c y d y o y p y

3 3

Answers 4 review–5A
2
2
(−2, 1)
1 1
x x
−3 3 1 3 x 1 4 −1 1 x
−1
(2, −1) −1
−3 −1 −2
−2
−3 −3
(−2, −1)

2( ( )
e y f y 21 g (x) = 1
f x + f ( −x ) )

2( ( )
2 h (x) = 1
f x − f ( −x ) )
4 1
Chapter 5
−2 −1 1 2 x
1 −1 Exercise 5A
−2 −1 1 x 1a x > 1 bx ≤ 2
g y h y 1 x 2 x
4 5
4 c x > −2 dx < 3

1
1 −2 x 3 x
−2 2
−4 −2 x e x ≥ −1 f x < 2
−1 1 x
−1
−1 x 2 x
−4
gx < 2 hx ≥ 3
i y j y
1 2 x 3 x
–1 1 2
2
x i x ≥ 3 j x ≤ −2
−2 1
3 x −2 x

−1 1 x
kx > 2 l x ≤ −2

2 x −2 x
k y l y
4
2 a −2 ≤ x < 3 b 3
< x ≤ 5

1 −2 3 x 4
5 x
−2 −1 3
2
1 1 2 3 x c − 12 ≤ x ≤ 2 d 1
2
≤ x < 4
−1
1
1 2 x −
2 −1 2 x 1 4x
2 2
−1
3a x > 4 bx ≤ 2
m y n y cx < 2 d x ≤ −1
1
e −2 ≤ x < 1 f −6 ≤ x ≤ 15
−1 2 4ai 0 < x < 4 ii x < 0 or x > 4
1 2 x
b i −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ii x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 3
−1
1
c i x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 2 ii 0 < x < 2
−2
−1 1 2 x

849  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 5 a −2 < x < 4 b x < − 1 or x > 3 e −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 12 f −1 < x < 4
y y
y y
Answers 5A

−1 1 12 x
−2 4x −1 3x
4

−3 −1 4 x
1
c x ≤ −3 or x ≥ −1 dx < 2
or x > 5 10 a −1 < x < 3 b x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 9
y y c x < −4 or x > 2 d −14 ≤ x ≤ −2
11 a x < −1 or x ≥ 1 b3 < x < 5
c −4 < x ≤ −2 12 dx < 3
2
or x > 4
5
5
e1 < x < 3 f 3
< x ≤ 3
1 5 x
1
−3 −1 x 2
12 a −1 < x < 5 b 3
≤ x ≤ 3

−1 5 x 1 3 x
6 a −3 < x < 3 b x < 0 or x > 6 3
c x ≤ −10 or x ≥ 10 d −4 ≤ x ≤ 0 c x ≥ 9 or x ≤ 5 d −2 < x < 1
7 a x = 7 or −7 b x = 0
5 9 x −2 1 x
c −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 d x < −5 or x > 5
1 2
e − 14 < x < 1
f x ≤ − 32 or x ≥ 3 e x > 2 or x < 3
f x ≥ 5
or x ≤ −2
4 2
8a0 < x < 1 b x < 0 or x > 3 1 2 x −2 2 x
3 5
c 0 < x ≤ 12 d x ≤ − 34 or x > 0
9 a −3 < x < 1 b x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 4 13 a x = 0
b x < 0 or x > 0 (or simply x ≠ 0)
y y
c x ≤ −5 or x ≥ 5
4
d x < 0 or x > 25
e No solution for x.
−3 1 x
f x = 1
−3 1 4 x 14 a 12 < x ≤ 3 b −3 < x < −2
c x < 1 or x ≥ 3 d x < − 17 or x > 2
15 a The first holds when x is positive, the second when x
c x < −4 or x > −2 d −2 ≤ x ≤ 3
is negative.
y y
b i −2 < x < 2 or −10 < x < − 6
−2 3 x ii 3 ≤ x < 4 12 or 12 < x ≤ 2
8 16 a false: x = 0 b false: x = 1
c true
2

d false: x = 12 or x = −2
x e false: x = −1 f true
−4 −2
−6 g false: x = −1 h true
17 a No solutions b No solutions
c All real x d x = 53
18 a An absolute value must be positive.
bx > 1

