FOURIER TRANSFORMS

&
FOURIER COSINE AND SINE TRANSFORM
COURSE PROJECT ASSESSMENT

Course Name : B.Tech (P.T)

Subject Code : 24148S11P

Submitted by

P.SUMESH

(2401CV18111)

DEPARTMENT OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

School of Engineering and Technology

PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (PRIST)

Institution Deemed to be University – U/s 3 of the UGC Act, 1956

THANJAVUR – 613 403 – TAMIL NADU

JULY -2024
 POONAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY (PRIST)
Institution Deemed to be University – U/s 3 of the UGC Act, 1956
THANJAVUR – 613 403 – TAMIL NADU

Declaration
I do hereby declare that the work entitled FOURIER TRANSFORM & FOURIER COSINE & SINE

TRANSFORM submitted by me to the “PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY (PRIST)”, Thanjavur – 613 403 for 24148S11PB.Tech (P.T) research work carried out

by under the supervision of the Faculty in charge. The contents of this, in full or in parts, have not been

submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any degree or diploma, membership,

fellowship, associate ship etc. In keeping with the general practice in reporting scientific observation,

due acknowledgement has been made whether the work described is based on the finding of other

investigations.

Place :
Date : Signature of the Student
 PREDICTOR AND CORRECTOR
COURSE PROJECT ASSESSMENT
Course Name : B.Tech (P.T)
Subject Code : 24155C12P

Submitted by
P SUMESH
(2306CV10102)
DEPARTMENT OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
School of Engineering and Techno

PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (PRIST)

Institution Deemed to be University – U/s 3 of the UGC Act, 1956
THANJAVUR – 613 403 – TAMIL NADU
JULY -2024
 POONAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY (PRIST)
Institution Deemed to be University – U/s 3 of the UGC Act, 1956
THANJAVUR – 613 403 – TAMIL NADU

Declaration
I do hereby declare that the work entitled ‘’ MECHANICS OF MATERIALS” submitted by me to
the “PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (PRIST), Thanjavur –
613 403 for 24155C12P B. Tech (P.T) research work carried out by under the supervision of the Faculty
in charge. The contents of this, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institute or
University for the award of any degree or diploma, membership, fellowship, associate ship etc. In
keeping with the general practice in reporting scientific observation, due acknowledgement has been
made whether the work described is based on the finding of other investigations.

Place :
Date : Signature of the Student
Fourier Transform
Complex Fourier Transform (Infinite)
Let f(x) be a function defined (-∞,∞) and be piece-wise continuous in each finite partial

ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 ∞
interval then the complex Fourier transform of f(x) is defined by
∫
√2𝜋 −∞

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑠)𝑒−𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
1 ∞
Inverse Fourier Transform
∫−∞
√2𝜋

Properties of Fourier Transform

1. Linear Property
F{af(x) + bg(x)} = a F{f(x)} + b F{g(x)} where F is the Fourier transform
2. Shifting Theorem

If ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℱ{𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)} = 𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑎𝐹(𝑠)

3. Change of Scale property
ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℱ{𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} 𝐹 ( 𝑠 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0
=
1
𝑎
|𝑎|

4. Modulation Theorem
ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑠)𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥} = [𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) + 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)]
1

Convolution Theorem
Definition
The convolution of two functions f(x) and g(x) is defined as
1 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
√2𝜋 −∞
Fourier Transform of Convolution of two functions
The Fourier Transform of Convolution of f(x) and g(x) is the product of their Fourier
Transform

𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑠) . 𝐺(𝑠) = ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)} . ℱ{𝑔(𝑥)}

Perseval’s Identity
If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then

∫ |𝑓(𝑥)|2𝑑𝑥
∞
∫−∞ |𝐹(𝑠)| 𝑑𝑠
∞ 2
=−∞

Infinite Fourier Cosine Transform

ℱ {𝑓(𝑥)} = √ 𝑓(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2∞

𝑐 ∫0
𝜋

Inverse Fourier Cosine Transform

𝑓(𝑥) = √
2 ∞ 𝑓(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑠 𝑑𝑠
∫0
𝜋

Infinite Fourier Sine Transform

ℱ {𝑓(𝑥)} 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 ∞

= 𝜋 ∫0
√
𝑠

Inverse Fourier Sine Transform

𝑓(𝑥) = √
2 ∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑠 𝑑𝑠
∫0
𝜋

Properties of Fourier Sine and Cosine Transforms

1 Linear Property
ℱ𝑐 {𝑎𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝑎ℱ𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥)} ± 𝑏ℱ𝑐{𝑔(𝑥)}

