Hindawi

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Volume 2023, Article ID 6623938, 16 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6623938

Research Article
Spectral Efficiency Analysis for Uplink Multicell Massive MIMO
Cellular Communication System under Fading Channels

Yibeltal Abebaw, Rajeev K. Shakya , Demissie Jobir Gelmecha, and Eshetu Tessema Ware
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computing,
Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, P.O. Box. 1888, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Rajeev K. Shakya; [email protected]

Received 24 June 2023; Revised 7 September 2023; Accepted 29 September 2023; Published 16 October 2023

Academic Editor: Jayshri Kulkarni

Copyright © 2023 Yibeltal Abebaw et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

In multicell massive MIMO system, the maximum limit on area throughput can be achieved by improving spectral efciency and
cell density, as well as bandwidth. In order to evaluate the area throughput for such scenarios, the spectral efciency (SE) that
utilizes the linear zero forcing uplink combining scheme, can be modeled under the Rician fading channel and the BS in case of up-
links, is responsible to estimate the channel. Diferent from existing work, the proposed model incorporates various estimators
such as minimum mean square error (MMSE), element-wise minimum mean square error estimators under Rician fading. Te
multicell scenarios with uplink (UL) massive MIMO has been analyzed using the proposed model under diferent cases such as
pilot reuse factor, coherence block length, diferent number of antennas, and diferent estimators. Te simulation results and
analysis are presented based on these parameters. It is found that the average summation of SE per cell can be improved by
optimizing MMSE channel estimation using ZF UL combiner, installing multiple BS antennas, serving multiple number of UEs
per cell, and using efcient pilot reuse factor. Te MMSE and ZF uplink combining are found to be more suitable in improving SE
as compared to MMSE-MR. For example, the uplink SE of MMSE channel estimator for pilot reuse factors, 1, 3, and 4, is calculated
as 22.5 bit/s/Hz/cell, 22.3 bit/s/Hz/cell, and 21 bit/s/Hz/cell, respectively. Te uplink SE for EW-MMSE channel estimator with
pilot reuse factors, 1, 3, and 4, is calculated as 22.5 bit/s/Hz/cell, 22 bit/s/Hz/cell, and 22 bit/s/Hz/cell, respectively. For the uplink
SE of LS channel estimators, it can be 17.9 bit/s/Hz/cell, 20.2 bit/s/Hz/cell, and 20 bit/s/Hz/cell with pilot reuse factors as f � 1, 3,
and 4, respectively. So, for f � 3, the maximum calculated uplink SE for MMSE, EW-MMSE, and LS is 17.6 bit/s/Hz/cell, 17.8 bit/s/
Hz/cell, and 13 bit/s/Hz/cell, respectively. It can be concluded that the improved performance is obtained by reducing the pilot
contamination at a pilot reuse factor f � 3 with diferent values of SNR, coherence block length, number of UEs, and number of BS
antennas. Tere is also trade-of between the pilot contamination mitigation and the larger SE. However, there is not much efect
on coherence block as when it increases, then the SE increases as well.

1. Introduction is not new, and it already has a signifcant efect on both

modern Wi-Fi networks and 4G LTE networks. Massive
Massive MIMO is one of the promising technologies for MIMO, on the other hand, is a recent improvement that
the next generation cellular systems. Each cell contains was introduced for 5G new radio (NR) networks. Te
a central base station (BS) and many user equipment number of antenna elements and the multiuser capability
(UEs). Each base station contains a large number of within the antenna array are the two key features of
antennas, approximately tens or hundreds of antennas massive MIMO technology that set it besides standard
that are used for communication with several single- MIMO. To ensure future high trafc demand, we need to
antenna user equipment (UEs). Te base station pro- design and deploy a 5G network, which must enhance the
cesses the signal using its antennas on both the uplink and performance of the network in terms of capacity, spectral
downlink transmission sides [1, 2]. Te MIMO technology efciency (SE), energy efciency, latency, network
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2 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

security, and overall robustness [2, 3]. Due to the pop- 2. Related Works
ularity of smart devices, the cellular network operators are
facing challenges to satisfy the exponential trafc growth. In this section, the recent research work on multicell massive
To realize the attractive potential of massive MIMO MIMO communication system based on diferent channels,
system, a perfect match between the receiver and the estimators, antennas, line of sight (LOS), and nonline of
actual channel is necessary, which can be best suitable for sight (NLOS) is discussed. In [8], the authors had modeled
the cellular networks also [3–5]. In addition, the time a zero-forcing beam-forming scheme to improve spectral
division duplexing (TDD) mode is an outstanding choice efciency performance of the system. In [9], a Laplacian
for the operation of massive MIMO system. It can reduce centralized scattering model was considered with a spatially
the overhead of CSI acquisition by producing channel correlated Rayleigh fading channel. Te authors also in-
reciprocity, which means that the channel response is cluded estimators such as a multicell minimum mean square
identical in both uplink and downlink transmission error (M-MMSE) combining and precoding to handle the
[6–10]. For cellular network scenarios, it can utilize reduction on pilot contamination. Results claimed that the
available space resources, boosting channel capacity, and improved area throughput can be achieved with the
communication quality without requiring more spectrum M-MMSE technique, including the channel models such as
resources and antenna transmission power [10–12], so the Laplacian-centralized scattering spatially correlated
that the need for new communication technology is Rayleigh fading, one-ring scattering correlated Rayleigh
motivated by the growing need for higher throughput in fading, and uncorrelated Rayleigh fading [9]. In [13, 15], the
cellular wireless networks as well as the development of pilot-based channel estimators were used to generate the
services such as the internet of things (IoT) and machine- channel state information of the desired system to optimize
to-machine communications (M2M). Hence, the MIMO the pilot assignment. Te authors had identifed the pilot
technique can be a strong candidate to deliver high data contamination using the pilot-assisted estimation, but they
rates in mobile networks and is a key enabler of modern eliminated the channel estimated. Hence, the pilot con-
cellular systems that ofer less expensive ways to boost tamination is avoided when there are no pilots. In [16, 17],
data rates, such as acquiring more bandwidth [11, 13, 14]. the authors modeled a multicell MIMO system with fa-
In terms of SE, one of the performance parameters is vorable propagation conditions for a multicell massive
the area throughput that can be defned as an expression as MIMO network for the 5G cellular networks. Tey analyzed
Areathroughput � B × Nc × SE [7, 9]. Here, B is the the SE performance on the efect of pilot contamination and
channel bandwidth; Nc is the number of cells in the unit several base station antennas. Tree linear combiners were
area (cells per); and SE is the spectral efciency per cell used in SE performance analysis, which includes the max-
[3, 6, 8, 10]. So, the followings can be the criteria used to imum ratio combiner (MRC), the zero-forcing (ZF), and the
improve area throughput in massive MIMO system such as pilot-zero forcing (P-ZF) combiners. In their work, the
more (i) bandwidth allocation; (ii) cell density; and (iii) drawback can be that a specifed channel model is not
spectral efciency. However, the more bandwidth alloca- considered to analyze spectral efciency, so the impact of the
tion has limitation due to the use of limited frequency line of sight path on SE performance for a multicell massive
availability, and another is the increasing cell density that MIMO system cannot be observed. In [18], the spectral
becomes difcult due to additional installations and con- efciency of a multiway massive MIMO system over a Rician
fgurations of base stations. So, the spectral efciency (SE) fading channels is modeled for a single-cell massive MIMO
improvement can only be a criterion for improving the area system. However, there is no consideration of study on the
throughput [7]. efect of pilot contamination on spectral efciency and the
In this article, the followings are the contributions by study with multicell massive MIMO was not considered in
the motivations from the above observations: (i) the their methods. In [14], using Rician fading channel, the
proposed model as ZF combiner that incorporates various spectral efciency analysis was also studied for the multicell
estimators to analyze the SE of massive MIMO system massive MIMO system that is similar to references [19–23].
under Rician fading channel. Tese include the minimum But, the only diference is that the results analysis is based on
mean square error (MMSE), the element-wise minimum the linear maximal-ratio combining detector and Rician
mean square error estimators; (ii) a detailed analysis is fading channel for diferent values of Rician factor and BS
given based on ZF combiners with multicell scenario in antennas. However, the authors did not consider the number
diferent cases; (iii) the impact of pilot reuse factor with of BS antennas and K-rice factors that are constantly
diferent base station antennas is studied in detail; (iv) the growing unbound in case of the multicell massive MIMO
impact of coherence block length on uplink spectral ef- system. A simple MMSE estimator can be used to eliminate
fciency of multicell massive MIMO system is also studied the pilot contamination efects. In addition, the consider-
under diferent numbers of antennas and channel ation of computational complexity in analysis should be
estimators. studied as very much reasonable for spectral efciency
Te rest of the paper is organized as follows. Te related analysis. For both uplink and downlink, the authors in
work about massive MIMO system is described in Section 2. [25–27] had used a model for single user massive MIMO
In Section 3, the proposed model design is described. Te system for the improvement in BER with two retransmission
results analysis and conclusion remarks are covered in schemes. However, their work is independent of the number
Section 4 and Section 5, respectively. of cells.
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Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3

