative effect? (C) Kf (r) Elevation in boiling point
(A) Boiling point of pure water increase by
addition of EtOH (D) i
Mass of solute 6
(s) × 10
(B) Vapour pressure of pure water decrease by Mass of
addition of HNO3
(C) Vapour pressure of pure benzene
decrease by addition of naphthalene
(D) Boiling point of pure benzene increase by Previous Years’ Questions
addition of toluene
Q.1 An azeotropic solution of two liquids has
Q.25 After adding a solute, freezing point boiling point lower than either of them when it
of water decreases to –0.186ºC. What is (1981)
the value of ΔT? (kb = 0.521; kf = 1.86) (A) Shows negative deviation from
(A) 0.521 (B) 0.0521 Raoult’s law (B) Shows no deviation from
(C) 1.86 (D) 0.0186 Raoult’s law
(C) Shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law
(D) Is saturated
20.42 | Solutions and Colligative Properties

Q.2 Which of the following 0.1M aqueous Molecular weight of ethanol = 46 g mol–1
solution will have the lowest freezing point?
(1989)
(A) Potassium sulphate (B) Sodium chloride
(C) Urea (D) Glucose

Q.3 During depression of freezing point in a

solution the following are in equilibrium
(2003)
(A) Liquid solvent, solid
solvent (B) Liquid solvent,
solid solute (C) Liquid
solute, solid solute
(D) Liquid solute, solid solvent

Q.4 The freezing point (in ºC) of solution

containing 0.1 g of K3 [Fe(CN6)] (mol. wt. 329)
in 100 g of water (Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1) is
(2011)

(A) –2.3 × 10–2 (B)–2–5.7 ×

(C) –5.7 × 10–3 10

Paragraph 3
Properties such as boiling point, freezing
point and vapour pressure of a pure solvent
change when solute molecules are added to
get homogeneous solution. These are called
colligative properties. Applications of
colligative properties are very useful in day-to-
day life. One of its examples is the use of
ethylene glycol and water mixture as anti–
freezing liquid in the radiator of automobiles.
A solution M is prepared by mixing ethanol
and water. The mole fraction of ethanol in the
mixture is 0.9.
Given, freezing point depression constant
of water (kfwater) = 1.86 K kg mol–1
freezing point depression constant of ethanol
(kfethanol) = 2.0 K kg mol–1
Boiling point elevation constant of water
(kbwater) = 0.52 K kg mol–1
Boiling point elevation constant of water
(kfethanol) = 1.2 K kg mol–1
Standard freezing point of water = 273 K
Standard freezing point of ethanol =
155.7 K Standard boiling point of
water = 373 K
Standard boiling point of ethanol =
351.5 K Vapour pressure of pure
water = 32.8 mm Hg Vapour pressure
of pure ethanol = 40 mm Hg Molecular
weight of water = 18 g mol–1
In answering the following questions, consider
the solution to be ideal dilute solution and
solute to be non–volatile and non–dissociative.
(2008)

Q.5 The freezing point of the solution M is

(A) 268.7 K (B) 268.5 K
(C) 234.2 K (D) 150.9 K

Q.6 The vapour pressure of the solution M is

(A) 39.3 mm Hg (B) 36.0 mm Hg
(C) 29.6 mm Hg (D) 28.8 mm Hg

Q.7 Water is added to the solution M such that

the mole fraction of water in the solution becomes
0.9. The boiling point of this solution is
(A) 380.4 K (B) 376.2 K
(C) 375.5 K (D) 354.7 K

Q.8 Following statement is true only under

some specific conditions. Write the condition,
for it “Two volatile and miscible liquids can
be separated by fractional distillation into pure
components”.

Q.9 An organic compound (Cx H2yOy) was burnt

with twice the amount of oxygen needed for
complete combustion to CO2 and H2O. The
hot gases when cooled to 0ºC and 1 atm
pressure, measured 2.24 L. The water collected
during cooling weigh 0.9g. The vapour pressure
of pure water at 20ºC is 17.5 mm Hg and is
lowered by 0.104 mm when 50g of the organic
compound are dissolved in 1000g of water.
Give the molecular formula of the organic
compound. (1983)

Q.10 The vapour pressure of ethanol and

methanol are 44.5 and 88.7 mm Hg
respectively. An ideal solution is formed at the
same temperature by the mixing 60g of ethanol
with 40g of methanol. Calculate the total
vapour pressure of the solution and the mole
fraction of methanol in the vapour.
(1986)

Q.11 The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a

certain temperature is 640 mm Hg. A non–
volatile, non– electrolyte solid weighing 2.175 g
is added to 39.0 g of benzene. The vapour
pressure of solution is 600 mm Hg. What is the
molecular weight of the solid substance?
(1990)
 Chemistry | 20.43

