Mine Surveying and GIS

(MIE 314)

Introduction to Geographic Information

Systems (GIS)

H. Mushonga

(2018)

240
Main objective
• The main objective of this lecture
is to give a working definition of
GIS, its components and possible
applications.

• G - Geographic
• I - Information
• S - Systems

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What is geographic
information?
• Information that is locational (spatial) and can be “mapped.”
• Typically involves:
What (features, facilities, objects)
Where (addresses, coordinates)
Relationships (proximity, connectivity)
What if (models, routes, surfaces)

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What is GIS?
GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating,
manipulating, analyzing and displaying data related to positions on the Earth's
surface (Stanford University, 2006).

A GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedures to facilitate the

management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, representation and display of
geo-referenced data to solve complex problems regarding planning and
management of resources (NCGIA,1990).

Is a computerized system that facilitates the phases of data entry, data analysis
and data presentation (Rolf A. de By, 2004).

GIS is a special case of information systems where the database consists of

observations on spatially distributed features, activities or events which are
definable in space as points, lines or areas. A geographic information system
manipulates data about these points, lines and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc
queries and analyses (Duecker, 1979,p 106). 243
Questions a GIS can answer
• GIS enables you to better evaluate your data using cartographic
tools, to display information stored in your database.

• With its capabilities for spatial analysis, GIS can reveal hidden
patterns and relationships between data that aren’t readily
apparent in spreadsheets or statistical packages.

Location - … Where is it?

Condition - … What is it?
Patterns - … How is it distributed?
Trends - … What has changed since…?
Modelling - … What if …?
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GIS components

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GIS components (CONT…)
All the 5 components need to be in balance for the system to be successful.

• The people are the component who actually makes the GIS work. They include
a plethora of positions including GIS managers, database administrators,
application specialists, systems analysts, and programmers. They are
responsible for maintenance of the geographic database and provide technical
support. People also need to be educated to make decisions on what type of
system to use.

• Procedures include how the data will be retrieved, input into the system,
stored, managed, transformed, analyzed, and finally presented in a final
output. The procedures are the steps taken to answer the question needs to
be resolved. The ability of a GIS to perform spatial analysis and answer these
questions is what differentiates this type of system from any other information
systems. make decisions on what type of system to use.

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• Hardware consists of the technical equipment needed to run a GIS
including a computer system with enough power to run the software,
enough memory to store large amounts of data, and input and output
devices such as scanners, digitizers, GPS data loggers, media disks, and
printers. (Carver, 1998).

• Software - There are many different GIS software packages available

today. All packages must be capable of data input, storage, management,
transformation, analysis, and output, but the appearance, methods,
resources, and ease of use of the various systems may be very different.
Today’s software packages are capable of allowing both graphical and
descriptive data to be stored in a single database, known as the object-
relational model. Before this innovation, the geo-relational model was
used. In this model, graphical and descriptive data sets were handled
separately. The modern packages usually come with a set of tools that can
be customized to the users needs (Lo, 2002).

• DATA - Perhaps the most time consuming and costly aspect of initiating a
GIS is creating a database. There are several things to consider before
acquiring geographic data. It is crucial to check the quality of the data
before obtaining it. Errors in the data set can add many unpleasant and
costly hours to implementing a GIS and the results and conclusions of the 247
GIS analysis most likely will be wrong.
What makes GIS unique?
• Links graphics (maps) with attributes (data).
• Map data organised into discrete layers
• Continuous spatial data (no map sheets).
• Automated analysis
• Enhances data sharing
• Modelling capabilities
• Generates varied products (maps, reports)

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GIS data structure
• Stacked map layers: Each layer
represents a unique phenomena and
these layers can be superimposed.
• Layer for terrain features (objects),
tunnels, ore body.
• Layer is a group of homogenous features
(objects).

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Spatial data representation

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 Spatial data representation
1.(cont…)
Vector -A vector feature has its
shape represented using Geometry

• Point - Each point is stored by its

location (X, Y) together with the table
attribute of this point.
• For example, 4 points below has their
coordinate location in (X, Y) and each
point has attributes of deep and
amount of water contamination.

• Line- Each line is stored by the

sequence of first and last point
together with the associated table
attribute of this line. For example,
three lines below (a, b and c) have
their first and last node to distinguish
their location and each line has
attributes of flow and capacity of the
sewerage pipe. Notice that each node 251
has coordinate (X, Y) that is stored in
another table.
Spatial data representation
(cont…)
• Polygon - Polygon is represented by a closed sequence of lines. Unlike line
or poly-line (sequence of line), polygon always closed. That is, the first
point is equal to the last point. A polygon can be represented by a
sequence of nodes where the last node is equal to the first node. For
example, polygon A below has its first and last node in node number 1 to
settle its location. Aside from location attributes, the polygon has
associated attributes of area and bacterial population. Notice that each
node has coordinate (X, Y) that is stored in another table.

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2. Raster representation
• Continuous surfaces can be represented using the grid or raster data
Model in which a mesh of square cells is laid over the landscape and the
value of the variable defined for
each cell.