Diferent from this existing work, this article considers channel estimation in order to reduce pilot contamination, the
a multicell massive MIMO system with estimated channel spectral efciency is declined when more resources within the
state information at the receiver with three diferent types of coherence interval are assigned to pilots for estimation rather
channel estimators. Te efect of pilot contamination on the than the payload for transmission. As a resultant, when the
SE performance is also studied for multicell massive MIMO number of users per cell increases, the number of pilot se-
scenario. Furthermore, the efect of line-of-sight and non- quences also increases, and it leads to decreasing the spectral
line-of-sight communication over Rician fading channels is efciency. Optimization on the resources is required for en-
also considered for better analysis. Our work includes the hancing the spectral efciency, since it allows more pilots to be
detailed analysis on the spectral efciency with the pilot assigned to data transmission rather than channel estimation
reuse factor, the number of users, the number of BS an- [2]. In order to estimate the channel between user equipment
tennas, and the propagation condition of the system. Similar (UE) of the diferent cell and the base station of desired cell
works given in [9, 19] were based on M-MMSE combining channel, a model is designed as shown in Figure 1. It is only the
and precoding for the pilot contamination reduction and cell system model for uplink multicell multiuser massive MIMO
throughput improvements for massive MIMO multicell cellular network and the transmission process of uplink model.
system. In our proposed design, the LS, MMSE, and As shown in Figure 1, BS estimates the channel response from
EW-MMSE channel estimator and ZF combining tech- active UEs for making the efcient use of antennas.
niques are analyzed to evaluate the pilot contamination Let ϕjk be the pilot sequence for kth UE in jth cell. Te
􏽰���
efects and spectral efciency performance. element of ϕjk is scaled by the uplink transmit power as pjk
and transmitted as the signal xjk over ⊺p uplink samples
3. The Proposed Model Design leading to the received uplink signal, denoted as
pilot
In this section, a system model under TDD is described for yj ∈ CMj ×⊺p at BS j. At jth BS, the received pilot signal can
a multicell massive MIMO system. In the process of de- be expressed as follows:
veloping a model of a multicell massive MIMO system, we jK L k
pilot 􏽰��� j l
􏽰��� j j
choose and design channel models. Te system model shown yj � 􏽘 pjk hjk ϕTjk + 􏽘 􏽘 pli hli ϕli + nj ,
in Figure 1 considers the realism of a multicell massive k�1 l�1, i�1
L≠j.
MIMO system over Rician fading. In this TDD system, the j k
multicell massive MIMO is assumed which shares the same pilot 􏽰��� j T 􏽰��� j
yj � pjk hjk ϕjk + 􏽘 pji hji ϕTji (2)
time-frequency resources. All user equipment simulta- i�1,
i≠k.
neously occupy the available frequency-time resources for L kl
􏽰��� j j pilot
uplink pilot and data transmission. + 􏽘 􏽘 pli hli ϕli + nj ,
j
Te channel response hli from users i in cell l to the BS l�1, i�1
L≠j.
within jth cell is modeled as Rician fading channels as follows:
􏽱�� pilot 􏽰��� j
j j j
hli � gli βli , (1) where yj is denoted as jth BS received pilot signal; pjk hjk ϕTjk
kj 􏽰�� � j
j is denoted as desired pilot signal; 􏽐 i�1 pji hji ϕTji is denoted as
where βli is the large-scale fading coefcient, which contains i≠k
the path loss and the shadowing efect of cellular environ- kl √��
� j
j j intracell pilot signal; 􏽐Ll�1 􏽐i�1 pil hli ϕTli is denoted as intercell
ment and gli is the small-scale fading; Here, the gli ∈ CMj are L≠j
assumed to be complex Gaussian distribution with zero pilot; and
pilot
nj is denoted as AWGN.
mean and unity variance, denoted by NC(0, IM ). In this model, for the sake of argument, from an arbitrary
Te channel response between UE k in cell l and the base j
j ith UE in Lth cell, the BS j estimates the channel hli . Te BS is
station in cell j is denoted by hjk ∈ CMj ×1 . Based on these pilot
training sequences, the desired base station can estimate the also multiplied or correlated yj with this UE pilot se-
channels to the user equipment with some estimation error. quence ϕli to generate the processed received pilot signal
pilot
Te pilot sequence transmitted by user equipment is having yj ∈ CMj , which is given as follows:
a pilot length ⊺p ≥ k ≈ ⊺p using TDD protocol [1]. In TDD 􏽰��� j T ⋆ j k
􏽰��� j
pilot ⋆
mode, the channel response remains constant over a coherence yj ϕli � pjk hjk ϕjk ϕli + 􏽘 pji hji ϕTji ϕ⋆li
i�1,
block ⊺c . Te size of ⊺c is determined by the carrier frequency i≠k.
and the external factor such as the propagation environment L kl
􏽰��� j pilot
and UE mobility. It represents the number of orthogonal + 􏽘 􏽘 pil hli ϕTli ϕ⋆li + nj ϕ⋆li , (3)
training sequences available for signaling with consideration of L�1, i�1
l≠j.
the same pilot sequences in each cell and kth user in each cell L kl
has the same training sequences. To reduce interference in the pilot 􏽰��� j pilot
yjli � 􏽘 􏽘 pil hli ⊺p + nj ϕ⋆li .
transmission channel, a successful pilot assignment is a chal- L�1, i�1
l≠j.
lenging task. Although it is necessary to assign more pilots for
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4 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