850
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 19 −1 ≤ x < 0 or 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
e y f y
20 a | x − a | + | x − b | = (x − a) + (b − x) < c

Answers 5A–5B
(x − a) (b − x)
a x b
−2 9
b | x − a | + | x − b | = (x − a) + (x − b)
−4 2x
= (b − a) + 2 (x − b) < c
(x − b)
(b − a) x
1 3
a b x x < −4 or x = 1 or x = 3
−2 < x < 0 or x > 2
c | x − a | + | x − b | = (a − x) + (b − x)
= (b − a) + 2 (a − x) < c 4a y
(a − x)
(b − a)
x a b
−2
d The result follows directly from parts a, b and c. 2 x
e −3 < x < 7

Exercise 5B
f (x) = x (x − 2) (x + 2)
1 a x ≤ 0 or 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 b y c y
b −2 < x < 0 or 2 < x < 4
5
c 0 < x < 3 or x > 3 x
d x = 0 or x ≥ 4
e x = −3 or x = 3
2 x
f x = −3 or x ≥ 0
2 a x −2 −1 0 1 2 c y

y 3 0 1 0 −9 f (x) = x 2 (x − 5) f (x) = x (x − 2)2

sign + 0 + 0 − 1 5 a −2 < x < 0 or x > 2
b x < 0 or 0 < x < 5
b Solution: x ≤ 1
−1 1 x c x ≤ 0 or x = 2
6a x −1 0 1 3 4
y − 14 0 − 12 * 16
3a y b y sign − 0 − * +

b x < 0 or 0 < x < 3

3
7 a x < 1 or 3 < x < 5
2 4 x b x ≠ 1 and x ≠ 3 (alternatively,
x < 1 or 1 < x < 3 or x > 3)
−3 −1 x
c −2 < x ≤ 4 d −3 < x < 0 or x > 3
−3 < x < −1 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 or x ≥ 4 e −3 < x < −1 f x < 0 or 0 < x < 5
c y d y g x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 5 h −2 ≤ x < 0 or x ≥ 2
i x < −3 or 0 < x ≤ 2
−2 8 a i y = x (x + 1) (x − 1), x = −1, 0 or 1
1 x −2 ii y = (x − 2) (x − 1) (x + 1), x = −1, 1 or 2
2 x iii y = (x + 2)2 (x − 2), x = −2 or 2
−4

x = −2 or x ≥ 1 x ≤ −2 or 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
851  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 b i y ii y v Vertical asymptote: x = −2. As x → −2+, y < 0
so y → −∞, and as x → −2−, y > 0 so y → ∞.
Answers 5B–5C

2 d i Domain: x ≠ −2 12. When x = 0, y = 1.

−1 ii When y = 1, x = 0. When y = −1, x = −5.
1 x −1
x v Vertical asymptote: x = −2 12.
1 2 +
As x → −2 12 , y > 0 so y → ∞,
−
and as x → −2 12 , y < 0 so y → −∞.
iii y
c y d y
−2
2 x 1 1
x −5 −2 12
−8 −4 −2 x
−1 −1

9 a zero for x = 0, undefined at x = 3, positive for

x < 0 or x > 3, negative for 0 < x < 3 2 y i Domain: x ≠ 1.
b zero for x = 4, undefined at x = −2, positive for ii When y = 1,
x < −2 or x > 4, negative for −2 < x < 4 x = 1 + √2 or
c zero for x = −3, undefined at x = −1, positive for x = 1 − √2.
x < −3 or x > −1, negative for −3 < x < −1 2 (2, 2) iii Horizontal
10 a x ≤ −4 or −3 < x ≤ 1 1 asymptote y = 0,
b −2 < x < −1 12 or x > 1
y → 0 as x → ∞
2 1 − √2 1 1 + √2 x
and as x → − ∞.
c − 12 ≤ x < 1 12 or x ≥ 2 12
v Vertical asymptote x = 1. As x → 1+, y > 0 so
y → ∞ and as x → 1−, y > 0 so y → ∞.
Exercise 5C
3 y i Domain: x ≠ 2.
1 2 3
1 In each case y → 0 as x → ∞ and as x → − ∞. x ii When y = −1,
a i Domain: x ≠ 1. When x = 0, y = −1. − 14 −1 x = 1 or 3.
ii When y = 1, x = 2. When y = −1, x = 0. iii Horizontal
v Vertical asymptote: x = 1. As x → 1+, y > 0 so asymptote y = 0,
y → ∞, and as x → 1−, y < 0 so y → −∞. y → 0 as x → ∞
b i Domain: x ≠ 3. When x = 0, y = 23 . and as x → − ∞.
ii When y = 1, x = 1. When y = −1 at x = 5.
v Vertical asymptote x = 2. As x → 2+, y < 0 so
v Vertical asymptote: x = 3. As x → 3+, y < 0 so
y → −∞, and as x → 2−, y < 0 so y → −∞.
y → −∞, and as x → 3−, y > 0 so y → ∞.
a b y 4a y b y
y
2
3 1 2
2
1 1 1
1 3 5 −2 −1 3 x
x x 1 x 12
12 −1 −1 −1
−1