ℱ𝑠{𝑎𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥)} = 𝑎ℱ𝑠{𝑓(𝑥)} ± 𝑏ℱ𝑠{𝑔(𝑥)}

2 Modulation Property
ℱ {𝑓(𝑥)𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥} = [𝐹 (𝑠 − 𝑎) − 𝐹 (𝑠 + 𝑎)]
1

𝑠 2 𝑐 𝑐

ℱ {𝑓(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥} = [𝐹 (𝑠 + 𝑎) + 𝐹 (𝑠 − 𝑎)]
1

𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑠

ℱ {𝑓(𝑥)𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥} = [𝐹 (𝑎 + 𝑠) + 𝐹 (𝑎 − 𝑠)]
1

𝑐 2 𝑠 𝑠

ℱ {𝑓(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥} = [𝐹 (𝑠 + 𝑎) + 𝐹 (𝑠 − 𝑎)]
1

𝑐 2 𝑐 𝑐

3 ℱ {𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = 𝐹 ( )
1 𝑠

𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎

4 ℱ {𝑓(𝑎𝑥)} = 𝐹 ( )
1 𝑠

𝑠 𝑎 𝑠 𝑎

5 Identities
If FC (s) and Gc(s) are the Fourier cosine transforms and Fs(s) and Gs(s) are the

𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝐺 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠

∞ ∞
transforms of f(x) and g(x) respectively then
∫−∞ ∫−∞ 𝑐
i)
𝑐

𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝐺 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠

∞
∞

∫−∞ ∫−∞ 𝑠
ii)
𝑠

|𝑓(𝑥)|2𝑑𝑥 = |𝐹 (𝑠)|2𝑑𝑠 = |𝐹 (𝑠)|2𝑑𝑠

iii) ∞
∞ ∞

∫0 ∫0 𝑐 ∫0 𝑠
 PROBLEMS

Problem 1 If the Fourier transform of

f  x F then, what is Fourier transform of
f ax ? is s
Solution:
Fourier transform of f  x is

1
F s  F  f  x  f  x eis xdx
2 π

 

1
F  f  ax    f  ax  eis xdx
2π

 
Put t  ax
dt  adx ist / a dt

1
F  f  ax    f t  e
2π a

 

1 1
a . f t  eist / adt
2π  1 s
 F  f ax  .F .
a  
a
Problem 2 Find the Fourier sine transform of e3x .
Solution:

2
Fs  f  x    π  f  xsin sx dx
0


2
F e 3 x

s π e
0
3x
sin sx dx


 e3x 
 2  3sin sx  s cos x 
 2
πs 9 0
  s  eax a sin bx  b cos bx .
ax
2 
2  
 e sin bx dx 
2 2
π s  9  a  b 

Problem 3 Find the Fourier sine transform of f  x  eax , a  0 . Hence deduce that
αxx sin

π α
 dx  e .
0
1 2
2
x
Solution:

Fs  f  x   2
π
f  xsin sx dx


0


Fs e  ax
  2
e
0
ax
sin sx dx
π

2  s 
 2 2 
π s a 
By inverse Sine transform, we get
f  x  π
2 Fs  s  sin sx ds


2
2  s 
  sin sx d
π π  s2  a2 

 0
 2  s sin sx
f x    2 ds
π 0 s  2
π s sin sx
f  x   2 2
ds
2 0 s a
π  
s sin sx
e  2  2 ds
ax
2 0 a
s
Put a  1, x  α
π α  s sin sx
e  2 ds
2 s 1
 0

Replace ‘s’ by ‘ x ’

s sin π α
sx
 1 dx  2 e .
0
x2
1
Problem 4 Prove that F  f  xcos ax  F  s  a   F  s  a  .
C   2
C C 
Solution:

2
Fc s   Fc  f 
π  f  xcos sx dx
x    
0

Fc  f  x cos 2
 f  xcos ax cos sx dx
ax  π 0
 cosa  s x  cosa  s x 
2

π x
 f  dx
 2
0  
 1  2  
1 

 π 0   
2 f x cos s  a xdx 
π
 f  xcos s  a  xdx
2 
1  2
  0 
 F  s  a  F  s  a  .
2 
c c
cos x,0  x  a
Problem 5 Find the Fourier cosine transform of f  x  .