BS of desired cell j
hjL1
MMSE
pL1xL1 EW – MMSE
LS
Lth cell hjL1
x̂11
nj
pLkxLi
ZF x̂Li
∑ y
hjj1
x̂jk
pj1xj1
Cell j
hjjk

pjkxjk

Figure 1: Uplink massive MIMO system model for multicell scenario.

To get the estimation of channel using the above- h � ypilot ∗ x. (7)

mentioned signal for the kth user within the cell, a projection
pilot pilot
of yj on ϕ⋆jk to obtain yjli is as follows:
In LS algorithm, only frst-order statistics are as-
k
pilot 􏽰��� j j
􏽰��� j sumed. In this algorithm, channel statistics are not
yj ϕ⋆jk � pjk hjk ϕTjk ϕ⋆jk + 􏽘 pji hji ϕTji ϕ⋆jk
i�1,
considered beyond the frst order. To estimate the un-
i≠k. known parameter h using an observed variable of y􏽢 pilot ,
L kl
􏽰��� j pilot (4) we get
+ 􏽘 􏽘 pil hli ϕTli ϕ⋆jk + nj ϕ⋆jk ,
pilot
L�1, i�1 􏽢
y
l≠j. h􏽢 � E􏼨 􏼩. (8)
pilot 􏽰��� j h
yjjk � pik hlk ⊺p + nj ϕ⋆jk .
pilot pilot
To estimate the desired channel between UEs and BS
Note that for all, yjjk � yjli , as (l, i) ∈ ϑjk , because of antennas of home cell using LS algorithm is as follows:
the same pilot for all these UEs. Also, we have
nj ϕ⋆jk ∽NC(0Mj σ 2ul ⊺p IMj ). j(LS) 1 pilot
h􏽢jk � 􏽰��� ∗ yjjk . (9)
When inside its own cell, there is possibility of strongest pjk ⊺p
interference, the pilot assignment for the desired cellular
network is important to utilize the desired pilot sequence pilot
By substituting the value of yjjk , the following is the
efciently. Te value of ϑjk is given as follows: simplifed expression:
ϑjk � 􏽮(l, i): ∅li � ∅jk , l � 1, 2, 3, · · · , L & i � 1, 2, 3, · · · .Kl 􏽯.
j(LS) 1 􏽰��� j
(5) h􏽢jk � 􏽰��� ∗ pjk hjk ⊺p + nj ϕ⋆jk . (10)
pjk ⊺p
Considering the same pilot sequences for kth user jth cell,
the (l, i) ∈ ϑjk implies the same, so (j, k) ∈ ϑjk . If the desired cellular system-performing pilot
is reused to increase the system capacity and to
3.1. Te Least Square (LS) Estimator. Assuming that from reduce pilot contamination, it simplifes the following
user equipment to base station, the transmitted data rate and expression:
the pilots are denoted by x. We have
j(LS) 1 ⎛􏽰��� 􏽰���
h􏽢jk � 􏽰��� ⎜ ⎝ pjk ⊺p hjjk + pli ⊺p hli + nj ϕ⋆jk ⎟
⎞,
j
􏽘 ⎠
ypilot � h ⋆ x, (6) pjk ⊺p (l,i)∈ϑ \(j,k) jk

where ypilot is the received pilot signal, h is the unknown 􏽳�����

channel from UEs to BS antenna, and x denotes both the j(LS) j pli j 1
h􏽢jk � hjk + 􏽘 hli + 􏽰��� ∗ nj ϕ⋆jk .
data rate and pilot length. (l,i)∈ϑ \(j,k)
jk
p jk p jk ⊺p
Using the received pilot signal, the estimation of the (11)
unknown channels from UEs to BS antennas is as follows:
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Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 5

3.2. Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Estimator. At jth BS, the received signal during the uplink data
Te aim of any channel estimator is to estimate an un- transmission (yj ∈ CMj ) is defned as follows:
known channel parameter h from observed pilot signals kj L kl
􏽢 pilot . To fnd the value of estimated channel, the estimated
y j
yj � 􏽘 hjk xjk + 􏽘 􏽘 hj x + n ,
value will be defned as h􏽢 � E􏽮h/􏽢 ypilot 􏽯. Te aim of de- k�1
li li j
l�1, i�1
signing the MMSE channel estimator is to generate channel l≠j.
k k
state information (CSI) at the receiver and minimize the 􏽰��� j j
􏽰��� j L l
􏽰��� j
error due to interference. So, the estimation h􏽢 is expressed yj � pjk hjk xjk + 􏽘 pjk hjk xjk + 􏽘 􏽘 pli hli xli + nj ,
i�1, l�1, i�1
as follows: i≠k. l≠j.

􏽢
MSE � J(h) (16)

� E􏽮‖e‖2 􏽯 where nj ∈ Nc(0mj , σ 2ul IMj ) is the AWGN, the uplink data
(12) from kth UE in Lth cell is xlk ∈ C, and it has a power of
􏽢 2􏽯
� E􏽮‖h − h‖ plk � E􏽮|xlk |2 􏽯.
􏽢
� E􏽮(h − h)(h 􏽢 H 􏽯.
− h)
3.4. Spectral Efciency of the System. Spectral efciency can be
Te weighted vector W is used to fnd a better channel increased by using the radio network resources efectively that
estimation. Te W can be estimated in a better way using will result in increase of throughput. Te most basic and
MMSE channel estimation by minimizing the MSE. common factors that control the spectral efciency and
According to orthogonality principle, the error on estima- throughput of cellular network are the signal to interference
􏽢 is orthogonal to LS(h)
tion, e � h − h, 􏽢 estimation. So, we plus noise ratio (SINR) [24]. If the SINR of the network is not
obtain the following expression: up to a limit, then the throughput degradation can happen.
Te BS can restore the original signal from data signal re-
􏽢 h􏽢H 􏼛.
E􏽮e(h)H 􏽯 � E􏼚(h − h) (13) ceived from users to improve the SE. For this, a linear detector
combination of ZF combining is used as follows:
H −1
Finally, MMMSE channel estimation according to al- j j j
vjk � h􏽢jk 􏼠􏼒h􏽢jk 􏼓 h􏽢jk 􏼡 , (17)
gorithm in [3] is given as follows:

j j 􏽰��� j j pilot where yj is the desired signal from its kth UE acting as
􏽢 pilot
HMMSE � h􏽢li � h􏽢li + pli ⊺p Rli ψ li 􏼒yjli − y jli 􏼓, (14) interference. So, after doing the maximized ratio processing,
the user signal can be expressed as follows:
pilot √��� j j pilot uplink
where yjli � 􏽐(l′ ,i′ )∈pli pl′ i′ hl′ i′ , ψ li � ⊺p cov(yjli )− 1 , and 􏽢 jk � vH
x jk yj
j kj
hli is the mean corresponding to the LOS component. 􏽰��� j H 􏽰��� j
� pjk hjk vjk xjk + 􏽘 pjk hjk vH
jk xjk
i�1,
i≠k. (18)
3.3. Element-Wise-MMSE (EW-MMSE) Channel Estimator. L
􏽰��� j kl