c i Domain: x ≠ −2. When x = 0, y = −1.

ii When y = 1, x = −4. When y = −1, x = 0.

852
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 5 y The curves also meet 11 a y b y
where x = 1 − √7

Answers 5C
1 and x = 1 + √7.
2 (2, 12)
2 c Range: y ≥ − 43 . 1 1
−1 3 x −1 −1
−1 e Range: y ≤ − 34
−2 2 x −2 x
−1
(1, − 34 ) or y > 0. −1

6a y b Range: y ≤ 1. 12 a b
y y

1 (−2, 1) 1
−2√2 2√2 x 1
−1 √3
−2 2 x 1 x
1 1 2 3 −√3
−1 −
3 −1 (2, −1)

7 y b 12
c y d y
d As x → ∞ or
x → −∞, y → 0.
e2 1
2
2 1
1 1 3 x 2 x
−1
−1 1 x

8 y a −2
1 13
x c As x → ∞ or y
−13 (1, − 12)
x → −∞, y → 0.
−2
−3 d − 12
1
θ
−1 180° 360°

9a i y ii Domain:
a Domain: 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360° except that θ ≠ 90° and
0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, except
θ ≠ 270°.
that θ ≠ 90° and
1 b tan θ = 0 at θ = 0°, θ = 180° and θ = 360°.
180° θ θ ≠ 270°.
c Domain: 0° < θ < 360°, except that θ ≠ 90°,
−1 360° Range: y ≤ −1 or
θ ≠ 180° and θ ≠ 270°
y ≥ 1.
d0
f Range: y ≠ 0.
14 a y b y
b i y ii Domain: 1
2
0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°,
except that θ ≠ 0°, −1 1 x
1
1
360° θ ≠ 180° and x
1 2
−1 180° θ θ ≠ 360°.
Range:
y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1.

853  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 15 The problem is that zero does not have a reciprocal. c y
4
For example, y = −x 2 has a maximum of 0 when
Answers 5C–5D

y = f(x) × g(x) 3
−1 y = f(x)
x = 0, and y = has an asymptote at x = 0, 2

x2 1

not a minimum. The statement should be, ‘When −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x

y = g(x) −1
−2
one curve has a non-zero local maximum, the other
−3
curve has a non-zero local minimum.’
16 y = x − 2, for x ≠ 2 4 y
2

Exercise 5D
1
1a y b 6
y
4
5
3 4
y = f(x) −1 1 x
3 y = f(x)
2
2 y = f(x) + g(x)
1
y = f(x) + g(x) 1 5 y

−1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6x
−1 −1
y = g(x) −2 2
−2 y = g(x)
1
c y
6 −1 1 2x
5 −1
4
3 y = f(x)
2 6c y
1 y = f(x) + g(x)
4
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6x
−1
−2
−3 y = g(x)
1
−4
−1 −1 1 2 x
2a y b y
5 y = f(x)
5
4
4
y = f(x) y = g(x) 3
3
2 7 y
2
1
1

−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6x −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6x
−1 y = g(x)
−2
1
−2 y = f(x) - g(x)
y = f(x) - g(x) −3
−3
−1 1 2 x
−1
c y
y = f(x) - g(x)6
5
4 8 a  i y ii y
3 y = f(x)
4
2
1
2