 0, xa
Solution:

Fc  f  x   2  f  xcos sx dx 2 a
π 
π
 0
cos x cos sxdx
coss 
0
a
1 x  coss 1 x 
2

π 0
 2
dx
a
1 sin s 1 x sin  s 1 x 
 
 s 1 s 1
2
 0
1 π sin s 1 a sin s 1 a 
  S1,  S  1.
,
provided 
s 1 s 1
2  
π
Problem 6 Find F Cxeax  and F S xeax  .
Solution: d
F xeax   F  f  x
ds  
c s
d
Fc xe   dF e 
ax ax
ds s 
2  ax 
  
ds  π 0
e sin sx dx

 d  2
s   2 2 
  2   2  a s 2.
2
ds  π s     s 2  a2  
a π
F d   d
ax 
 xeax   
s  
F
ds 
ce 

 F 
s
xf  x    
ds
F  f  x 
c

 
d  

2  ax
   e cos sx dx 
ds  π 0 
 
d  2 a  
2as

  2 2
 2 2
.
ds  π s  
a π
 s  a 
2 2 

 

Problem 7 If F is the Fourier transform of f  , then prove that the Fourier transform of
s x
eax f  x is F  s  a  .
Solution:

1
F s  F  f  x  f  x eis xdx

2π 

1
F e fiax
 x   e f x e
iax isx
dx
 2π 
1 ia sx


2π 
e f  x dx
 F s  a.

Problem 8 Find the Fourier cosine transform of e2x  3ex .

Solution:
Let f  x  e2x  3ex

Fc  f  x  

2 f x cos sx dx

π  
0

Fc 

2  2 cos sx dx 

e 2
 x  x cos sx dx
3e  
x
π e
3ex
0 0 

 2 3 
2 2  2 .
s  4 s 1 
π 
Problem 9 State convolution theorem.
Solution:
If F(s) and G(s) are Fourier transform of f  x g  x respectively, Then the Fourier
and
transform of the convolutions of f  xand g  x is the product of their Fourier transforms.
i.e. F  f  x* g  x  F  f  x F  g  x 

Problem 10 Derive the relation between Fourier transform and Laplace transform.
Solution:

Consider ext g t t
 1
,
f t 
0
t
 0 ,
0
The Fourier transform of f  x is given by

F  f t  1 f t  eistdt

2π 
1  
 e xt g t  eist dt
2π 
 
1 is xt
g t  dt
2π 
 e
1  
pt
g t  dt where p  x  is

2π 
e

1   
 
 L g t  L  f t    e st f t  dt 
2π   
0

 Fourier transform of 1  Laplace transform of g(t) where g(t) is defined by (1).

f t 

2π

1
Problem 11 Find the Fourier sine transform of .
x
Solution:


π  
2
Fs  f  x f x sin sx dx
0
 
1
1
2
F  
s  π x
sin sx dx
x 0
Let sx 
θ
sdx  dθ ; θ : 0  
1 2s dθ
F sinθ
π
 
s x s
  0

2 sinθ θ 


sinθ π

π
 θ dθ   θ dθ  2 
0  0 

2  π   π .
 2  2
π
Problem 12 Find f  x if its sine transform is eas , a  0 .
Solution:
Fs  f  x    F  s 
Given that F s f  x  eas

f  x  2 Fs  s  sin x dx


π

0

 2  as sin sx ds
π0


2  eas 
  2 2 a sin sx  x cos sx
π a s 0

2  x .
 2 2 
πa x 
 1, 0x1
Problem 14 F i n d the Fourier sine transform of f  x  .

0, x1
Solution:
The Fourier sine transform of f  x is given by Fs  f  x   2 f  x sin sx dx


π

0
1   cos sx 1
2
 π sin sx dx   0 sin sx dx    
2  s
0 1  0
π
  cos s 1  1 cos s 
2   2  .
s s  s s 
 
π π

Problem 15 Find the Fourier transform of e-a|x|, a > 0

Solution:

1
F  f  x  f  x eis xdx
2 π

 
1
a x


2π 
 e eis xdx

1 


cos sx  i sin sx dx
2π  e
ax

 
1 a x  a x 
 e cos sx dx   e sin sx dx  0, odd function
2π 
2   
ax

cos sx dx

2π 
e
2  a 

.
π  a2  s2 
2
F e  
a x


 F   f  x   

f  x eis xdx
2π 
 1
a a 
1  
f  x    0 dx   a  x e dx   0 dx 
isx

a
2π  a a 
1

 a  x cos sx  i sin
1
 2π sx dx

a

 a sin sx & x sin sx are odd functions
 a  x cos sx dx  0
a
 
2π  a a
1  
  2   a  xcos sx dx
2π  0 
2
f  x    sin sx   cos sx  a
a x   s   1 s2 
  
