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Thermodynamic System 01

Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and energy interconversion, focusing on macroscopic systems. Thermodynamic systems are classified into open, closed, and isolated systems based on their interaction with the surroundings, with each type allowing different exchanges of energy and matter. Properties of thermodynamic systems are categorized as intensive (independent of mass) and extensive (dependent on mass), and processes can involve changes in state or cycles returning to the initial state.

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17 views3 pages

Thermodynamic System 01

Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and energy interconversion, focusing on macroscopic systems. Thermodynamic systems are classified into open, closed, and isolated systems based on their interaction with the surroundings, with each type allowing different exchanges of energy and matter. Properties of thermodynamic systems are categorized as intensive (independent of mass) and extensive (dependent on mass), and processes can involve changes in state or cycles returning to the initial state.

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vijay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thermodynamic System

Thermodynamics is the scientific study of heat and temperature, as well as the


interconversion of energy into other types of energy. Because thermodynamics deals with a
bulk system rather than the molecular structure of matter, it is referred to as macroscopic
science.

A thermodynamic system is a group of matter and radiation that is enclosed in space by walls
with defined permeability that isolate it from its surroundings. Other thermodynamic
processes or physical components that are not thermodynamic systems may be present in the
surroundings. When the boundary of a thermodynamic system is described as being
permeable to everything, the energy can be exchanged between the system and the
surrounding. A thermodynamic system’s state can be completely described in a variety of
ways using various sets of thermal state variables. Washing machines, refrigerators, and air
conditioners are examples of thermodynamic systems.

Types of System in Thermodynamics


In thermodynamics, systems are classified based on their interactions with the surroundings.
Thermodynamic systems are classified as
 Open System
 Closed System
 Isolated System
These classifications help in analysing and understanding how energy and matter flow into or
out of a system.

Open System in Thermodynamics

An open system is one in which the thermodynamics system can interchange both energy and
matter with its surroundings. An open thermodynamic system seems to have at least one wall
that distinguishes it from a second thermodynamic system, which is considered a part of the
open system’s environment for this purpose. At least one pure substance, along with
radiation, can pass through the wall. Whenever the open system is in an equilibrium state, no
difference in temperature exists across it.

Examples of Open System in Thermodynamics

o A pool filled with water is an example of an open system. Water may enter and exit it.
It can be heated using a wind heating and cooling system.
o An automobile engine undergoing its thermodynamic cycle serves as a classic
example of an open system in thermodynamics. Both energy and matter are
exchanged between the system and surroundings.
o A refrigerator is another example of an open system in thermodynamics. It takes in
heat from the food inside (energy exchange) and expels that heat to the room (energy
exchange) while maintaining a lower temperature inside.

Closed System in Thermodynamics


A closed system is a system that can only interchange energy with its environment and
cannot transfer matter.
The total amount of matter in a closed thermodynamic system is constant while the energy is
not constant. The boundary of the system is sealed but not insulated. A closed system enables
neither reactants or products to enter or exit while still allowing energy transmission (heat
and light). A closed system can be used for investigations when the temperature is not a
problem.

Examples of Closed System in Thermodynamics

o A cylinder, for example, is kept closed by a valve. The cylinders can be heated or
chilled, but it never loses mass. At the same time, if we open the valve, the cylinder
operates like an open system.
o A sealed soft drink or water bottle is a closed system. While you can exchange heat
with the beverage (by placing it in a warm or cold environment), the bottle prevents
the exchange of matter between the liquid and the surroundings.
o A pressure cooker is a closed system where food is cooked. Heat is applied to the
cooker, and the pressure inside increases, allowing for faster cooking. However, it
does not exchange matter with the environment during cooking.

Isolated System in Thermodynamics


The walls of an isolated thermodynamic system are non-conductive to heat and flawlessly
reflect all radiation and are impervious to all kinds of matter and forces. An isolated system
cannot exchange material or energy with its surroundings. According to the Zeroth law of
thermodynamics, thermodynamic events do not affect the total energy of the system.

Examples of Isolated System in Thermodynamics

o A hot tea kept in a thermos flask is an example of an isolated system.


o An adiabatic chamber is another example.

Intensive Or Intrinsic Properties Of A Thermodynamic System:


Intrinsic properties are those that are irrespective of the system’s mass. Temperature,
pressure, specific volume, density, viscosity, and so on are inherent attributes that do not
depend on the mass of the system.
Extensive or Extrinsic Properties of a Thermodynamic System:
Extrinsic qualities are those that are affected by the system’s mass. The values of these
attributes are directly proportional to the system’s mass. Extrinsic attributes, such as total or
net volume, energy, and weight, gain value as system mass grows.
Thermodynamic Process:
When a system changes its state from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state, then
the path of successive states through which the system has passed is known as
thermodynamic process.
Thermodynamic Cycle or Cyclic Process:
When a process or processes are performed on a system in such a way that the final state is
identical with the initial state, it is then known as thermodynamic cycle or cyclic process.

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