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 2 1
−1
−2 y = g(x)
−3 1 −1 1 2 x
−4 −1
−1 1 2 x
3a y b y −1 −2
4 5
y = g(x) 4 y = f(x)
3
b i y ii y
2 3
4 4
1 2
1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 x 2 2
y = f(x) −1
−2 y = g(x)
−2 1 1
−3 y = f(x) × g(x)
−3
y = f(x) × g(x)
−1 1 2 x −1 1 2 x
−1 −1
854
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 9b y c y d y
4
2 2

Answers 5D
1 1
1 −2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x
x −1 −1
−1 1 2
−1 −2 −2

c Because 0 ≤ x 2 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1, the 15 a y b y

2 2
product will also lie between 0 and 1 inclusive.
10 b y 1 1
4
−2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x
−1 −1
2
−2 −2
1

−1 1 2 4 x c y d y
−1 2
2
11 y 1 1

3 x −2 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1 1 2
−1 −1
2
−2 −2
1

−1 1 2 3 x
−1 16 a
f (x) even, g (x) even
12 a y b y s (x) even
2 1
d (x) even
1
p (x) even

−1 1 2 x f (x) odd , g (x) odd

−1 1 x
s (x) odd
−1 −1 d (x) odd
c y p (x) even
f (x) even, g (x) odd
s (x) neither
1
d (x) neither
−1 1 x p (x) odd
−1
b s (−x) = f (−x) + g (−x)
13 y
= −f (x) − g (x)
= − ( f (x) + g (x) )
1 = −s (x)
17 a y b y

1 2 3 4 x

2 2
−1
1 1
14 a b y −2
y
−1 1 2 3 4 x
2 2 −1 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1
1 1
−2 −1
−2 −1 1 2 x 1 2 x
−1 −1
−2 −2
855  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 c y iii y bi y
2
Answers 5D–5E

2 2
1 1
−2 −1 2 4 x
1 2 3 4 x
−1 −2 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1

18 a (1, −4), (1, 4) and (2, −3), (2, 3) ii y iii y

d y
2

y=x−3 2 1
4 y = g(x) 1
3 x
−2 −1 1 2
−1
y = f(x) −2 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1 123 x −1

−3
−4 c i y ii y

2 2
1 1
19 a As x → ∞ and as x → −∞, s (x) − (x + 1) → 0.
b y = −x + 5 c y = 3x − 5 −2 −1 1 2 x x
−1 −2 −1 1 2
−1
Exercise 5E
iii y
1a y b y 2

3 3 1

−2 −1 1 2 x
−2 −1 −1
−3 1 2 3 x
1 3 x
3a y b y
c y
3
1 1

x −1 1 2 x
1 3 x −1 1 2
−1 −1

−3
ii 4a i y ii y
2a i y y
1 1

2 2 1 2 x
1 2 x

2 4 x −2 2 4 x −1
−4 −1
−2

856
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 b i y ii y 7 a As x → ± ∞, √f (x) → 2, hence y = 2 will be the
1 1 horizontal asymptote of the transformed graph.

Answers 5E
b y

1 2 x
1 2 x y=2

−1 1
−1 −1 x
1
−1
c i y ii y y = −2

1 1 8a y bi y
−2
1 2 x
−2 1 2 x −1 1
−1 y=1 2
1

−1 −1 x −1−1 1 2 x
5a y bi y 1 2
2
2
ii y iii y
−1 2 x
−1 2 x 2
−2 1 1
−2 −1 1 2 x −1 1 2 x
−1 −1
ii y iii y −2
2
2 9a y

−1 2 x
−1 2 x
2
1
−2
−2 −2 −1 −1 1 2 x
−2
6a y bi y

2 b i y ii y
2
2 y = √2 2
−2 −1 x 1 y = √2
1 2 1
−2 −1 1 2 x −1 x
−1 −1 1 2 −1−1 1 2 x

y = −√2
ii y iii y
10 a y
2 2
2

x x 1
−2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2
−1 −1
−2 −1 1 2 x
−1

857  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 b i y ii y ii First, the parts of the original graph y = f (x)
2 below the x-axis were lost when sketching the
Answers 5E–5F