2
π    0

2 0  cos sx  1 
π  s2 s2 

1 cos as 
2 
s2
π  as 
2 sin2
2
  2 
 2  1
π s 
 
1  

By inverse Fourier transform f x 

   F s  ds .
e isx
2π 


1 2 2 as  
 sin 2 e isxds Put x  0
2 

2π  π  s
2

 
2 as
 sin
2 2
f  0    2 ds
π  s
2  as 
πa sin

 
2
   ds
s 2
4 0
Put a  2
π  sin2 s
2 
 ds [ s is a dummy variable, we can replace it by ‘t’]
0 s2
  sin t 2 π
i.e   dt  2 .

t 0  

 x2
Problem 17 (i) Prove that e 2
is self – reciprocal with respect to Fourier transform.
1, x  
sin s
a
(ii) Find the Fourier transform of f  x  0,  . Hence evaluate
 0
x  a
Solution: 
 ds . s
2

(i) f  x  ex
/2

F s   F  f  x
F  s   F  f  x    f x eis x dx
 
21
π

1 

2π 
e x / 2eis x dx
2

 i2s2 i2s2

1
 2 is x 
2π  e x / 2 2 2
dx

  xis2  s2
 1  e 2
e 2
dx
2π 

x
Let y x    y  
is 2

dx  2dy x    y  

F s  

 1 2 dy
e
 y2
e s
2
/2
2π 0

 s2 / 2 
2e 2

π e
0
 y
dy

 s2 / 2 
π
2
/2
2es π 
 2e 

e dy   2 dx 
x

πy 2

π e 
0
2 0 2 

2 2
F  s   es /2
i.e. ex /2
is self reciprocal hence proved.

(ii). Fourier transform of f  x is


1
F  f  x    f  x eis x dx
2π 

a
 1  eis x dx
2π a
a
1
   cos sx  i sin sx  dx
2π a

a
1
   cos sx sin sx is anodd fn.
2π
dx
0

a
1
2π 
 cos sx dx
a

a
sin sx 
 2 
 s 0
π
sin as 
F s   2
π
 s 
 By inverse Fourier transforms,
1  

f  x  2π
F  s  e is xdx

1 
 2 sin cos sx  i sin sx dx
2π

as

π s
1  sin as  sin as 
  cos sx dx  0  sin sx is odd 
π s  s 

2   sin as 
  cos sx ds
π0  s 

put a  1, x  0
2  sin s
f x   ds
π0 s

π 
sin s
1  ds  f  x  1,  a  x  a
2 s
 0

sin s

π
 ds  .
0 s 2

Problem 18. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f (x) defined as

x for 0<x<
f (x) =  2
1 — x for 1<x<2

0 for x>2
Solution. By definition of Fourier Transform

F [f (x)] = ∫∞
√1 f isx dx
2π −∞
∫ (x)e ∫ 2
= 1
√ x cos sx dx (2 − x) cos sx
12 0
+ 1 dx

π #
1 "
= √ sin sx cos sx 1
sin sx
2π cos sx 2
+ (2 − x) +
x s2 s s2
s 0 1
− −
0
(1) s +
= + sin s
√1 sin s cos s − cos 0
cos 2s − cos s
2 −0
s
− s2 s2
= π
1 cos 2s − 2 cos s + 1 √
2 s2
π
 Problem 19
eikx, a < x < b;
Find the Fourier transform of f (x) =
0, x < a. and x > b

Solution.
1 ∫∞
F [f (x)] √ f isx dx
2π −∞
= ∫ (x)e
√1
b eikxeisx
= 2π dx
a
1∫
√ ei(k + s)x dx
b

=
2π a
" #b
= √1 ei(k + s)x
2π i(k + s) a
h i
i 2
= ( √ ei(k + s)b − ei(k + s)a
k+
s) π
Problem 20. State and Prove convolution theorem on Fourier transforms

Statement: The Fourier transforms of the convolution of f  x and g  x is the product of their
Fourier transforms.

