Electrical Circuits

Lec. (1)
Total Course
First and second order circuits

AC Circuits Analysis Theorems and Techniques

AC Steady State power calculations and power factor correction

Series and Parallel resonance

 References

Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 2nd Edition-McGraw-Hill Companies (2002)

Nilson and Riedal

Electric Circuit Analysis Book
9th edition
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT?
Electrical Circuit
Types of Electrical Circuits

Type of Source Current Type of Connection

AC DC Series Parallel
Components of Electrical Circuits

MAIN
 RESISTOR
• The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow
of electric current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).
 CAPACITOR
• A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field.
• Capacitors are used extensively in electronics, communications, computers, and
power systems.
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric).
• They are described by the dielectric material they are made of, and by whether
they are of fixed or variable type.
• The amount of charge stored, represented by q, is directly
proportional to the applied voltage v so that

• According to the passive sign convention, current

is considered to flow into the positive terminal of
the capacitor when the capacitor is being
charged, and out of the positive terminal when
the capacitor is discharging.
• Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the
voltage difference between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
• The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor
is

• The energy stored in the electric field that exists

between the plates of the capacitor is
❑A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.

❑The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.

❑The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from the circuit

when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when

delivering power to the circuit.

❑A real, non-ideal capacitor has a parallel-model leakage resistance. This leakage

resistance may be as high as 100 M and can be neglected for most practical

applications.
 Capacitors in Series

All the capacitors must have the same number of charges stored on them
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
Exercise
 INDUCTOR
• An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field.
• They are used in power supplies, transformers, radios, TVs, radars, and electric
motors.
• Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the
change of current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).
• The power delivered to the inductor is

• The energy stored is

❑ An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc.

❑ The current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously.

❑ The ideal inductor does not dissipate energy. The inductor takes power from the circuit

when storing energy and delivers power to the circuit when returning previously stored

energy.

❑ A non-ideal inductor has a significant resistive component. This resistance is called the

winding resistance Rw, and it appears in series with the inductance of the inductor. Since

Rw is usually very small, it is ignored in most cases.

 • The equivalent inductance of series-connected inductors is the sum
of the individual inductances.

• The equivalent inductance of parallel inductors is the reciprocal of the

sum of the reciprocals of the individual inductances.
 First Order Circuits
❑ Here, there are two types of simple circuits: a circuit comprising a resistor and capacitor (RC
Circuit) and a circuit comprising a resistor and an inductor (RL Circuit) .

❑ We carry out the analysis of RC and RL circuits by applying Kirchhoff’s laws.

❑ By applying Kirchhoff’s laws to purely resistive circuits results in algebraic equations, while
applying the laws to RC and RL circuits produces differential equations.
❑ There are two ways to excite the RC and RL circuits;

• The first way is called source-free circuits (Natural Response), we assume that energy is
initially stored in the capacitive or inductive element.

• The second way is called step response of exciting first-order circuits by using
independent sources. These sources will be considered as DC sources.
First Order Circuits
 THE SOURCE-FREE RC CIRCUIT
❑ The Source-Free response (natural response) of a circuit refers to the behaviour (in terms
of voltages and currents) of the circuit itself, with no external sources of excitation.

❑ A source-free RC circuit occurs when its DC source is suddenly disconnected. The energy
already stored in the capacitor is released to the resistors.

❑ The capacitor behaves as an open circuit in the

presence of a constant voltage. Thus, the voltage
source cannot sustain current, and so the source
voltage appears across the capacitor terminals.
• The capacitor is initially charged, we can assume that at
time t = 0, the initial voltage is
• This is a first-order differential equation, since only the
first derivative of v is involved. To solve it, we rearrange
the terms as
• At t = 0, we have the correct initial condition VO . As t increases,
the voltage decreases toward zero.
• The rapidity with which the voltage decreases is expressed in
terms of the time constant, denoted by the lower case Greek
letter tau, τ .
At t= τ,
• The smaller the time constant, the more rapidly the voltage
decreases, that is, the faster the response.
The current in the resistor ; since
Important Laws in Exponentials
Conclusion

The key to working with a Source-Free RC circuits finding:

1. The initial voltage v(0) = V0 across the capacitor.

(capacitor open circuit)

2. The time constant τ = RC .

R is often the Thevenin equivalent resistance at the terminals

of the capacitor (Voltage source short circuit)
(Current source open circuit).
 EXAMPLE(1)
• The switch in the circuit shown has been in position X for a long time. At t = 0, the
switch moves instantaneously to position y. Find

Solution
 EXAMPLE (2)
• let vC(0) = 15 V. Find vC(t), vx(t) , and ix(t) for t > 0.
 • This 20- resistor in parallel with the 5- resistor can be
combined so that the equivalent resistance is

The time constant

is

we can use voltage division to get vx; so

 EXAMPLE (3)
• The switch in the following figure has been closed for a long time, and it is
opened at t = 0.

A) Find v(t) for t ≥ 0.

B) Calculate the initial energy stored in the capacitor.

Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously,
the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0− is the same at t = 0, or

Fort > 0,
 THE SOURCE-FREE RL CIRCUIT
• Because the inductor appears as a short circuit ( For DC), the voltage
across the inductive branch is zero, and there can be no current in
either Ro or R. Therefore, all the source current Is , appears in the
inductive branch.
Summing the voltages around the closed loop gives,

Using x and y as variables of integration yield

Based on the definition of the natural logarithm,

The instantaneous change of current cannot occur in an
inductor. Therefore, in the first instant after the switch has
been opened, the current in the inductor remains
unchanged
 The power dissipated in the resistor

The energy delivered to the resistor during any interval of time

after the switch has been opened is
The coefficient of t -namely R/L- determines the rate at
which the current or voltage approaches zero. The reciprocal
of this ratio is the time constant of the circuit, denoted
Conclusion

The key to working with a Source-Free RL circuits finding:

1. The initial current I(0) = I0 Through the inductor.

(inductor short circuit)

2. The time constant τ = L/R .

R is often the Thevenin equivalent resistance at the terminals

of the capacitor (Voltage source short circuit)
(Current source open circuit).
 EXAMPLE (4)
• The switch in the circuit shown has been closed for a long time before it is
opened at t = 0. Find
 EXAMPLE (5)
• The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
is opened. Calculate i(t) for t > 0.
 When t < 0, the switch is closed, and the inductor acts as a
short circuit to dc. The 16- resistor is short-circuited; the
resulting circuit, combine 4- resistor with 12- resistor then
find i1 ;

By using current divider, find i (t),

When t > 0, the switch is open and the voltage source is
disconnected. We now have the RL circuit in the following
figure. Combining the resistors, we have
EXAMPLE (6)
 QUIZ
• If the switch in the following figure opens at t = 0, find v(t) for t ≥ 0
and wC(0).
 References
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-and-capacitance

• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electromagnetism/x4352f0cb3cc997f5:how-wireless-charging-and-
transformers-work/x4352f0cb3cc997f5:inertia-of-charging/v/what-are-inductors-self-inductance

• Inductors and Inductance (youtube.com)

• Capacitors and Capacitance: Capacitor physics and circuit operation (youtube.com)

• Separable differential equations introduction | First order differential equations | Khan Academy (youtube.com)