2
1 function ∣ y ∣ = f (x). Secondly, the parts of the
1
x graph of ∣ y ∣ = f (x) below the x-axis will be lost
−2 −1 1 2
−2 −1 1 2 x −1 in the steps of Box 14.
−1
−2

c y
Exercise 5F
1a y b y
3
2 2
1 3
−2 −1−1 1 2 3 x
2 x 3 x
i ii −2 −3
y y
3
3 c y d y
−3 3 x
−3 3x −3 (−1,1)

−1 1 x x
 he transformed graph is y = √x − 1, which is
11a i T (−1,−1)
vertical at x = 1 (it is the graph y = √x shifted
1 unit right).
e y f y
ii The transformed graph is y = | x − 1 |, which
meets the axis at 45°. 2 2
iii The transformed graph is y = (x − 1)2, which is
horizontal at x = 1. x
−1 1 x
b When f (x) < 1, we know that √f (x) > f (x), so
−2
that y = √f (x) is always steeper than y = f (x) at a
zero of the original function. Because y = √x − 1
is vertical at x = 1, y = √ g h
4
x − 1 must be also. y y
12 y The two lines of the graph
2
are inclined at 45° to the
axes.
−4 x 1 x
x
−2

2 Original is a function: all except part f. Inverse is a

14 a y bi y function: part a, c, d, f, h
2 2 3 One-to-one: part a, c, d, h. Many-to-one: part e, g.
1 1 One-to-many: part b, f
x + 2
−2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x 4a y = b y = 2x − 2 c y = 6 − 2x
−1 −1 3
−2 dy = x − 1 e y = − 52x + 5 f x = 2
−2

858
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 5a y b y iii y iv y
2

Answers 5F
1 −2 x
1 (2,2)
−4 2
−2 1 x −2 1 x −2 1
−2 −2
1 x
−4

c y d y x = y 2 − 4. x = y 2 + 1.
6
1 The original relation The original relation is
is a function, but its a function, but its
3 inverse is not. inverse is not.
(2,2) −1 1 x
−1 b i For the original, domain: 1 ≤ x ≤ 7, range:
x −2 ≤ y ≤ 2. For the inverse, domain:
3 6 −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, range: 1 ≤ y ≤ 7.
e y f y iv For the function, domain: all real x, range: y ≥ 1.
For the inverse function, domain: x ≥ 1, range: all
5 real y.
9 a x = y2 b x = 2y − y 2
2
( 107 , 107 ) y y
2 2
1
1
2 5 x 2 x
x
1 1 2x + 2 −1 1 x 1 2
6ai y = ii y = − 1 iii y =
x − 1 x x − 1 −1
2x
iv y =
3 − x c y = x 2, where x ≤ 0 d x = − √4 − y 2
b i For the function, domain: x ≠ 0, range: y ≠ 1. y y
For the inverse function, domain: x ≠ 1, range: 2
y ≠ 0. 1
iv For the function, domain: x ≠ −2, range: y ≠ 3. 1 −2 2 x
For the inverse function, domain: x ≠ 3, range: −1 x
y ≠ −2. −2
−1
7 Each inverse is identical to the original function.
Therefore the graph is symmetric about the line
10 a Inverse: x = 3y − 10, where y < 2.
y = x.
1
Hence y = (x + 10), where x < −4.
8ai y ii y 6
5 2 b Inverse: x = 13 − 6y, where y ≥ 3.
−4 (−1,−1) 2 1
3 Hence y = (13 − x), where x ≤ −5.
x 6
c Inverse: x = y 3 + 2, where y < 3.
1 Hence y = √ 3
x − 2, where x < 29.
1 3 5 x −4 d Inverse: x = y 2 − 3, where y ≥ −2.
Hence y 2 = 3 + x, where y ≥ −2, which is not a
(x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9 function because x = −2 corresponds to y = 1 and
x + (y − 3) = 4.
2 2
The inverse relation is the also to y = −1
Neither the original same as the original 12 a i One-to-one ii Many-to-one iii One-to-many
relation nor its inverse
relation, and is not a b Parts i and iii
is a function.
function.
859  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 13 a One-to-one b One-to-many 7 a Show that h −1 ( h (x) ) = x and h ( h −1 (x) ) = x.
c Many-to-one d Many-to-many 1
b h −1 (x) = + 3
Answers 5F–5H