Te EW-MMSE channel estimator is a special type of MMSE + 􏽘 􏽘 pli hli vH H

jk xli + vjk nj .
l�1, i�1
channel estimators used to minimize the computational l≠j.
complexity of MMSE. It does not consider the spatial
correlation matrix completely, but a diagonal element of the In general, we have the following expression:
covariance matrix is considered. Based on literature [14], the
H −1
complexity is found in calculation of MMSE estimation. So, j j j
vjk � h􏽢jk 􏼠􏼒h􏽢jk 􏼓 h􏽢jk 􏼡 ,
using EW-MMSE, the reasonable performance can be ob-
tained by minimizing the computational complexity of
MMSE. According to [5], the EW-MMSE channel estimator ⎪
⎧
⎪ ⎜ L kl ⎟
⎪
⎪ 1 ⎛
⎜
⎜ 􏽰��� j ⎞
⎟
⎟
√��� ∗ ⎜ 􏽘 􏽘 pli hli ⊺p + nj ϕ⋆li ⎟
⎪ pilot
⎜ ⎟
is written as follows: ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ p ⊺
⎜
⎜
⎝ ⎠ LS,
⎟
⎟
⎪ li p l�1 i�1
⎪
⎪ l≠j (19)
⎪
⎪
􏽢 j,EW−MMSE � hj + 􏽰��
h
� j j pilot pilot
pli Dli ∧ li 􏼒yjli − yjli 􏼓, (15)
⎨
vjk � ⎪
li li
⎪ j 􏽰��� j j
⎪ pilot pilot
⎪
⎪ hjk + pjk Rjk ψ jk 􏼒yjli − yjli 􏼓 MMSE,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
j
where Dli � diag(Rli )
j
and
j
∧li � diag(􏽐(l′ ,i′ ) ∈ pli pl′ i′ ⊺p ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ j 􏽰��� j j
⎪
⎩ h + p D Λ 􏼒ypilot − ypilot 􏼓 EW − MMSE.
Rl′ i′ + σ 2 Imj )− 1 . jk jk jk jk jli jli
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6 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

uplink
Based on the above expressions, we analyze the cell L from user equipment kth UE xjk . As per literature
achievable spectral efciency of the uplink massive MIMO [8, 21], the ergodic uplink capacity of kth UE in cell j is lower
using these three diferent channel estimators. We have the bounded, and fnally, we get the following expressions:
uplink
signal yj ∈ CMj received at BS j and the uplink signal in

uplink Tu
SEjk � log􏼐1 + SINRLjk 􏼑,
Tc 2
􏼌􏼌 j 􏼌􏼌2 (20)
p2
⊺ tr 􏼒 R
j j j
ψ R 􏼓 + p 􏼌􏼌h 􏼌􏼌
kf ⎜
⎛
⎜
⎜ jk p jk jk jk jk 􏼌 jk 􏼌 ⎟
⎞
⎟
⎟
SEul,MMSE � 􏼠1 − 􏼡log2 ⎜
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎟
⎜
⎜ + ⎟,
⎟
⎝ pli ςli − pjk ζ jk + σ ul ⎠
jk L k ul ul ul 2
Tc 􏽐i�1 􏽐i�1 pli δli +
l
􏽐
(l,i)∈pjk \(j,k)

j j j j j
where ζ ul 4 2
jk � |hjk | /pjk ⊺ptr(Rjk ψ jk Rjk ) + |hjk | .

􏼌􏼌 􏼌
j j j j j H j j j j j H j j 􏼌 j H j 􏼌􏼌2
pjk ⊺ptr􏼒Rli Rjk ψ jk Rjk 􏼓 + pjk ⊺p􏼒hli 􏼓 Rjk ψ jk Rjk hli + 􏼒hli 􏼓 Rli hjk + 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼒hjk 􏼓 hli 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
δul
li � 􏼌􏼌 j 􏼌􏼌2 ,
j j j
pjk ⊺ptr􏼒Rjk ψ jk Rjk 􏼓 + 􏼌􏼌􏼌hjk 􏼌􏼌􏼌

􏼌􏼌 􏼌
􏼌 j j j 􏼌􏼌2 􏽰����� j j j j H j
pjk pli 􏼌􏼌􏼌Rli ψ jk Rjk 􏼌􏼌􏼌 + 2 pjk pli ⊺p Re􏼨tr􏼠Rli ψ jk Rjk 􏼒hjk 􏼓 hli 􏼡􏼩
ςul (21)
li � 􏼌􏼌 j 􏼌􏼌2 ,
j j j
pjk ⊺p tr􏼒Rjk ψ jk Rjk 􏼓 + 􏼌􏼌􏼌hjk 􏼌􏼌􏼌

j 􏼌􏼌 j 􏼌􏼌2 2
pjk 􏼒pjk ⊺ptr􏼒Djk Λjk Djk 􏼓 + 􏼌􏼌􏼌hjk 􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼓
j j
⎜
kf ⎛
⎜ ⎟
⎞
⎟
SEul,EW−MMSE � 􏼠1 − 􏼡⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎟
⎠,
jk
Tc ⎜
⎝
L kl j j j j
􏼌
􏼌 j 􏼌􏼌
􏼌
􏼌2 2
2 􏼌􏼌 j 􏼌􏼌 ⎟
􏼌 􏼌 2
􏽐l�1 􏽐i�1 pli μli − pjk 􏼒pjk ⊺ptr􏼒Djk Λjk Djk 􏼓 + 􏼌􏼌hjk 􏼌􏼌 􏼓 + σ ul 􏼒tr(ξ) + 􏼌􏼌hjk 􏼌􏼌 􏼓

j j j j j j
where ξ � pli ⊺p Djk Λjk Djk (ψ jk )− 1 Λjk Djk . fowchart as shown in Figure 2. Te simulation parameters
used for analysis are listed in Table 1.
. Results and Discussion
In this section, the performance analysis of the proposed
model is presented. A step-by-step procedure is described in