Q.12 The degree of dissociation of Ca (NO3)2 in Properties such as boiling point, freezing
a dilute aqueous solution, containing 7.0g of point and vapor pressure of a pure solvent
the salt per 100g of water at 100ºC is 70%. change when solute molecules are added
If the vapour–pressure of water at 100ºC is to get homogeneous solution.
760 mm, calculate the vapour pressure of the
solution.
(1991)

Q.13 Nitrobenzene is formed as the major

product along with a minor product in the
reaction of benzene with a hot mixture of nitric
acid and sulphuric acid. The minor product
consists of carbon : 42.86%, hydrogen :
2.40%, nitrogen : 16.67% and oxygen : 38.07%,
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the minor
point elevation constant of water
product. (ii) When 5.5g of the minor product is
dissolved in 45g of benzene, the boiling point
of the solution is 1.84ºC
higher than that of pure benzene. Calculate
the molar mass of the minor product then
determine its molecular and structural formula.
(Molal boiling point elevation constant of
benzene is 2.53 K kg mol–1). (1999)

Q.14 The vapour pressure of two miscible

liquids (A) and (B) are 300 and 500 mm of Hg
respectively. In a flask
10 moles of (A) is mixed with 12 moles of (B).
However, as soon as (B) is added, (A) starts
polymerizing into a completely insoluble solid.
The polymerization follows first order kinetic.
After 100min, 0.525 mole of a solute is dissolved
which arrests the polymerization completely.
The final vapour pressure of the solution is 400
mm of Hg. Estimate the rate constant of the
polymerization and ideal behavior for the final
solution. (2001)

Q.15 Consider the three solvents of

identical molar masses. Match their boiling
point with their kb values
(2003)

Solvents Boiling point kb values

X 100ºC 0.92
Y 27ºC 0.63

Z 283ºC 0.53

Q.16 When 20 g of naphthoic acid (C 11 H8O2) is

dissolved in 50 g of benzene (Kf = 1.72 K kg
mol−1), a freezing point depression of 2 K is
observed. The van’t Hoff factor (i ) is
(2007)
(A) 0.5 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

Paragraph for Question Nos. 17 to 19

These are called colligative properties.
Applications of colligative properties are very
useful in day-to- day life. One of its examples is
the use of ethylene glycol and water mixture as
anti-freezing liquid in the radiator of automobiles.
A solution M is prepared by mixing ethanol and
water. The mole fraction of ethanol in the mixture
is 0.9.
z ng oin ess o t of
G i n : Fr e i p t e pr i o n
d n c ns ta wa
( a r
K te ) 1 86 K kg mo l−1 Free z i ng po in t depres s i
ethanol
te r
constant
on
of ethanol Kf( ) = 2.0 K kg mol −1

= 0.52 K kg mol−1
Boiling point
elevation = 1.2 K kg constant of ethanol (K
mol−1
In answering the following questions, consider
the solutions to be ideal dilute solutions and
solutes to be non-volatile and non- dissociative.
(2008)

Q.17 The freezing point of the solution M is

(A) 268.7 K (B) 268.5 K
(C) 234.2 K (D) 150.9 K

Q.18 The vapour pressure of the solution M

(A) 39.3 mm Hg (B) 36.0 mm Hg
(C) 29.5 mm Hg (D) 28.8 mm Hg

Q.19 Water is added to the solution M such

that the fraction of water in the solution
becomes 0.9. The boiling point of this solution is
(A) 380.4 K (B) 376.2 K
(C) 375.5 K (D) 354.7 K

Q.20 The Henry’s law constant for the solubility

of N2 gas in water at 298 K is 1.0 × 105 atm. The
mole fraction of N2 in air is 0.8. The number of
moles of N2 from air dissolved in 10 moles of
water at 298 K and 5 atm pressure is
(2009)
(A) 4.0 × 10−4 (B)−54.0 ×
(C) 5.0 × 10−4 10

Q.21 The freezing point (in oC) of a solution

containing 0.1 g of K3 [Fe(CN)6 (Mol. Wt. 329) in
100 g of water (Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1) is
(2011)
(A) -2.3 × 10-2 (B) -5.7 × 10-2
(C) -5.7 × 10-3 (D) -1.2 × 10-2
20.44 | Solutions and Colligative Properties

