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EEC121 Lec2

This document covers the step response of RC and RL circuits, including natural responses and the effects of independent sources. It outlines the key elements required to analyze these circuits, such as initial voltages, time constants, and examples of calculations. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding the behavior of circuits when switches change positions and how to model responses accordingly.

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ramymohamed7801
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7 views43 pages

EEC121 Lec2

This document covers the step response of RC and RL circuits, including natural responses and the effects of independent sources. It outlines the key elements required to analyze these circuits, such as initial voltages, time constants, and examples of calculations. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding the behavior of circuits when switches change positions and how to model responses accordingly.

Uploaded by

ramymohamed7801
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Lec. (2) : Step Response Circuits


OBJECT

➢ Revision on Lecture (1).

➢ Step response of RC circuit

➢ Step response of RL circuit


REVISION ON LECTURE (1)

Electric
Circuit

Type of
Connection
Source

DC AC Series Parallel
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT MAIN ELEMENTS
There are two ways to excite the RC and
RL circuits;
 The first way is called source-free circuits
(Natural Response), we assume that energy
is initially stored in the capacitive or
inductive element.

 The second way is called step response of


exciting first-order circuits by using
independent sources. These sources will be
considered as DC sources.
FIRST ORDER CIRCUITS

THE SOURCE-FREE THE SOURCE-FREE


RC CIRCUIT RL CIRCUIT

First-Order
Circuits
THE STEP
THE STEP RESPONSE
RC CIRCUIT
RESPONSE RL
CIRCUIT
RC Natural Response RL Natural Response
CONCLUSION
 The key to working with a Source-Free RC circuits finding:
1. The initial voltage v(0) = V0 across the capacitor.
2. The time constant τ .
 In finding the time constant τ = RC, R is often the Thevenin
equivalent resistance at the terminals of the capacitor.
 The key to working with a Source-Free RL circuits finding:

1. The initial current i(0) = I0 pass through the inductor.


2. The time constant τ .
 In finding the time constant τ = L/R, R is often the Thevenin
equivalent resistance at the terminals of the Inductor.
EXAMPLE (1)
 For the circuit shown, find v 0 (t) for t > 0. Determine the time
necessary for the capacitor voltage to decay to one-third of its value
at t = 0.
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE (2)

 Theswitch in the circuit shown has been closed for a long


time. At t = 0 the switch is opened. Calculate i(t) for t > 0.
SOLUTION
STEP RESPONSE
 When the dc source of an RC or RL circuits is
suddenly applied, the voltage or current source
can be modelled as a step function, and the
response is known as a step response.
STEP RESPONSE OF RC CIRCUIT

By applying KCL;

❑ where v is the voltage across the capacitor. For t > 0,


❑ Integrating both sides and introducing the initial conditions,
• Taking the exponential of both sides

COMPLET RESPONSE
• If we assume that the capacitor is uncharged initially, we
set V0 = 0

• The current through the capacitor is obtained from


Forced Response

Transient Response
CONCLUSION
To find the step response of an RC circuit requires
three things:
1. The initial capacitor voltage v(0).
2. The final capacitor voltage v(∞).
3. The time constant τ .
 Note that if the switch changes position at time t = t 0

instead of at t = 0, there is a time delay in the response


by to;
NOTES
EXAMPLE (3)

 The switch in figure shown has been in position A


for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves to B.
Determine v(t) for t > 0 and calculate its value at t =
1 s and 4 s.
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE (4)

 The switch in the circuit shown has been in position 1


for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves to position 2.
Find
SOLUTION
 The switch has been in position 1 for a long time, so the
initial value of v0 is 40(60/80), or 30 V .We can solve the
problem by finding the Norton equivalent with respect to
the terminals of the capacitor for t > 0. To do this, we
begin by computing the open circuit voltage, which is
given by the 75 V source divided across the 40kΩ and 160
kΩ resistors:
STEP RESPONSE OF AN RL CIRCUIT
 Ourgoal is to find the inductor current as
the circuit response. Rather than apply
Kirchhoff’s laws, we will use another
simple technique;
• We know that the natural response essentially dies out after five time
constants. At that time, the inductor becomes a short circuit, and the
voltage across it is zero. The entire source voltage Vs appears across R.
Thus, the forced response is
• If the switching takes place at time t = t0
instead of t = 0,

• If the inductor has no stored energy


;
The voltage across the inductor is obtained using v = L di/dt. We get
CONCLUSION

• To find the step response of an RL circuit


requires three things:

1. The initial inductor current i(0) at t = 0+.


2. The final inductor current i(∞).
3. The time constant τ .
EXAMPLE (5)
 Att = 0, switch 1 in circuit shown is closed, and
switch 2 is closed 4 s later. Find i(t) for t > 0.
Calculate i for t = 2 s and t = 5 s.
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE (6)
 The switch in the circuit shown has been in position a for a long
time. At t = 0, the switch moves from position a to position b. The
switch is a make-before-break type; that is, the connection at
position b is established before the connection at position a is
broken, so there is no interruption of current through the inductor.
SOLUTION

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