F  f  x * g  x   F  f  x  F g  x  
Proof:
F f*g

1
 f * g  xeis x dx
2π 

 
1 1
  f t  g  x  t  dt eis x dx
2π 2π

 

 1 

1
π f t  2π  g  x  t  eis x dx dt
 
2  
1 1  
  f  t    g  x  t eisx dx  dt
2π  2π   

1

 f t  F  g  x  t  dt
12π   is
t
ist
 f g x  t
  f t  e F  g t
 dt      e F  g t 
2π 

 F  g t   G s 
1 

 f t  eist dt G
2π
s


 F  f * g   F s.G  F  f  t    F  s  .

s .

Problem 21

Find the Fourier transform of a2  x2 x 

a and hence evaluate
,
f x  
   0, 2 x  a
 sin t  t cos t   sin t  t cos t
 
(i)   t3 d
t
(ii)  
t
3  dt
0   0  
Solutions

Fourier transform of f  x is

1
F  f  x   f  x.eis xdx
2 π

 
1  a

 0    a  x e dx  0
2 2 is x

π
2  a  a 
1 
    a  x cos sx  i sin x  dx
2 2

π
2  a 
a  2 2

 2
2 2
 x cos sx dx  x sin sx is an odd fn.
a2π   a
0 a
   sin sx    cos sx   sin sx 
 2 a2  x2    2x  2   2 
s s s3
π      0

 2a cos as 2a sin as 
2 0  

 s2 s3
π

 2a cos as  2 sin as 
2  
s3
π 
F s 
2 sin as  as cos as   1
2 3 
s
π 
By inverse Fourier transforms,
1  

f  x  F  s  e is xdx
2π
1   sin as  as cos as 
2 2 s3 cos sx  i sin sx ds
2π  π  
2 
sin as  as cos as
f  x   3
cos sx (the second terms is on odd function )
π  s dx
Put a  1
2 s sin s  s cos

 1 x x  1
2
,
f  x   cos sx  f  x  0 , x  
2 π 3 ds
s
Put   1
x0

4s sin s  s cos

 f 0  1 0
f 0   3
ds  
π0 s 1
 
4  sin s  s cos s
1  ds
π0 s3

π sint - t cost
 dt
40 t3 .
(i) is proved. Using Parseval’s identify
Hence
 
2 2
 F s

ds 

 f  x dx
 a
   sin as  as cos as 2
2 π2  3  ds  a2  x2 dx
   
 s2

1

a
 1 x2  dx
2
8  sin s  s cos s ds 

 π  s3  
   1
8   sin s  s cos s 2 1
2
2  
π0  s
3  ds  2   dx
 1 x
2 0 1
16   sin s  s cos s   5
2x 3

π 
 x
s3  ds  2  x   
  4 3
 0  0
2  sin s  s cos s
π 8 π

 s3  ds  2 
0  16  15  15
Put a  1
Put s = t 2
  sin t  t cos t  π
  t3  dt  . Hence (ii) is proved.
15
2π
 1 1

2π  1 x cos sx  i sin sx dx
1 1
 1    
cos sx dx  1 x sin sx is anodd fn.
2π 
 1 
1
x
1
2   sin sx   cos sx 
 1 x    1 2 
s s
2π      0
2  cos s 1 
  2  2 
2π s s
F s  
  1 cos s 
2  1
 s
2 
π
(i) By inverse Fourier transform
1  

f  x  F  s  e isxds
2π
1
 1 cos s 
2
 π  s2 cos ssx  i sin sxby 1
2 π 

 

1   1 cos s 
π  s2 cos sx ds (Second term is odd)
 
  
2   1 cos s 
f  x   2 cos sx ds
π s 
0

Putx  0
2   1 cos s 
1 0   2  ds
π 0 s 
  1 cos s  π
 s2  ds =
0  2
  π
 2 sin2 s / 2

 s 2 ds 
0 2
put t  s / 2 ds  2dt

2 sin2 t
π
 2dt 
2t
0
2
2


sin2 t π
t
0
2
dt 
2
.

(ii) Using Parseval’s identity.