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌2
􏼌􏼌 H j 􏼌􏼌
⎜ p 􏼌
􏼌 E 􏼚 v h 􏼛
jk jk 􏼌􏼌
􏼌 ⎟
⎞
k ⎛⎜
⎜ jk 􏼌 ⎟
⎟
⎟
� 􏼠1 − 􏼡⎜
ul,f�1
SEjk ⎜ 1 ⎟
⊺c
⎜
⎜
⎝ + 􏼌
􏼌 􏼌
􏼌 2
􏼌
􏼌
􏼌
􏼌
􏼌
􏼌 2 􏼌
􏼌 􏼌
􏼌 2 ⎠,
⎟
⎟ (22)
L kl 􏼌 H j􏼌 􏼌 H j 􏼌 2 􏼌 􏼌
􏽐l�1 􏽐i�1 pli E􏼚􏼌􏼌vjk hli 􏼌􏼌 􏼛 − pjk 􏼌􏼌􏼌E􏼚vjk hjk 􏼛􏼌􏼌􏼌 + σ ul E􏼚􏼌􏼌vjk 􏼌􏼌 􏼛

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌2
􏼌􏼌 H j 􏼌􏼌
⎜ p 􏼌
􏼌 E 􏼚 v h 􏼛
jk jk 􏼌􏼌
􏼌 ⎟
3k ⎛
⎜
⎜ jk 􏼌 ⎞
⎟
⎟
� 􏼠 1 − 􏼡⎜ ⎟
ul,f�3
SEjk ⎜ 1 ⎟
⊺c
⎜
⎜
⎝ + 􏼌
􏼌 􏼌
􏼌2
􏼌
􏼌
􏼌
􏼌􏼌2
􏼌 􏼌
􏼌 􏼌
􏼌 2 ⎠,
⎟
⎟ (23)
L kl 􏼌 H j􏼌 􏼌 H j 􏼌 2 􏼌 􏼌
􏽐l�1 􏽐i�1 pli E􏼚􏼌􏼌vjk hli 􏼌􏼌 􏼛 − pjk 􏼌􏼌􏼌E􏼚vjk hjk 􏼛􏼌􏼌􏼌 + σ ul E􏼚􏼌􏼌vjk 􏼌􏼌 􏼛

􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌2
􏼌􏼌 H j 􏼌􏼌
⎜ p 􏼌
􏼌 E 􏼚v h 􏼛
jk jk 􏼌􏼌
􏼌 ⎟
⎞
4k ⎛
⎜
⎜ jk 􏼌 ⎟
⎟
⎟
� 􏼠1 − 􏼡⎜
ul,f�4
SEjk ⎜ 1 ⎟
⊺c
⎜
⎜
⎝ + 􏼌
􏼌􏼌 H j 􏼌􏼌 􏼌 2
􏼌
􏼌
􏼌 H j 􏼌􏼌
􏼌􏼌2
􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 ⎟
􏼌 􏼌 2 ⎠.
⎟ (24)
L kl 􏼌 2
􏽐l�1 􏽐i�1 pli E􏼚􏼌􏼌vjk hli 􏼌􏼌 􏼛 − pjk 􏼌􏼌􏼌E􏼚vjk hjk 􏼛􏼌􏼌􏼌 + σ ul E􏼚􏼌􏼌vjk 􏼌􏼌 􏼛
 1742, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2023/6623938 by Haramaya University, Wiley Online Library on [25/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

Start

Initialize simulation parameters

(M, K, τp, τc, τu, Bw, L, p, h, f ...)

Calculate the UL SE of each channel

User send uplink-training pilot signals to BS
estimator using ZF combining
antennas

Assign pilot reuse factor for the proposed Compare the UL SE of MMSE, EW-MMSE,
cellular network f e {1,3,4} and LS channel estimator with diferent pilot
reuse factor

Estimate CSI of channel and BS from UL with

MMSE, EW-MMSE, and LS channel estimator
for each pilot reuse factor (hkL̂m) Compute and compare the SE of each pilot
reuse factor using MMSE estimator and ZE
uplink combining

BS calculate uplink vector for ZF uplink

combining

Simulate the SE of each pilot reuse factor with

Calculate the SNIR of each channel estimators diferent number of BS antennas, UEs, Coherence
using ZF receiver processing (combining) Block length and SNR.

Compute MSE of each channel estimator

End
Is it MSE minimized?
Is it SNIR maximized?
NO YES

Figure 2: Flowchart for SE analysis for uplink multicell massive MIMO system.

Table 1: Simulation parameters.