16 b No. Look at y = x 2, which is even. Its inverse is x

x = y 2, which is not even. c h (x) = g ( f (x) ) , where f (x) = x − 3
1
and g (x) = .
x
Exercise 5G −1
8 a f (x) = 3 x + 23 , where 1 ≤ x ≤ 10.
1

1 b They are inverse functions, that is, g (x) = f −1 (x) b f −1 ( f (x) ) has domain 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, and f ( f −1 (x) )
and f (x) = g −1 (x). has domain 1 ≤ x ≤ 10.
3 a Let y = 2x + 5. 9a0 ≤ x ≤ 2 bx > 0
The inverse is x = 2y + 5 y y
y = f −1(x) y = f(x)
2y = x − 5 2
y = 12 (x − 5) 2
so f −1 (x) = 12 (x − 5) −2 x 1 y = f −1(x)
y = f(x)
1 −2
ii f −1 (x) = √3
c   i y = (4 − x) x + 2
3 1 x
1
iii f −1 (x) = + 5 c x < − 1 or x ≥ 1 dx ≥ 0
x
y y
4 a It fails the horizontal line test, for example
y = f −1(x)
f (1) = f (−1) = 1, so the inverse is not a function. 1 &
b f −1 (x) = x 2, where x ≥ 0. y = f(x) y = f(x)
−1
c It fails the horizontal line test, for example x
1 1
f (1) = f (−1) = 1, so the inverse is not a function.
1 −1
d f −1 (x) = (x − 1)3 y = f −1(x)
1 x
e It fails the horizontal line test, for example
f (1) = f (−1) = 8, so the inverse is not a function. 10 a g ( f (x) ) = aα x + bα + β. Put aα = 1 and
f f (x) = √9 − x
−1 bα + β = 0
g It fails the horizontal line test, for example b One example is f (x) = x + 1, g (x) = 2x + 1,
1 h (x) = 12 x − 32
f (1) = f (−1) = , so the inverse is not a function.
3 11 The empty function has no ordered pairs, so its
−1 1 − 3x
h f (x) = i f −1 (x) = − √x inverse relation also has no ordered pairs, and
1 + x
is therefore the empty function. Thus the empty
j f −1 (x) = 1 + √1 + x k f −1 (x) = 1 − √1 + x function is the inverse function of itself.
x + 1
l f −1 (x) =
x − 1 Exercise 5H
5 b The inverse of the first, x = −y 2, is not a function.
The second is a natural restriction of the domain of 1a
t −6 −4 −2 −1 0 1 2 4 6
the first so that its inverse y = √−x is a function.
x −24 −16 −8 −4 0 4 8 16 24
6 a gradient = a b x = ay + b
y 72 32 8 2 0 2 8 32 72
c The equation can be solved for y when a ≠ 0.
or The graph is a non-horizontal line when a ≠ 0. b x 2 = 8y    c t = 0 2 a x 2 = 2y  b t = 0
x b 1 y
d y = − , gradient = . A non-zero number and x2 = 8y y
a a a x2 = 2y
its reciprocal have the same sign. t = −1
t = −1
e Reflection in y = x exchanges the rise and run in 2 1
t=1 2
every gradient construction. t=1
−4 4 x
−1 1 x
t=0
t=0

860
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 3 c As p → ∞, x → ∞ and y → 0. c y
As p → − ∞, x → − ∞ and y → 0.

Answers 5H
As p → 0+, x → 0 and y → ∞.
As p → 0− x → 0 and y → − ∞ 1 4
1 x
y 4 b ii y
4
3 −3

−2 11 a (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = r 2, circle with centre

