Features of OOP

IB Computer Science

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Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

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 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.1
Define the term: encapsulation

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Four OOP fundamentals:
• Abstraction (See Topic 4.1.17-20)
• Polymorphism (See Topic D.2.3&6)
• Inheritance (See Topic D.2.2&5)
• Encapsulation (See Topic D.2.1&4)

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Definition: Encapsulation
• Encapsulation is the technique of making the
states in a class private and providing access
to those states via public behaviours
(methods).
• In short: data and actions are limited to the
object in which they are created

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Encapsulation = Data Hiding
• If a state is declared private, it cannot be accessed
by any method outside the class, thereby hiding the
states (and their contents ) within the class.
• For this reason, encapsulation is also referred to as
data hiding.

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Example: UML

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Example: Java

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Side note: Java keyword this
Within a method/constructor, this is a reference to the
current object (the object whose method/constructor is being
called)

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Example of non-encapsulation: Java

This is potentially very dangerous as methods outside the class

can directly change an object’s state values.

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department

 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.2
Define the term: inheritance

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Four OOP fundamentals:
• Abstraction (See Topic 4.1.17-20)
• Polymorphism (See Topic D.2.3&6)
• Inheritance (See Topic D.2.2&5)
• Encapsulation (See Topic D.2.1&4)

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Definition: Inheritance
• Process whereby one object inherits the properties
(states and behaviours) of another object (pairs
called super/sub or parent/child classes)
• The Java keyword that implies inheritance is
extends

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Key points
• In programming, inheritance is implemented by using the
keyword extends in the sub class to connect it to its super
class
• This is called an ‘is-a’ relationship (See D.1.6)
• In Java, you can only inherit from one class at a time

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Example: UML

Super class /
Parent class

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Example: Java

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Example: Java

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department

 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.6
Explain the advantages of
polymorphism

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Four OOP fundamentals:
• Abstraction (See Topic 4.1.17-20)
• Polymorphism (See Topic D.2.3&6)
• Inheritance (See Topic D.2.2&5)
• Encapsulation (See Topic D.2.1&4)

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Reminder: Method signatures

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Reminder: Parts of a method

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Definition: Polymorphism
• Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words: poly and
morph. The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means
forms.
• So polymorphism means many forms; specifically in Java it
means that two methods can have the same name but
different contents/functions.
• In short: methods (behaviours) have the same name but
different parameter lists and processes

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Types of Polymorphism
A. Overloading (same class)
B. Overriding (different classes/inheritance)

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A. Overloading
• Overloading allows different methods to have same name,
but different signatures where signature can differ by
number of input parameters or type of input parameters or
both.

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B. Overriding
• Overriding allows a sub class to
provide a specific implementation
of a method that is already
provided by one of its super
classes.
• When a method in a subclass has
the same name, same parameters
or signature and same return type
as a method in its super-class, then
the method in the subclass is said
to override the method in the
super-class.
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Overloading vs Overriding
• Overloading is about same function have different
signatures (usually in the same class).
• Overriding is about same function, same signature but
different classes connected through inheritance.

Overriding

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Overloading Example: Java

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Overriding Example: Java

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Polymorphism Comparison: Java

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department

 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.4
Explain the advantages of encapsulation

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Four OOP fundamentals:
• Abstraction (See Topic 4.1.17-20)
• Polymorphism (See Topic D.2.3&6)
• Inheritance (See Topic D.2.2&5)
• Encapsulation (See Topic D.2.1&4)

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Advantages of Encapsulation
A. Data Hiding
B. Increased Flexibility
C. Reusability
D. Testing code is easy

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A. Data Hiding
• The user will have no idea about the inner
implementation of the class (implies security).
• It will not be visible to the user that how the class is
storing values in the variables.
• He/she only knows that we are passing the values to
a setter method and variables are getting initialized
with that value.

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B. Reusability
• Encapsulation also improves the reusability of code
(write once/use many times).
• Methods can be copied to different/new classes and
help meet new requirements.

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C. Testing code is easy
• Encapsulated code is easy to test with unit testing (a
type of automated testing that tests many different
types of data quickly).
• It is easier to fix larger programs if you know which
method is returning the wrong response.

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D. Increased Flexibility
• We can make the variables of the class as read-only
or write-only depending on our requirement.
• If we wish to make the variables as read-only then
we can omit the setter methods
• Or if we wish to make the variables as write-only
then we have to omit the get methods

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 Exam note!
It is important to keep in mind that the scope of data
should be confined to the object in which it is defined
as far as possible in order to limit side effects and
dependencies.

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department

 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.5
Explain the advantages of inheritance

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Four OOP fundamentals:
• Abstraction (See Topic 4.1.17-20)
• Polymorphism (See Topic D.2.3&6)
• Inheritance (See Topic D.2.2&5)
• Encapsulation (See Topic D.2.1&4)

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Definition: Inheritance
• Process whereby one object inherits the properties
(states and behaviours) of another object (pairs
called super/sub or parent/child classes)
• The Java keyword that implies inheritance is
extends

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Key benefit
Minimizing the amount of duplicate code in an
application by sharing common code amongst
several subclasses.

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Other advantages of Inheritance
A. Minimize the amount of duplicate code in an
application
B. Better organization of code
C. Code more flexible change

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A. Minimize duplicate code
If duplicate code (variables and methods) exists in
two related classes, they can be refactored into a
hierarchy by moving that common code up to a
common superclass.

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B. Better organisation of code
Moving common code to a super class results in
better organization of code (better abstraction).

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C. Code more flexible to change
Inheritance can also make application code more
flexible to change because classes that inherit from a
common super class can be used interchangeably.

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 Exam note!
It is important to keep in mind that a parent object
holds common data and actions, which enhances
reuse and reduces maintenance overheads.