Parameter description Parameters
Cell type Macro
√� cell covers
Cell coverage area 3 3/20.252 km2
UE to BS| separation distance 35 m
Carrier frequency 2 GHz
Linear detector Zero forcing combining (ZF)
Channel estimators MMSE, EW-MMSE, LS
Channel path loss model Log-normal model
Path loss exponent 3.7 for urban environment
Number of cells 19
Number of BS antennas M ≥ 100
Pilot reuse factor f � 1, 2, 3
Shadow fading standard deviation σ sf � 4 for LOS, σ sf � 10 for NLOS
Number of UEs per cell k ≥ 10
Samples per coherence block 200, 300, 400, 500, 800
Uplink transmit power 0.1 Watt
Receiver noise power −94 dB (thermal noise + noise fgure
Channel gain at 1 km −148.1 dBs
Bandwidth 20 MHz
⊺p ≥ k ≈ ⊺p � k for universal pilot reuse
Number of uplink pilot sequence
⊺p � fk if pilot reuse factor is greater than one
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8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Increasing the number of orthogonal pilot sequence is 4.2. Efect of Diferent Pilot Reuse Factors and Number of UEs
a straight forward way to decrease pilot contamination but it at Diferent Coherence Block Lengths on Uplink Spectral Ef-
reduces the data rate; another mechanism is required to fciency of Multicell Massive MIMO Networks under Rician
negotiate the pilot contamination problem and required data Fading Channels. Here, we consider MR combining to
[13, 15, 18–20]. Pilot reuse factor is a mechanism to improve detect the desired signal received from the estimated
the required throughput by reducing the pilot contamina- channels. Choosing a pilot reuse factor with MR com-
tion. Te pilot reuse factor can be defned as f � ⊺p /k as per bining is another way to reduce pilot contamination and
TDD protocol. It also leads to SE performance improvement improve the uplink spectral efciency. In this analysis,
where f is the chosen integer and k denotes per cell number the efect of the pilot reuse factor, coherence block, and
of UE. f � 1 is called as universal pilot reuse factor while number of UEs on the UL spectral efciency over Rician
f > 1 is named as nonuniversal pilot reuse factor. For fading channels is presented. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show
analysis, three diferent pilot reuse factors are considered to the uplink spectral efciency of multicell massive MIMO
evaluate the performance in equations (22)–(24) and are systems vs the number of UEs within the cells for dif-
shown in Figure 3. ferent pilot reuse factors with a coherence block length of
S � 400 and S � 500. As shown in Figure 6(a), the spectral
efciency for pilot reuse factors f ∈ {3, 4} is saturated for
4.1. Efect of Diferent Pilot Reuse Factors and Number of UEs ranging from 50 to 70, due to the presence of in-
BS Antennas at Diferent SNR Values on Uplink Spectral terference. For UEs, the ranges from 0 to 55 have im-
Efciency of Multicell Massive MIMO Networks under Fading proved SE as stated in IMT-advanced. Te saturated SE
Channels. In Figure 4, the low SNR with BS antennas and its for UEs ranging from 0 to 55 is 145, 181, and 155 for pilot
efect on the spectral efciency are plotted for the multicell reuse factors f ∈ {1, 3, 4}, respectively. As shown in
massive MIMO networks. In our proposed model with a BS Figure 7, pilot reuse factor f � 3 can improve the spectral
antenna M ∈ {0 − 800} having minimum SNR and users per efciency of our desired systems with UEs up to 70.
cell, k ≥ 10, the maximum SE is found to be 54 bit/s/Hz/cell As shown in Figure 6(b), the higher values of coherence
with MMSE channel estimators and zero forcing uplink block length make it easy to allocate the pilot sequences for
combining. As shown in Figure 4, the graph shows four channel estimation and uplink data transmission. As shown
times more SE. A pilot reuse factor f � 3 has a better spectral in Figure 6(b), a UE ranges from 0 to 40, and the maximum
efciency than other pilot reuse factors. Similarly, SE of each pilot reuse factor f ∈ {1, 3, 4} is 125,135.5, and
Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show the uplink spectral efciency 150, respectively. However, for large number of users, still
graph of multicell massive MIMO networks with diferent a universal pilot reuse factor f � 1 is dominant with higher
pilot reuse factors as a function of BS antenna numbers for spectral efciency, while pilot reuse factors f ∈ {3, 4} be-
5 dB and 10 dB SNR. Te graphs show the linear efect of the come minimum for higher number of UEs.
SNR and the BS antennas. In Figure 5, SE performance is As shown in Figure 6, a cellular system with k ≤ 30 and
improved than that of Figure 4 with SNR of 5 dB. For any a pilot reuse factor f � 3 have a maximum SE than the other
value of SNR, BS, and antenna numbers, a pilot reuse factor pilot reuse factors with diferent number of coherence block
f � 3 has higher spectral efciency than other pilot reuse lengths. In order to design a particular network having
factors f ∈ {1, 4}. a multicell and k ≤ 30, f � 3 has a great role to improve the
Based on the above observations, MMSE estimator and uplink SE and hence improvement in its area throughput,
ZF uplink combining indicate reasonable performance; for while a pilot reuse factor f � 1 has a linear efect on the
example, the proposed work using MMSE-ZE with a pilot uplink SE of multicell massive MIMO networks with an
reuse factor f � 3 has 58 bit/s/Hz/cell uplink spectral ef- increased number of UE, especially for a UE k > 30. It is
ciency. Tis shows a great improvement of UL SE of a cel- shown in Table 3 that as the number of user equipment are
lular network under the efect of shadowing and coherence increased, the interference within a desired network will be
interference. increased. So, using a universal pilot reuse factor, f � 1 has
As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the uplink SE averaged over a positive efect on the SE of multicell massive MIMO
a diferent number of BS antennas and shadow fading re- networks when we consider large number of users within
alization under high SNR and low SNR validate the theo- desired cellular networks.
retical results. As seen from fgures, a pilot reuse factor f � 3 Table 3 shows the numerical results for Figures 7–9. It
has better SE than the other two pilot reuse factors. Gen- can show the efect of pilot reuse factors f ∈ {1, 3, 4}, code
erally, increasing the number of BS antennas and SNR of the block length, and UEs on the uplink spectral efciencies
system yields a better SE. Te potential pilot reuse factor of multicell massive MIMO networks under fading
f � 3 shows a maximum SE and a pilot reuse factor f � 4 channels. Te table shows that a pilot reuse factor f � 3
also has a better performance than a universal pilot reuse for k ≤ 30 and code block length S ∈ {200, 400, 500} and
factor, which is f � 1. M � 1000 have an enhanced uplink SE than
Table 2 shows the more detailed results of the uplink f � 1 and f � 4. Furthermore, the SE performance with
spectral efciency of multicell massive MIMO cellular less number of UE is reasonable for f � 4 as compared to
networks under fading environment. that of the pilot reuse factor f � 1.
 1742, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2023/6623938 by Haramaya University, Wiley Online Library on [25/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 9

Pilot reuse factor f=1 Pilot reuse f=3 Pilot reuse factor f=4
Figure 3: Pilot reuse factors for uplink multicell massive MIMO cellular networks.

Effect of different Pilot Reuse factor and number of BS

antennas on ULSE of Multi cell Massive MIMO with SNR=-5 dB
80

70
Spectral Efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Number of antenna (M)
Pilot reuse: f=1 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=3 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=4 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=1, with proposed MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=3, with proposed MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=4, with proposed MMSE-ZF
Figure 4: Uplink SE of multicell massive MIMO system under fading channels with diferent number of BS antennas and pilot reuse factor
at SNR � −5 dB.

4.3. Efect of Diferent Pilot Reuse Factors and Number of BS factors show the more efcient and maximum spectral ef-
Antennas Diferent UES on Uplink Spectral Efciency of ciency with small number of users.
Multicell Massive MIMO Networks under Fading Channels. Figure 8 shows the corresponding spectral efciency of our
In this subsection, we consider pilot reuse factors with diferent desired system for three diferent pilot reuse factors of
number of users within a cell, which can efciently enhance the f ∈ {1, 3, 4} for UEs of k � 20 and k � 35 with coherence
spectral efciency of multicell massive MIMO networks. block length τ c � 200. As the number of users increase within
Figure 7 shows the uplink spectral efciency of multicell the cell of a desired cellular network, the spectral efciency of
massive MIMO networks under fading channels for diferent a universal pilot reuse factor f � 1 becomes maximal. In
pilot reuse factors with varying BS antenna numbers with Figure 11, the spectral efciency of pilot reuse factors f ∈ {1, 4}
a UE of k � 10. In Figure 10, we consider BS antennas ranging has a little diference for less number of antennas. However,
from 0 to 1000 and UEs of k � 10 for three diferent pilot reuse they have same spectral efciency for higher number of BS
factors of f ∈ {1, 3, 4}. As the graph indicates in Figure 10, antennas. A pilot reuse factor f � 3 still has a maximum
a pilot reuse factor f � 3 has a greater potential to enhance spectral efciency as compared with other pilot reuse factors.
the spectral efciency of the overall system. It can be seen For UEs k � 20 and BS antennas ranging from 0 to 1000, the
from the graph that the spectral efciency with pilot reuse maximum spectral efciency of diferent pilot reuse factors
factor f ∈ {3, 4} indicates little diference. So, these pilot reuse f ∈ {1, 3, 4} becomes 60 bit/s/Hz/cell, 70 bit/s/Hz/cell, and
 1742, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2023/6623938 by Haramaya University, Wiley Online Library on [25/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
10 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Effect of different Pilot Reuse factor and number of BS Effect of different Pilot Reuse factor and number of BS
antennas on ULSE of Multi cell Massive MIMO with SNR= 5 dB antennas on ULSE of Multi cell Massive MIMO with SNR= 10 dB
80 80

70 70
Spectral Efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell)

Spectral Efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell)

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Number of antenna (M) Number of antenna (M)
Pilot reuse: f=1 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=1 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=3 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=3 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=4 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=4 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=1, with proposed MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=1, with proposed MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=3, with proposed MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=3, with proposed MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=4, with proposed MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=4, with proposed MMSE-ZF
(a) (b)

Figure 5: Uplink SE of multicell massive MIMO system under fading channels with diferent number of BS antennas and pilot reuse factor
at (a) SNR � 5 dB and (b) SNR � 10 dB.