−4 4x
1 x (3, −2) and radius r
−2 −3 b y = x tan θ − (3 tan θ + 2), straight line with
gradient tan θ
x2 y2
+ = 1 12 a The point (0, 1) is missing, because when x = 0,
16 9
t = − 12, so y = −1. b One-to-one
5a
t −2 −1 0 1 2
13 a Without the variable z and the third equation,
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0
the curve would be a circle. Because of the third
y −5 −3 −1 −1 3 equation, as t increases, the height z of the curve in
b When x increases by 1, y increases by 2, so it is a the third dimension increases, so the curve never
line with gradient 2. meets back up with itself. Instead it describes a
c From the last column, when x = 0, y = 3. spiral heading upwards (and downwards as
d y = 2x + 3 t → −∞), with the curve remaining distant 1 unit
6 a i A = (−3, −5), B = (−1, 1), gradient = 3 from the z-axis.
x2 y2
ii When x = 0, t = 1 12 , so y = 4 b One-to-one − = 1
16 9
iii y = 3x + 4 14 c y
cx ad − bc
b i y = 32 x + 52 ii y = +
a a
7 a 2x + y − 7 = 0
b 4 (y + 4)2 − 9 (x − 1)2 = 36 −4
4 x
c y = x2 − 2
d x2 + y2 = 2
8b y
1
x d Many-to-one
15 Cartesian equation: y
−3 r=2 x 2 − y 2 = 1,
where x > 0. 1
1 x
−1
9 The point (1, 0) is missing, because when y = 0,
t = 0, so x = −1.
10 a y b y 16 a i Nothing ii Rotation of 180° about O
iii Reflection in the x-axis
iv Reflection in the y-axis
1 1
1 x 1 x

861  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 b They are inverse relations. 8 y y = f(x) 9 y
3
c The graph is all in the first quadrant.
Answers 5H–5 review

x = −√3
d The graph is a subset of the line y = x. − 12 1
1
1 −2 2 x
x
Chapter 5 review exercise −1 2 3
y = f(x)
−2 −1
1a x ≤ 4 y = f(x)
1
x = √3
0 4 x
b −4 < x ≤ 6
−4 6 x d As x → 2−,
c x > −12. y → −∞ , and as
−12 0 x x → 2+, y → + ∞.
2a3 ≤ x ≤ 5 b x < 0 or x > 6 10 a y b y
4
c x < − or x > 3
3 4
3
3 a −3 < x < 3 b x ≤ −6 or x ≥ 2 1
3 −1 1
c −3 ≤ x ≤ 8 −4 −3−2 −1 x − 3 1 2 x
−1 2
4a0 < x < 5 b x < 3 or x ≥ 6 − 2
3
c −2 ≤ x < −1
5 a The zeroes are −2, 0 and 3.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 3 4 11 a i Vertical asymptote: x = −1.
y −18 0 4 0 −6 0 24 ii Vertical asymptote: x = 2.
sign − 0 + 0 − 0 + iii Vertical asymptotes: x = 5 and x = −5.
b Zero: x = 0, discontinuities: x = −5 and x = 5.
b f (x) is positive for −2 < x < 0 and for x > 3, and
negative for x < −2 and for 0 < x < 3. x −1 −60 1 −5 5 6
c x ≤ −2 or 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 1 1
y − 24 * 0 − *
24
d y 11 6 6 11

sign − * + 0 − * +
As x → (−5) , y → −∞, and as x → (−5)+,
−
−2 y → ∞. As x → 5−, y → −∞, and as x → 5+,
3 x y → ∞.
12 d
y
4
3
6 a Zeroes are 1 and 3.
−2 −1
x 0 1 2 3 4 x
12
y 9 0 −1 0 −3
− 43
sign + 0 − 0 −
b x ≤ 1 or x = 3
13 a y b y
c y y = f(x)

9 y = f(x)

1 y = g(x) 1

1 3 x −2 −1 1 2 x −2 −1 1 2 x
y = g(x)
−1 −1

7a0 < x < 5 b x < 3 or x ≥ 6

c −2 ≤ x < −1

862
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 c y 17 a y = f(x) b y
y
1

Answers 5 review
y = f(x) x = f (y)
1 y = f −1(x)
1 −1 1
−1
−2 −1 1 2 x x
1 x
−1
y = f (x)
y = g(x) −1 −1

14 a i y = f(x) ii y Inverse is not a

y y = f(x) Inverse is a function
y = g(x) function
y = g(x) 1
1 c y = f (x) d y
y
x −2 −1 1 2 x y = f −1(x)
−2 −1 1 2 1
−1
−1