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department

 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.6
Explain the advantages of
polymorphism

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Four OOP fundamentals:
• Abstraction (See Topic 4.1.17-20)
• Polymorphism (See Topic D.2.3&6)
• Inheritance (See Topic D.2.2&5)
• Encapsulation (See Topic D.2.1&4)

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Advantage: Overriding (polymorphism)
• Polymorphism is essential to object-oriented programming
for one reason: it allows a general class to specify methods
that will be common to all of its derivatives, while allowing
sub classes to define the specific implementation of some or
all of those methods.
• Overridden methods are another way that Java implements
the “one interface, multiple methods” aspect of
polymorphism
• Overridden methods allow us to call methods of any of the
derived classes without even knowing the type of derived
class object.

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Advantage: Overloading (polymorphism)
• We don’t have to create and remember different names for
functions doing the same thing.
• For example,, if overloading was not supported by Java, we
would have to create method names like sum1, sum2,… or
sum2Int, sum3Int, … etc. for every possible combination of
parameters that might be used.

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Overloading vs Overriding

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 Exam note!
It is important to keep in mind that an action in a child
object may chose to override actions of a parent
object.
This allows an external program to use the same
action on a family of objects without knowing the
implementation detail.

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

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 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.7
Describe the advantages of
libraries of objects

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Biggest advantage: Time saving!
• Sorting algorithms do not have to be re-invented
• Complex algorithms and processes can be reused

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 5 Most used Java libraries
• #1: JUnit (imported by 64% of top Java projects)
– JUnit is a unit testing framework for Java programs
• #2: SLF4J (imported by 22% of top Java projects)
– SLF4J is a simple facade for logging systems allowing the end-user to plug-in
the desired logging system
• #3: Log4j (imported by 16.76% of top Java projects)
– Log4j is a tool to help the programmer output log statements to a variety of
output targets
• #4: Google Guava (imported by 15.6% of top Java projects)
– Google Guava is a set of common libraries for Java, mainly developed by
Google engineers
• #5: apache-commons (imported by 12.63% of of top Java projects)
– Commons Proper is dedicated to one principal goal: creating and
maintaining reusable Java components

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Useful to know: APIs

Video (YouTube) link: https://youtu.be/6STSHbdXQWI

*This is not part of the examined syllabus, but might be useful when doing the Internal Assessment

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department

 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.8
Describe the disadvantages of OOP

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Disadvantages of OOP
A. Increased complexity for small problems
B. Unsuited to particular classes of problems

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A. Increased complexity
• OOP typically involve more lines of code than procedural
programs.
• OOP are typically slower than procedure-based programs, as
they typically require more instructions to be executed.

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B. Unsuited to particular problems
• There are problems that lend themselves well to functional-
programming style, logic-programming style, or procedure-
based programming style, and applying object-oriented
programming in those situations will not result in efficient
programs.
• These problems tend to small and involving only one data
source.

Example: Why make an object when using a String will do?

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Non-OOP vs OOP

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department

 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.9
Discuss the use of programming
teams

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Single vs Team

Is it always better work in a team?

It is every better to work alone?
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Team vs. Individuals
A. Speed of completion
B. Information hiding to reduce module
dependencies
C. Expertise in a narrow field (e.g. testing,
documentation)

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A. Speed to completion
• Because tasks can be completed concurrently, the
overall project can be completed in a shorter time.

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B. Information hiding
• Because developers only need to know the name and
required parameters to use a behaviour, they can use code
without needing to understand how it functions.
• There is also a security benefit to coders not having access
to the actual data items themselves.

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C. Expertise in narrow fields
• Assembling a complex project needs many different skills.
• By allowing each part to be programmed by an expert in that
field, the quality of the final product is significantly higher
than expecting one person to be a ‘jack-of-all-trades’.

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 Warning!
When collaborating across international frontiers, a
common “language” needs to be developed when
resolving problems.

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Features of OOP
IB Computer Science

Content developed by
Dartford Grammar School
Computer Science Department
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4

1: System design 2: Computer 3: Networks 4: Computational

Organisation thinking

5: Abstract data 6: Resource 7: Control D: OOP

structures management

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 1: System design

HL & SL D.2 Overview 2: Computer

Organisation

D.2 Features of OOP

3: Networks
D.2.1 Define the term encapsulation
D.2.2 Define the term inheritance
D.2.3 Define the term polymorphism 4: Computational
D.2.4 Explain the advantages of encapsulation thinking
D.2.5 Explain the advantages of inheritance
D.2.6 Explain the advantages of polymorphism 5: Abstract data
structures
D.2.7 Describe the advantages of libraries of objects
D.2.8 Describe the disadvantages of OOP
D.2.9 Discuss the use of programming teams 6: Resource
management
D.2.10 Explain the advantages of modularity in program development

7: Control

D: OOP

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Topic D.2.10
Explain the advantages of modularity
in program development

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Advantages
A. Easier debugging and testing
B. Speedier completion
C. Code blocks reusable

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A. Easier debugging and testing
• By having smaller modules to test, it is easier to find and fix
bugs
• The number of tests that have to be run to confirm that
module is fully operational is also drastically reduced
according to the number of functions in a particular module

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B. Speedier completion
• By breaking the project into smaller modules, you could save
time by finding modules that already exist in libraries that do
the function you are looking for.
• By splitting the task into different modules, each module can
be worked on concurrently (except for particular
circumstances) thus leading to a speedier completion of the
overall project

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C. Reusable code blocks
• Some problems/functions are very common and possibly
occur in multiple different programs (for example the need
to make a text box or a clickable button to start a task)
• By reusing blocks of code, the development time is slashed
and the project is completed sooner.

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Classic example: Javax Swing

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