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1. Data acquisition/capture
• Paper maps

• Digital files

• Remotely sensed/satellite imagery

• Aerial photography

• Fieldwork

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 1. Data acquisition/capture
Data sources for GIS
• Paper maps, Digital files, Remotely sensed/satellite imagery, Aerial
photography, Fieldwork

Vector data Attribute data Raster data

Terrain Alpha- numerical Satellite Imagery

Measurements Input scanner
Aerial-photo Existing Attribute
Interpretation data 255

Digitisation
2. Data preparation and integration
(preprocessing)

• Format conversion

• Digitizing, scanning

• Edge matching and rectification

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Spatial data capture and
preparation
Method Devices
Manual digitizing • Coordinate entry via keyboard
• Digitizing tablet with cursor
• Mouse cursor on the computer
(heads-up digitizing)

Automatic digitizing • scanner

Semi-automatic digitizing • scanner

• Line following software

Input of available digital data • CD-ROD or DVD-ROM

• Via computer network or internet 257
(including geo-webservices)
5. Product generation
(data presentation)
Method Devices
Hard copy • Printer
• Plotter (pen plotter, ink-jet printer,
thermal transfer printer,
electrostatic plotter)
• Film writer
Soft copy • Computer screen

Output of digital data sets • Magnetic tape

• CD-ROM, DVD-ROM
The internet (incl. web-services)

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Benefits of a GIS
• Geospatial data is better maintained in a standard format.

• Revision and updating become easier.

• Search, analysis and representation is easier.

• More value added products

• Data can be shared and exchanged (capture once and use many
times).

• Time and cost saving

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• Decisions can be made
Application of GIS
Mining Urban planning, management
• 3D mine modeling and policy
• Monitoring environmental • Zoning, subdivision planning
impacts • Land acquisition
• Volume calculations • Economic development
• Plan preparation • Code enforcement
• Housing renovation programs
Environmental science • Emergency response
• Monitoring environmental risk • Crime analysis
• Modeling storm-water runoff
• Environmental impact
assessment
• Ground water modeling etc..

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Application of GIS
Civil engineering • Education Administration
• Locating underground facilities • Attendance area maintenance
• Coordination of infrastructure • Enrollment projections
maintenance • School bus routing
• Designing alignment of roads
Real estate
Political science • Neighbourhood land prices
• Redistricting • Traffic impact analysis
• Analysis of election results • Determination of highest and
• Predictive modelling best use (suitability analysis)

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Mine Surveying and GIS
(MIE 314)

GIS analysis

Hilary Mushonga

(2014)

262
ANALYSIS
• Analysis is about selecting those parts of your data which are
relevant to the task in hand, and using them to attempt to find
answers to questions.

• Analysis with GIS, is often termed spatial analysis.

• It is this ability to perform spatial analysis which makes GIS

different from drawing tools, Computer Aided Design (CAD)
tools, and mapping systems.

• Although GIS can be used to produce maps - and often to a

standard of quality equal to any 'mapping' tool - it is the very
combination of analysis with display, and data input and
management, capability that gives GIS its particular distinctive 263
properties.
Spatial analysis
• The most important function of GIS is to enable the analysis of the
spatial data and their attributes for decision support.
• Spatial analysis is done to answer questions about the real world:
Include the present situation of specific areas and features
The change in situation
The trends
The evaluation of capability

• Therefore spatial analysis ranges from simple arithmetic, logical

operation to complicated model analysis.

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(GIS) spatial analysis are classified
as follows:
• Query: retrieval of attribute data without altering the existing data by means
of arithmetic and logic operations.

• Reclassification: reclassification of attribute data by dissolving a part of the

boundaries and merging into new reclassified polygons.

• Neighborhood/Proximity analysis – analysis of connectivity between points,

lines and polygons in terms of distance, area, travel time, optimum paths etc.
Proximity analysis by buffering, seek analysis of optimum paths, network
analysis etc are included.

• Overlay analysis
• Surface creation - Interpolation
• Surface analysis - slope, aspect, cut and fill
• 3D analysis
• Network analysis
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Spatial query
• The retrieval of information without changing the original data or creating
new data
• Information results when data is combined to mean something.

EXAMPLES OF SPATIAL QUERIES

• POINTS: Which settlements fall within 10 kms of Unki mine?
• LINES: Which tunnels intersect the ore body?
• POLYGONS: Which mines lie within the Midlands province?
• MIX: Which mine claims lie on the Great Dykes?
• MIX: Which areas/parts of the mine are within 100 meters of the drill-
holes?

• QUERY BY ATTRIBUTE, LOCATION OR GEOMETRY

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Overlay analysis
• Overlay operations deal with the combination of several maps.

• Overlay operations generally form the core of GIS.

• They combine several maps and thus give new information that was
not present in the individual maps.

• New spatial elements are created by overlaying of maps.

• The values of two or more maps at a certain location will be

associated with a new value at that specific location.
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buffer
• When we look for areas described by a given distance or set of distances
from a feature, we are making a "buffer" of that feature

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Interpolation
Create a continuous surface from discrete
samples with measured values, such as
elevation or chemical concentration.

There are several interpolation tools,

and each has a variety of parameters
that influence the resulting surface.

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Volume calculation
• GIS tools can be used to calculate volumes from surface information.
• These tools calculate the difference in volume between a raster or TIN
surface and another surface.
• Depending on the tool, the other surface might be specified by a horizontal
plane at a given elevation or by a second raster or TIN surface.

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GIS for mines
• The resources in the earth's crust require sophisticated technology to
discover, extract, and manage. Since mining is inherently spatial, requiring
accurate knowledge of areas of the earth's surface and subsurface,
geospatial technology is best suited to intelligently oversee all phases of the
mine operation.

• GIS gives mining companies the tools they need to operate mines
responsibly and at optimum efficiency. It is a comprehensive, interoperable
technology specifically designed to compile, process, display, analyze, and
archive volumes of interdisciplinary data.

• Some uses of geographical information systems (GIS) in mining include mine

and ore body exploration, development, production, closure, reclamation,
and mine title application.
• Homework: Research on these applications 271
Questions????

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 End of module

best wishes for the exam

thank you!!!!

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