60 bit/s/Hz/cell, respectively. Te parameters are given as 4.5. Efect of Diferent Pilot Reuse Factors and Tree Diferent
k � 35, from 0 to 1000 range of BS antenna numbers and Channel Estimators with Diferent Values of Coherence Block
a coherence block length of 200 for three diferent pilot reuse Length on Uplink Spectral Efciency of Multicell Massive
factors f ∈ {1, 3, 4}. As shown in Table 4, the optimal spectral MIMO Networks under Fading Channels. In this subsection,
efciency of these pilot reuse factors f ∈ {1, 3, 4} is 87 bit/s/Hz/ we consider three diferent channel estimators with three
cell, 70 bit/s/Hz/cell, and 47 bit/s/Hz/cell, respectively. diferent pilot reuse factors, for analyzing their spectral
efciencies with three diferent pilot reuse factors. At the
4.4. Efect of Diferent Number of BS Antennas and UEs at receiver, we consider ZF combining used to detect the de-
Diferent Values of Coherence Block Length on Uplink Spectral sired signals from desired users. As we discuss in the pre-
Efciency of Multicell Massive MIMO Networks under Fading vious section, the channel is estimated by frst sending pilot
Channels. Te following fgures show the efect of number sequences from diferent users to BS antennas. BS estimates
of equipment and diferent BS antenna numbers and co- the channels between users and BS antennas.
herence block length. Te value of coherence block length S Figure 10 shows the uplink spectral efciency of multicell
depends mainly on mobility of users, frequency of operation, massive MMIMO network for MMSE and EW-MMSE LS
and propagation environment. with f � 3, using ZF uplink combining scheme. Te uplink
Figure 9 shows the uplink SE of multicell massive MIMO spectral efciency of MMSE-ZF for a pilot reuse factor of
systems vs number of UEs under fading channels with f � 3 is 43.5 bit/s/Hz/cell. Te uplink spectral efciency of
a coherence block length of S � 800. As shown in fgure, the EW-MMSE-ZF for a pilot reuse factor of f � 3 is 35 bit/s/Hz/
number of BS antenna have a great potential to improve the cell and the uplink spectral efciency of LS-ZF with a pilot
SE of multicell massive MIMO networks. Due to the reuse factor of f � 3 is 35 bit/s/Hz/cell. Tis behaviour shows
technique of spatial multiplexing between the UEs and BS that the ZF uplink combining technique can suppress the
antennas, the SE can be improved. Te maximum uplink coherence interference. As a resultant, the average sum
spectral efciency of multicell massive MIMO network for spectral efciency is enhanced with MMSE and f � 3 with ZF
diferent antenna numbers M ∈ {100, 200, 500} is 55 bit/s/ uplink combining.
Hz/cell, 100 bit/s/Hz/cell, and 170 bit/s/Hz/cell, respectively. Figure 11 shows the uplink spectral efciency of multicell
As indicated in Table 5, for a coherence block length of massive MMIMO network for MMSE and EW-MMSE LS
S � 500, the maximum spectral efciency for diferent with f � 4 using ZF uplink combining. Te uplink spectral
number of BS antennas M ∈ {100, 200, 500} is 45 bit/s/Hz/ efciency of MMSE-ZF for a pilot reuse factor of f � 4 is
cell, 80 bit/s/Hz/cell, and 138 bit/s/Hz/cell, respectively. 37.5 bit/s/Hz/cell. Te uplink spectral efciency of EW-
Generally, as the value of coherence block increases, the MMSE-ZF for a pilot reuse factor of f � 4 is 34.5 bit/s/Hz/cell
spectral efciency also increases, as shown in Table 5. and the uplink spectral efciency of LS-ZF with a pilot reuse
 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Table 2: Efect of SNR and number of BS antennas on SE of multicell massive MIMO over fading channels.
Maximum SE at Maximum SE at Maximum SE at
Maximum SE at Maximum SE at Maximum SE at
S. No. SNR values f � 1 with proposed f � 3 with proposed f � 4 with proposed
f � 1 with MMSE-MR f � 3 with MMSE-MR f � 4 with MMSE-MR
MMSE-ZF MMSE-ZF MMSE-ZF
1 −5 dB 36 bit/s/Hz/cell 54 bit/s/Hz/cell 50 bit/s/Hz/cell 32 bit/s/Hz/cell 44 bit/s/Hz/cell 42 bit/s/Hz/cell
2 5 dB 36 bit/s/Hz/cell 58 bit/s/Hz/cell 56 bit/s/Hz/cell 33 bit/s/Hz/cell 46 bit/s/Hz/cell 44 bit/s/Hz/cell
3 10 dB 38 bit/s/Hz/cell 60 bit/s/Hz/cell 58 bit/s/Hz/cell 35 bit/s/Hz/cell 48 bit/s/Hz/cell 46 bit/s/Hz/cell
11

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12 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Effect of pilot reuse factor, number of UEs on ULSE of Effect of pilot reuse factor, number of UEs on ULSE of
multi cell Massive MIMO network at S=400 multi cell Massive MIMO network at S=500
200 200
180 180
Spectral Efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell)

Spectral Efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell)

160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of Users (K) Number of Users (K)

Pilot reuse: f=1 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=1 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=3 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=3 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=4 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=4 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=1, proposed with MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=1, proposed with MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=3, proposed with MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=3, proposed with MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=4, proposed with MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=4, proposed with MMSE-ZF
(a) (b)

Figure 6: Uplink SE of multicell massive MIMO system under fading channels with diferent number of users and diferent pilot reuse
factors at coherence block length of (a) S � 400 and (b) S � 500.