 
2 2
 F s

 f  x dx
ds 
 2

  1 2
2  1  cos s  ds 1 x  dx
 
s
 2 

π
   1
1 x  dx
2 2
2 
1  cos s ds

1

π   s2  
   1
4   1 cos s 2 1
  2
2
π s  ds 2   dx
1 x
0  0
 s 2
 2
4   2 sin 2     1 x 3 1

π   s2
 
ds 2 
  3 
0
     0
 
  sin2  s   4
16 
  2   ds  2 ; Let t  s / 2 , dt  ds
 
 
π  s2  3 2
0
 
 
16   sin t 4 2
π   2 dt 3
2t
0 
16   sin t 4dt  1
16π  t  3
0 
  sin t 4 π
 dt  3 .

t

0 
Problem 23 (i) Find the Fourier sine transform of e x . Hence prove that
 x sin αx
 
 1  dx π α
,α 0.
x2 e
0
2

(ii) Find the Fourier sine transform of eax  a  0 .Hence find (a) and
F C xe  ax

 e ax 

(b) FS  .
x
 
Solution:

(i) 2
Fs  f  x   π f  xsin sx dx

0


Fs e x   2
π e
x
sin sx dx


0
 s 
sin sx dx  2 

 2 x
sin sx dx
π0
 π  1 2 

s
 b
Result:  eax sin
a  b2
2

bxdx 
0
By Fourier sine inversion formula, we have
f  x   2 Fs  s  sin sx ds

π
0
 s
2 2 

e x  sin sx ds
 2 
π 0 π  1 s 
2  s sin sx

π 0 s2 1
 ds

s sin sx π 
x
put x  a

0
s 1
2
ds  e
2

s sin sa π 
 1 ds  2 e
a

0
s2
Replace S by x

x sin ax π 
  1
dx
 2
e a.
0
x2

(i) . Fs  f  x  
f  xsin sx dx

2
 π

0


Fs e ax
 2 eax sin sx dx
π

0

 ax
 e   s .......
 2  2 2 a sin sx  s cos sx  2 1
a s   2 2 

a s
π  π 
By Property
d
F  x f  x     F  f  x   
s    c 
dds
F  x f  x    F  f  x
cs  
ds s
(a) To Find F  xeax
c


d
F  xeax   F eax 
c s
ds
d  2  s 

  
ds  π s2  a2 
 
 2 2 2 
2 a  s  2s
 π   a 2  s2 2 
 
 2 2 
2 a s
Fc  x. f  x   
π a2  s2   2

 
 e ax 
(b) To find Fs  
x
 
 at
2 e
Fs  f  x    1

 sin st
dt
π0 t

2 eat
F s
π
sin st dt
0
t

d d on both sides w.r to ‘s’ we get
Diff.
  F s  sin st
2 eat dt   ax a 
 e cos bx dx  
ds  
ds π 0 t
 2
 a 2

 0 b
2   eat 
   sin st  dt
π 0 s t
2  teat cos st

π0
 dt
t

 2   at
d π0
 cos st dt
 a 
F s  at  2
2  cos st  2 2 

ds  dt π s a
π0  
Integrating w.r. to ‘s’ we get
F s  2
 s a 2 ds  c
1π
 2 a2
π 1  s 
a.  c
tan a
a
But F  s   0 When s  0 c  0 from (1)

 F s  
 s 2
tan1 .  
  π a
  x2
2 2
Problem 24 (i) Find the Fourier transform of e a x
Hence prove that e 2 is self reciprocal
with respect to Fourier Transforms.
(ii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of 1
xn1 . Hence deduce that is self-reciprocal

 1  x
under cosine transform. Also find F  .
 x 
 
Solution:

1
(i) F  f  x f  x eis xdx
 2π 


1

2π  e
 a x is 2 2

e dx
1   a x  
2 2


2π  is x
dx
e


1 
 a2 x2 is x 
 1

2π  e
dx


Consider a2 x2  isx
2 2
 2
 2  ax    is    is 
ax 2a 2a
is
2a
 2   
 is  s2
  ax     2
 2  4a
2

Sub: (2) ain (1) ,We get

 is 
 s2 
 ax
1 2a 
F   f  x   4a2 


 2π dx
e
  

s2   is  2
 2   ax 2a
 1
2π
e 4a
e

 
dx
s2 

 1

is
t2
Let t  ax  , dt  adx

2
2π edt 4a e

a 2a
2 2 1
s2   2t 
F e a x   e  4a 2
π   e dt  π 
 
a 2π   
1 s2
 
 3
e 4a2
a 2
Put a 1
 in 3
2
F e x   e S
2 2
/2 /2

2
/2
e  S is self reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transforms.