1
−1 1 x y = f(x)
iii y
y = f(x)
−1 1 x
x = f (y)
y = g(x)
1 Inverse is not a Inverse is a function
function
−2 −1 1 2 x 5 3x
−1 18 a y = 13 (5 − x) by = + 3 cy =
x x − 5
dy = √
3
x − 5
b The original graphs and your answers should be
19 a f −1 (x) = 2 (x − 4) b f −1 (x) = √
3
x − 2
even.
3
c f −1 (x) =
15 a y b y x + 6
20 a
2 t −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
1
2 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 −1 3 x
−2 y −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
−1 3 x
−2 b y c y = 2x + 2
8t =1
c y d y t=0
t = −3 4 t = −1
2 2 t = −2
1 1 −2
−1 3 x −1 3 x 2 x
−2 −2 t = −4
t = −5 −4
21 a t −6 −4 −2 −1 0 1 2 4 6

16 a y b y x −3 −2 −1 − 12 0
1
2
1 2 3
4 4
3 3 1 1
2 2 y 9 4 1 4 0 4 1 4 9
1 1
−1
−1 3 x 3 x

863  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 b y c y = x2 15 a i 12√22 ii 32√2
1
t = −6 t=6 16 a 1 b c4 d1
Answers 5 review–6C

9 2

18 a ∠QPR = 90° − θ, so ∠RPS = θ.

4 t=4 h b
b and
a h
t = −2 1 t=2
21 a 108°
−3 −1 1 3 x
22 y
a (x + 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 Exercise 6B
(x + 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 b It is a circle with centre
2 1 2.65 metres
(−1, 1) and radius 1 unit.
2 63°
1 3 55 km
4 038°T
−2 −1 x 5 13.2 metres
6 2.5 metres
23 y 2
y = 7 77 km
x + 2 8 23 metres
1 9 73°
−3 t = 0
x 10 21.3 metres
−2
11 11°
t = − 32 −2
12 a 46° b 101°T
13 b 67 km
14 a ∠PQR = 360° − (200° + 70°) = 90°
Chapter 6
(using co-interior angles on parallel lines and the
Exercise 6A fact that a revolution is 360°)
1 a 35 b 34 c 45 d 45 e 35 f 43 b 110° + 39° = 149°T
2 a 0.4067 b 0.4848 c 0.7002 d 0.9986 15 a 5.1 cm b 16 cm
e 0.0349 f 0.8387 g 0.0175 h 0.9986 c PQ = 18 sin 40°, 63°25′
3 a 1.5697 b 0.8443 c 4.9894 d 0.9571 17 457 metres
e 0.6833 f 0.1016 g 0.0023 h 0.0166 18 a y = x tan 39° and y + 7 = x tan 64°
4 a 76° b 46° c 12° d 27° 19 a If ∠RBQ = α, then ∠RQB = 90° − α (angle sum
e No such angle — cos θ cannot exceed 1. of ΔBQR) and so ∠RQP = α (complementary
f 39° g 60° angles). Therefore ∠QPR = 90° − α (angle sum of
h No such angle — sin θ cannot exceed 1. ΔPQR) and so ∠QPC = α (complementary angles).
5 a 41°25′ b 63°26′ c 5°44′ d 16°42′ Thus ∠RBQ = ∠RQP = ∠QPC.
e 46°29′ f 57°25′ 22 a If OA = OB = x and OP = y, then
6 a 13 b 19 c 23 d 88 AP − PB = (x + y) − (x − y) = 2y = 2 × OP.
7 a 53° b 41° c 67° d 59°
8 a 12
13
b 5
12
c 13
12
5
d 12 e 13
12
f 13
5
Exercise 6C
9 a 6 and 17 1 a 15 cm b 17 cm c 28°
b i 15
17
ii 45 iii 34 iv 17
8
v 53 vi 15
8 2 a i 90° ii 90° iii 90° b i √2 ii √3
√3 c i 35° ii 35°
10 a b 1
c 1
d2 e √2 f √3
2 √3 √2
3 a i 2√5 cm ii 2√6 cm b 90° c 66°
11 a 19.2 b 21.6 c 30.3 d 8.3
12 a 29.78 b 10.14 c 16.46 d 29.71 4 a i 90° ii 90° iii 90° b i 2 cm ii 2√2 cm
13 a 36°2′ b 68°38′ c 34°44′ d 38°40′ c i 72° ii 65°
e 54°19′ f 70°32′ 5 a i 90° ii 90° b 27°
14 b 3 c 13√5 , 23 6 a 3√2 cm b 43°
7 a BQ = 30 tan 72° b 145 m
864
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-46907-4 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party