Number Theory

Submitted to:

Dr. Michelle G. Gabasa

Submitted by:

Flover Jan E. Novino

March 4, 2025
Divisibility Rules

Divisibility of 1

- All numbers are divisible by 1.

Divisibility of 2

- If a number is an even number or its last digits are either 2, 4, 6, 8 or 0; then it is divisible
by 2.
o 780 is divisible by 2 because:
 780 has “0” as its last digits;
 780 is an even number.
o 611 is NOT divisible by 2 because:
 611 is not an even number;
 611 does not end with any of the given number.
o 12 is divisible by 2 because:
 It satisfies the condition given.

Divisibility of 3

- If the sum of digits of a number results to a number divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 3.

The process can be repeated until the result can be recognized as a number divisible by 3.
o 780 is divisible by 3:
 7 + 8 + 0 = 15; 15 is divisible by 3 (15 = 3 ∙ 5 + 0)
o 12973570269 is divisible by 3:
 1 + 2 + 9 + 7 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 0 + 2 + 6 + 9 = ��
 5 + 1 = 6; 6 is divisible by 3 (6 = 3 ∙ 2 + 0)

Divisibility of 4
- If the last two digits of a number is divisible by 4, then the number is divisible by 4.
o 5420 is divisible by 4 since the last two digits “20” is divisible by 4.
o 76556 is divisible by 4 since the last two digits “56” is divisible by 4.
Divisibility of 5
- If the numbers last digits are either 5 or 0, then the number is divisible by 5.
o 46555 is divisible by 5 since the last digits of the number is “5”
o 6560 is divisible by 5 since the last digits of the number is “0”
Divisibility of 6
- If a number is both divisible by 2 and 3, then the number is also divisible by 6.
o 819222 is divisible by 6 because:
 819222 is divisible by 2:
 819222 is an even number and ends with “2”
 819222 is divisible by 3:
 8 + 1 + 9 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 24; 24 is divisible by 3.
o 780 meets the condition for being divisible by 2 and divisible by 3. Therefore 780
is divisible by 6 (refer to previous examples for divisibility of 2 and 3).
Divisibility of 7
- A number is divisible by 7 if it satisfies the specific steps given below:

https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Divisibility-Rules-2.png
o 665 is divisible by 7:
 5 is removed and “doubled” (5 ∙ 2 = 10)
 66 − 10 = 56
 56 is a recognizable 2-digit multiple of 7 (56 = 7 ∙ 8 + 0)
o 60795 is divisible by 7:
 5 is removed and “doubled” (5 ∙ 2 = 10)
 6079 − 10 = 6069
 9 is removed and “doubled” (6 ∙ 2 = 18)
 606 − 18 = 588
 8 is removed and “doubled” (8 ∙ 2 = 16)
 58 − 16 = 42
 42 is a recognizable 2-digit multiple of 7 (42 = 7 ∙ 6 + 0)
Divisibility of 8
- If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8, then the number is completely
divisible by 8.
o 69232 is divisible by 8 since the last 3 digits “232” is divisible by 8.
o 7912 is divisible by 8 since the last 3 digits “232” is divisible by 8.
Divisibility of 9
- If the sum of the digits of a number results to a number divisible by 9, then the number is
divisible by 9. The process can also be repeated until it results to a number divisible by 9.
o 5922 is divisible by 9:
 5 + 9 + 2 + 2 = 18;
 18 is divisible by 9 (18 = 9 ∙ 2 + 0)
o 857041812 is divisible by 9:
 8 + 5 + 7 + 0 + 4 + 1 + 8 + 1 + 2 = 36;
 36 is divisible by 9 (36 = 9 ∙ 4 + 0)
Divisibility of 10
- If the last digits of a number is zero (0), then the number is divisible by 10.
o 243130 is divisible by 10 since the number ends with a “0”.
o 1000000000 is divisible by 10 since the number ends with a “0”.
Divisibility of 11
- If the difference of the sum of alternative digits of a number is divisible by 11, then that
number is divisible by 11 completely.
- i.e., Sum of digits in odd places – Sum of digits in even places = 0 or a multiple of 11.
o 109999989 is divisible by 11:
 Let the set of odd-placed digits be O = (1,9,9,9,9)
 Let the set of even-placed digits: E = (0,9,9,8)
 ∑� ∈ � − ∑� ∈ �
 1+9+9+9+9 − 0+9+9+8
 37 − 26 = 11; 11 is a multiple of 11 (11 = 11 ∙ 1 + 0)
- If the number of digits of a number is even, then remove the first and last digits, add the
first digit and subtract the last digit from the rest of the number.
o 758516 is divisible by 11:
 Number of digits: 6 (even)
 7 and 6 are removed; 5851 + 7 − 6 = 5852
 5 and 2 are removed; 85 + 5 − 2 = 88
 88 is a multiple of 11 (88 = 11 ∙ 8 + 0)
- If the number of digits of a number is odd, then remove the first and last digits, then
subtract the first and the last digits from the rest of the number.
o 109999989 is divisible by 11:
 Number of digits: 9 (odd)
 1 and 9 are removed; 0999998 − 1 − 9 = 09999988
 0 and 8 are removed; 99998 − 0 − 8 = 99990
 9 and 0 are removed; 999 − 9 − 0 = 990
 990 is a multiple of 11 (990 = 11 ∙ 90 + 0)
- Form the groups of two digits from the right end digit to the left end of the number and
add the resultant groups. If the sum is a multiple of 11, then the number is divisible by 11.
o 758516 is divisible by 11:
 The number is grouped: {(16), (85), (75)}
 16 + 85 + 75 = 176
 The number is grouped: {(76), (1)}
 76 + 1 = 77
 77 is a multiple of 11 (77 = 11 ∙ 7 + 0)
- Remove the last digit of the number from the number. Subtract the last digit of the
number from the rest of the number. If the resultant value is a multiple of 11, then the
original number will be divisible by 11.
o 109999989 is divisible by 11:
 9 is removed; 10999998 − 9 = 10999989
 9 is removed; 1099998 − 9 = 1099989
 9 is removed; 109998 − 9 = 109989
 9 is removed; 10998 − 9 = 1 − 10989
 9 is removed; 1098 − 9 = 1089
 9 is removed; 108 − 9 = 99
 99 is a multiple of 11 (99 = 11 ∙ 9 + 0)
Properties of Dividing Relation

If �, �, and � are integers then the following statements hold:

1. �|� (everything divides itself)
2. �|� and �|� ⟹ �|� (Transitivity)
o �|� ⇒ � = ��; for some ℤ+ = �
o �|� ⇒ � = ��; for some ℤ+ = �
o � = �� �
o � = �(��); [Associative laws]
o ��� � = ��; wherein c is an integer since the product of two integers is an integer.
o � = �� where � = ℤ+
3. �|� and �|� ⟹ �|(�� + ��) for all � and � (Linearity property)
o �|� ⇒ � = ��; for some ℤ+ = �
1 1
o � = �� ; [Multiplication Property of Equality]
� �
o � = ��
o �|� ⇒ � = ��; for some ℤ+ = �
1 1
o � = �� ; [Multiplication Property of Equality]
� �
o � = ��
o If � divides � and �, then � divides all linear combinations of � and �. In
particular, � divides � + � and � − �. [Definition of a Linear Combination]
4. �|� ⟹ ��|�� (Multiplication property)
o �|� ⇒ � = � ∙ ℤ+
o � \ � = � ∙ ℤ+ � ; [Multiplication Property of Equality]
o �� = �� ∙ ℤ+ ⇒ ��|��
5. ��|�� and � ≠ 0 ⟹ �|� (Cancellation property)
o ��|�� ⇒ �� = �� ∙ ℤ+
1 1
o �� = �� ∙ ℤ+ ; [Multiplication Property of Equality]
� �
o � = � ∙ ℤ+ = �|�
6. 1|� (One divides everything)
7. �|1 ⟹ � =± 1 (1 and −1 are the only divisors of 1.)
8. �|0 (Everything divides zero)
9. 0|� ⟹ � = 0 (Zero divides only zero)
10. If � and � are positive and �|� then � ≤ � (Comparison property)

Reference:
https://byjus.com/maths/divisibility-rules/
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Combinatorics_and_Discrete_Mathematics/Elementary_
Number_Theory_(Barrus_and_Clark)/01%3A_Chapters/1.04%3A_Elementary_Divisibility_Pro
perties