Q.22 For a dilute solution containing 2.5 g of

a non- volatile non- electrolyte solute in 100
g of water, the elevation in boiling point at
1atm pressure is 2°C. Assuming Q.25 Mixture(s) showing positive
concentration of solute is much lower than the deviation from Raoults law at 35οC is (are)
concentration of solvent, the vapor pressure (2016)
(mm of Hg) of the solution is (take Kb = 0.76 K (A) Carbon tetrachloride +
kg mol-1)
(2012) methanol (B) Carbon disulphide
(A) 724 (B) 740 (C) 736 (D) 718 + acetone
(C) Benzene + toluene

Q.23 If the freezing point of a 0.01 molal (D) Phenol + aniline

aqueous solution of a cobalt (III) chloride-
ammonia complex (which behaves as a
strong electrolyte) is – 0.05580C, the number
of chloride(s) in the coordination sphere of the
complex is [Kf of water = 1.86 K kg mol–1]

MASTERJEE Essential
Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.2 Q.4 Q.9 Q.6 Q.10 Q.16
Q.14 Q.29 Q.20 Q.21 Q.25

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.2 Q.4 Q.14 Q.6 Q.7 Q.12
Q.17 Q.15 Q.17 Q.25
Q.28
Previous Years' Questions
Q.6 Q.9 Q.11 Previous Years' Questions
Q.16 Q.17 Q.1 Q.13
 Chemistry | 20.45

Answer Key
JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
Q.1 4.9 gm Q.2 0.89 Q.3 (i) 0.52m, (ii)
0.99
Q.6 0.2121 m Q.7 53.06g mol–1 Q.8 23.44 mm Hg
Q.9 0.988; 0.156 m Q.121.35 mol/litre; 1.52 Q.13 0.283 mol/L
mol/kg
Q.14 0.099 mol L–1 Q.15 0.23 K
Q.16 158.9 mL of 0.1 M HCl Q.17 57.5 g mol–1 Q.18 256 g mol–1
Q.19 10 g Q.21 (b) 7.389 atm
Q.22 Degree of dissociation = 90% Q.23 18.6 × 10–4
Q.24 Atomic mass of A = 25.59; B = Q.25 1.0753; 30.68 × 10–4 Q.28 (b) 92%
42.64

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 C Q.6

D
Q.7 B Q.8 D Q.9 B Q.10 B Q.11 C Q.12 B
Q.13 A Q.14 C Q.15 B Q.16 C Q.17 D Q.18 B

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 B Q.6 C
Q.7 B Q.8 B Q.9 A Q.10 C Q.11 D Q.12 C
Q.13 C Q.14 C Q.15 A Q.16 B Q.17 D Q.18 C

Q.19 Q.20 Q.21 Q.22 B Q.23 D Q.24 B

A A D
Q.25 Q.26 Q.27
A B B

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
Q.1 0.24 Q.2 0.25 Q.3 24.5 torr
Q.4 57.24 g/mol Q.5 111.1 g, 18.52 molal Q.6 106 g/molal
Q.7 64.0 g/mol Q.8 100.079ºC Q.9 –0.62ºC
Q.10 T = -2.28ºC Q.11 0.741m, 0.013 Q.12 0.162 m
Q.13. 65.25 Q.14 17.38 Q.15 0.964

Q.16 Tb = 101.9ºC Q.17 Tf = –0.73ºC Q.18 [Co(NH3)Cl]Cl2

Q.19 0.73 Q.20 xB = 0.2472, yb =
0.4473
20.46 | Solutions and Colligative Properties

Q.21 P = 0.2217 atm should be applied Q.22 (Vtotal = 5.Voriginal)

Q.23 94.5% Q.24 4.64 atm Q.25 0.95; 1.95
Q.26 46.33ºC Q.27 x = 0.1 Q.28 a = 0.7333
Q.29 –19.91ºC, 7.63M

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 B Q.6 C

Q.7 D

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.8 A, C, D Q.9 A, D Q.10 Q.11 A, B, C Q.12 A, C, D Q.13 A, B, C

A, C
Q.14 A, D Q.15 A, B Q.16 Q.17 B, D Q.18 B, D
A, C, D

Assertion Reasoning
Type Q.19 C
Q.20 D

Comprehension Type
Q.21 A Q.22 B Q.23 B Q.24 C Q.25 B

Match the Columns

Q.26 A → p, r; B → q, t; C → q, t; D → p, s Q.27 A → r; B → s; C → p; D →
q
Q.28 A → s; B → r; C → q; D → p

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 D Q.6 A

Q.7 B Q.8 Condition Q.9 C5 Q.10 0.657 Q.11 65.25 Q.12 746.32
H10O11
Q.13 168 Q.14 1.005 × 10–4 min–1 Q.15 Q.16 A Q.17 D
Subjective
Q.18 B Q.19 B Q.20 A Q.21 A Q.22 A Q.23 3

Q.24 9 Q.25 A,B