(ii). 2 
Fcc  f  x   F π2xn1   f  xcos sx dx
 π 0
 

x
0
n1
cos sx dx

 1

We know that   n    e y yn1dy

0

Put 
n1
y  ax, we
get
 eax ax
0
adx  n

n
 eax xn1dx


0
an
Put a = is
 
n
 e is x
is
n n
xn10dx 


cos sx  i sin sx xn1dx n

in
s

0
n  π
n
π
 n cos  i sin 
s  2
   n   2 nπ nπ 
cos  i sin
sn  2 2 
Equating real parts, we get
n

cos  2
 x n1
cos sxdx
sn nπ

0 2
Using this in (1) we get
2 n
F xn1  cos
nπ
c π
sn 2
Put n 
1
2

 1  π
Fc    1 

 x   2  2  cos 4
π s  1  
 2 π 1   π
   
π s 2   2 
1

s
1
Hence is self-reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform
x
 1 
To find F  1
 x1
 1  
 1 is x
F


2π
 e x dx
x

  

  1 cos sx  is insx dx

1
1
2π  x
2 
The sec ond termodd 
2π  x
 cos sx
dx
0
Put n =1/2 in (2), we get

cos
1/ cos π
 x dx
sx

2 4
0 s
π 1
 s 2 π
 1  2s π 1
F  2   .
  s
 x  π 2 s
Problem 25 (i) Find f  x if its Fourier sine Transform
e as .
is
s
(ii) Using Parseval’s Identify for Fourier cosine and sine transforms of eax , evaluate
 
(a). 1

0 (b). 
0 x2
dx
a  x 
2 2 2
Solution:  2

2
x dx a2
(i) Let
Fs  f  x e as
 s
  as
2 e
Then f  x   1
π
sin sx dx
0
s
df  2 a
  2 e  as cos sx ds 
π
 π a  x2
2

dx 0

 F  x 2  dx
 π a a2  x2
 2 tan1  x   c
   2
π a
At x  f 0  0 using (1)
0,

(2) =>
f 0 tan1  0   c  0
2
 c
Hence π
f  x 2 tan1  x .
 
 π a


dx
(ii) (a)To find 
0


a 2
 x2 
2


 2 eax cos sx dx
Fc e ax π

0



 e ax 
 2  a cos sx  s sin sx  
π a s
2 2
0
 a 
F eax  2  1
c  2 2 
πa s 
By Parseval’s identify.
 
2 2

 f  x dx Fc s ds

0 0



 2 2
a  ds, from (1)
 e
2ax
dx  2 2


0 0  π a s 

 e2ax 


2 2 ds
a 
a2  s2 
2
 2a 0 0
ds
π
1 2a2 
 π 0 a2  s2

2a
i e  π dx
 R place s by x
.
2
 e ' ' 
 a2  x2 4a3
0  

x2
(b) To find 
0 d

2
a 2
x 2 x
F e ax  

2
s
π eax sin sx dx
0

 e  ax 



 2  2 2 a sin sx  s cos sx

π a s 0
 s 
F e   2
 ax
s  2 2 
πa s 
By parseval’s identify


 f dx  Fs  f  x ds
2 2
x
0 02
eax  dx 
2

   2s 2 ds
2

π a s
0 0 

i.e  s π  e
ds   2ax
 π 1
  
a  s  2 2a 2 2a
2 2


0
 0
x2 π
 2 2
dx  Re place ' s 'by ' x '.
2
a 4a
0 x 
Problem 26 (i). Find the Fourier cosine transform of eax cos ax
 
1 x2
(ii). Evaluate (a).
 x
0
2
1  x 2  4
(b).
 x
0 2
 a2  x 2  b2 
dx , using Fourier cosine
sine transform. dx and
Solution:

(i) Fc  f  x π2 f  xcos sx dx


0



Fc e ax
 2 eax cos sx dx
π

0

 a 
F s  
c
2  s2  a2 
By Modulation Theorem,
π ax  1 F  a  s   F  a  s 
F  f  xcos
c   2 c c 
1   
F e ax  2  a a
c cos ax   a2  a  s2  a2  a  s 2 
 2 π
  
 2  2 2 
 a   a  s  a   a  s 
2
1
  2a .
 2 2 2 
2  a  a  s  a2  a  s  
π   
a  4a4  2s4 
2 2
 s  4a
F ax2  2a  2a2  s2 
π
e cos ax 
c    4 .
4 
2π s  4a

