PSCT 2 Sem
PSCT 2 Sem
Semester-II
Course Code: SEBEH40201
Module I: Thinking, Deciding and Communicating
Basic Elements of Thought
•Identify the problem: Define the problem and write down everything known about it.
•Determine the root cause: Identify the root cause of the problem and any potential causes.
•Generate solutions: Brainstorm possible solutions and narrow them down to the best few.
•Evaluate alternatives: Consider all angles, including the risks and benefits of each option.
•Decide on a solution: Choose the best solution and plan the next steps.
•Implement the solution: Put the solution into action and sustain the results.
Factors Interfering with Effective Problems Solving
Many factors can interfere with effective problem solving, including:
•Lack of clarity: Not defining the problem clearly and accurately can be a challenge.
•Mental set: The tendency to solve problems in the same way based on past experiences.
•Functional fixedness: A form of narrow thinking that makes it difficult to be flexible or change
perspective.
•Unnecessary constraints: When people are overwhelmed, they may create additional limits on
solutions.
•Irrelevant information: Unnecessary information can impede the search for solutions.
•Fear of failure: Fear of making mistakes can limit creativity and innovation.
•Limited perspective: A narrow point of view can make it difficult to consider diverse ideas or
alternate solutions.
•Cognitive biases: Cognitive biases can be a challenge.
•Information overload: Too much information can be a challenge.
Types of Problems:- Problems can be categorized in various ways depending on
different criteria. Here are some common types of problems:
1. Well-Defined Problems: These have clear solutions and specific steps to reach
them, such as mathematical equations.
2. Ill-Defined Problems: These lack clear solutions or steps, often requiring more
creative thinking and exploration, such as ethical dilemmas or complex social
issues.
3. 3. Routine Problems: Problems that occur frequently and have established
solutions, like scheduling conflicts or basic maintenance issues.
4. 4. Complex Problems: These involve multiple variables, stakeholders, and potential
solutions, such as climate change or economic crises.
5. 5. Technical Problems: Issues related to technology or engineering, often requiring
specialized knowledge to solve, like software bugs or design failures.
6. 6. Interpersonal Problems: Conflicts or issues between individuals or groups, often
requiring communication and negotiation skills, such as team disputes or
relationship issues.
7. 7. Resource Problems: Issues arising from limited resources, such as budgeting
constraints or shortages of materials
8. .8. Strategic Problems: These involve long-term planning and decision-making,
often seen in business or organizational contexts, such as market competition or
growth strategies.Understanding the type of problem at hand can help in applying
the appropriate problem-solving strategies.
A plan of action:- Is a detailed strategy outlining the steps needed to achieve a specific
goal or resolve a problem. Here’s a general framework for creating an effective plan of
action:
❖ Define the Objective: Clearly articulate what you want to achieve. Make sure the goal is
specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
❖ Identify the Resources: Determine what resources (time, money, personnel, information)
are available to you and what additional resources you may need.
❖ Assess the Situation: Analyze the current context and any barriers that may affect your
ability to reach your goal. Consider using SWOT analysis to identify strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
❖ Develop Strategies: Outline the strategies and methods you will use to achieve your
objective. Consider different approaches and select the most suitable ones.
❖ Break it Down into Steps: Divide the overall plan into smaller, manageable tasks or
milestones. Assign deadlines for each task to keep the project on track.
❖ Assign Responsibilities: If working in a team, designate roles and responsibilities for
each member. Ensure everyone understands their tasks and expectations.
❖ Set a Timeline: Create a timeline that outlines when each task should be completed,
keeping in mind any dependencies among tasks.
❖ Monitor Progress: Establish a method for tracking progress and ensuring that the plan
stays on course. Regular check-ins or updates can help maintain momentum.
❖ Evaluate and Adjust: Be prepared to assess the effectiveness of your plan as you
implement it. Make necessary adjustments based on feedback and changing
circumstances.
❖ Celebrate Success: Recognize and celebrate milestones and achievements along the
way. This helps to maintain motivation and morale.By following this framework, you
can create a comprehensive plan of action that guides you toward your goal
effectively.