Effect of pilot reuse, Number of BS antennas on UL SE of

multi cell Massive MIMO Networks at k=10

100
Spectral Efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell)

80

60

40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Number of antenna (M)

Pilot reuse: f=1 with MMSE-MR

Pilot reuse: f=3 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=4 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=1 proposed with MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=3 proposed with MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=4 proposed with MMSE-ZF
Figure 7: Efect of diferent pilot reuse factors and number of BS antennas on the uplink SE of multicell massive MIMO network under
fading channels at k � 10.

factor of f � 1 is 34.5 bit/s/Hz/cell. As a resultant, still MMSE efciency of multicell massive MIMO system for f � 4. Using
channel estimation technique is better to suppress the co- ZF linear uplink combiner is better to suppress the co-
herence interference and to enhance the uplink spectral herence interference.
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Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 13

Table 3: Efect of code block length and UEs on SE of multicell massive MIMO system under fading channels.
Maximum SE (bit/s/Hz/ Maximum SE (bit/s/Hz/ Maximum SE (bit/s/Hz/ Maximum SE (bit/s/Hz/
cell) when K ≤ 30 with cell) when K > 30 with cell) when K ≤ 30 with cell) when K > 30 with
proposed MMSE-ZF proposed MMSE-ZF MMSE-MR MMSE-MR
f�1 f�3 f�4 f�1 f�3 f�4 f�1 f�3 f�4 f�1 f�3 f�4
S � 200 68 98 78 135 ≈0 ≈0 65 75 60 110 ≈0 ≈0
S � 400 125 150 135 155 150 100 85 100 90 140 118 100
S � 500 145 181 155 170 181 155 80 115 100 140 138 115

Effect of pilot reuse, Number of BS antennas on ULSE of Effect of pilot reuse, Number of BS antennas on ULSE of
multi cell Massive MIMO Networks at k=20 multi cell Massive MIMO Networks at k=35
110
100 100
Spectral Efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell)

Spectral Efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell)

90
80 80
70
60 60
50
40 40
30
20 20
10
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Number of antenna (M) Number of antenna (M)

Pilot reuse: f=1 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=1 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=3 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=3 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=4 with MMSE-MR Pilot reuse: f=4 with MMSE-MR
Pilot reuse: f=1 proposed with MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=1 proposed with MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=3 proposed with MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=3 proposed with MMSE-ZF
Pilot reuse: f=4 proposed with MMSE-ZF Pilot reuse: f=4 proposed with MMSE-ZF
(a) (b)

Figure 8: Efect of diferent pilot reuse factors and number of BS antennas on the uplink SE of multicell massive MIMO network under
fading channels at (a) k � 20 and (b) k � 35.

Effect of BS antenna numbers, Number of UEs on UL SE of

multicell Massive MIMO at S=800
160
Spectral Efficiency (SE) [bit/s/Hz/cell]

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of UEs (K)

M=100 with MMSE-MR

M=200 with MMSE-MRC
M=500 with MMSE-MRC
M=100 proposed with MMSE-ZF
M=200 proposed with MMSE-ZF
M=500 proposed with MMSE-ZF
Figure 9: Uplink SE of multicell massive MIMO system under fading channels VS number of UEs with diferent number of BS antennas at
coherence block of S � 800.
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14 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Uplink Spectral Efficiency of Massive MIMO network

with three different channel estimators
45
40

Average sum SE (bit/s/Hz/cell)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
MMSE EW-MMSE LS

proposed with ZF
MR
Figure 10: Average sum SE of multicell massive MIMO network for MMSE and EW-MMSE LS with f � 3, using ZF uplink combining
scheme.

Uplink Spectral Efficiency of Massive MIMO network

with three different channel estimators
40

35
Average sum SE (bit/s/Hz/cell)

30

25

20

15

10

0
MMSE EW-MMSE LS

proposed with ZF
MR

Figure 11: Average sum SE of multicell massive MIMO network for MMSE and EW-MMSE LS with f � 4 using ZF uplink combining.

Table 4: Numerical results of uplink spectral efciency of three diferent pilot reuse factors.
Maximum uplink spectral efciency for diferent pilot reuse factors with Maximum uplink spectral efciency for diferent pilot
proposed MMSE-ZF reuse factors with proposed MMSE-MR
Number of
f�1 f�3 f�4 f�1 f�3 f�4
users
K � 10 38 bit/s/Hz/cell 64 bit/s/Hz/cell 60 bit/s/Hz/cell 38 bit/s/Hz/cell 50 bit/s/Hz/cell 48 bit/s/Hz/cell
K � 20 70 bit/s/Hz/cell 90 bit/s/Hz/cell 78 bit/s/Hz/cell 60 bit/s/Hz/cell 70 bit/s/Hz/cell 60 bit/s/Hz/cell
K � 35 100 bit/s/Hz/cell 90 bit/s/Hz/cell 60 bit/s/Hz/cell 85 bit/s/Hz/cell 75 bit/s/Hz/cell 45 bit/s/Hz/cell

Table 5: Efect of code block length, UE, and BS antenna on SE under fading channels.
Maximum SE Maximum SE Maximum SE Maximum SE Maximum SE Maximum SE
at M � 100 at M � 200 at M � 500 at M � 100 at M � 200 at M � 500
with proposed with proposed with proposed with proposed with proposed with proposed
MMSE-ZF MMSE-ZF MMSE-ZF MMSE-MR MMSE-MR MMSE-MR
S � 400 35 bit/s/Hz/cell 70 bit/s/Hz/cell 115 bit/s/Hz/cell 35 bit/s/Hz/cell 55 bit/s/Hz/cell 85 bit/s/Hz/cell
S � 500 45 bit/s/Hz/cell 80 bit/s/Hz/cell 138 bit/s/Hz/cell 40 bit/s/Hz/cell 60 bit/s/Hz/cell 100 bit/s/Hz/cell
S � 800 55 bit/s/Hz/cell 100 bit/s/Hz/cell 170 bit/s/Hz/cell 45 bit/s/Hz/cell 75 bit/s/Hz/cell 120 bit/s/Hz/cell
 1742, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2023/6623938 by Haramaya University, Wiley Online Library on [25/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 15

Uplink Spectral Efficiency of Massive MIMO network

with three different channel estimators
40

35

Average sum SE (bit/s/Hz/cell)

30

25

20

15

10

0
MMSE EW-MMSE LS
proposed with ZF
MR

Figure 12: Average UL sum SE of multicell massive MIMO network when using MMSE, EW-MMSE LS channel estimators, and a pilot
reuse factor of f � 1, using the ZF uplink combining scheme.

Figure 12 shows the uplink spectral efciency of multicell Data Availability

massive MMIMO network using MMSE, EW-MMSE, and
LS channel estimators with zero forcing uplink combining Te data used to support the fndings of the study are
and a pilot reuse factor of f � 1. As shown in fgure, the available from the corresponding author upon reasonable
uplink spectral efciency of MMSE-ZF for a pilot reuse request.
factor of f � 1 is 38 bit/s/Hz/cell and for EW-MMSE-ZF with
pilot reuse factor of f � 1 is 36 bit/s/Hz/cell and for LS-ZF Conflicts of Interest
with a pilot reuse factor of f � 1 is 36 bit/s/Hz/cell.
Te authors declare that there are no conficts of interest.
5. Conclusions
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