(ii) (a) Let f  x  e x and g  x  e2 x

Fc e  x   2 ex cos sx dx


π

 ex 
0

 2 cos x  s sin sx
 2
s 1 0
π
 
2 1   1
π  s2 1

F e2 x 

2 e2x cos sx dx
c π 0



2 2   2
 2 
s 4
π 
 f  x g  x dx   Fc  f  x   Fc  g  x   ds
 0 2   01 1
 

e x 2x
e dx
π 0
 .  ds  from 1 &  2 
1 s2  4 
 s2
0

 4 ds
e dx  3x

0 π  s
0
2
1  s 2  4
ds


ds  e3x 


 s2 1s2  4 4 π  1 
π 
 4 3
3
0
 0  

ds
π

0  .
 s 2 1 s2  4 12


x2
(b) To find
 x
0
2
 a2  x 2  b2 
dx.

Let
 f  x  eax , g  x  ebx
 s 
2  1
Fs  g  x  

2 sin sx 
 ax

 π0
  
π  s2  a2 
 s 
Fs  g  x    2   sin sx  2 
bx
  2
 π
 0
π  s2  b2 


 f  xg  x dx   Fs  f  x .Fs g  x ds From (1) and(2)

0 0
 
2 s2
e


0
ax bx
e dx 
π  s
 a2  s 2  b2 
0
2
ds


s2 π abx

0
 s 2  a2  s 2  b2  0 2 
ds  e dx


i.e  x2 dx
π

 eabx   π

 x2  a2 x2  b2  2 a  2  a  b.
b
0  0
 Problem 27 (i). Find Fourier transform of e—a x and hence deduce that
xtcos

π a
x  ax  2 2as
(a). 
0 a2  t 2
dt  (b). F  i
π s  a2 .
2


2
e xe
2a
(ii) . Find Fourier cosine transform of eax sin ax .

Solution:

(i) Fourier transform of f  x is


1
F  f  x  f  x eis x dx
2π

 

1 


cos sx  i sin sx  dx
2π  e
ax


1 
 cos sx  a x
sin sx is odd fn.
a
2π  e dx e
x  


F e
ax
 2   F s  1
a 
 
2π  a2  s2 

(a) Using Fourie rinverse transform,


ax 1 

F  s  e isxds
2π
e 

1  a 
2
 π  2 2  cos sx  i sin sx ds
π  a s 
2

 
a  cos sx  sin sx 
 is an odd fn.
  2 2 ds
π a  s
 2
 s a
2 

0 
2a cos xt
  2 Re place ' s ' by 't '
π  a t2
dt
π a
x

cos xt

2a
e  a

2
t2
dt .

(b) . Find Fourier cosine transform of e—ax sin ax .

2 2as
To prove F  xea x   i
 
Property: n
n d F
F xn f  x  i
 
  dsn
dF  s 
F  x f  x   i

 ds
 
i dF ea x
F  xea x  
  ds
 d  
 i 2
 a 
d 
s 2 π a2s
2
 s2  
2
2as
  i
π a2  s2 .
π   a 2  s2  
2
ia


2

(ii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of e—ax sin ax .

Fc  f  x    2f  xcos sx dx


π

0

Fc 2
ax
e sin ax eax sin ax cos sx dx
π


0


2 1 
 e ax sin s  a x  sin s  a x dx
π  0
21  s  a sa  
 b 
  
 
 2
ax
 2 2  e sin bx 2
dx 
2 

π  a2   s  a  a2 a b 
  s  a   0


1   
 a2   s  a   s  a    s  a  a2   s  a2 
2
 

2 
π


a2   s  a
2

a2   s  a 
2
 
1  2a2s  s43  2as2 23 2a33  as2 2 2a 2
s 4 2s2  3s3  2as 2
 2a32  s2a2 2 2sa2 
 4a  2a s  4a s  2a s  s  2as  4a s  2as  4a s
2 3

2  
2  2a  as 
3 2

 2  a 2a2  s2  
 .
 π 
s 
4 4
2  s4  4a 4 
4a 

π  

Problem 28 (i). State and Prove Parseval’s Identity in Fourier Transform.

(ii). 2
Find Fourier cosine transform of e—x

Solution:

(i) Parseval’s identity:

 
2 2
Statement: If F  s  is the Fourier transform of f  x , then  f  x dx   F  s 

Pr oof by convolution theorem F  f * g   F  s  G  

s 
f * g  F 1 F s G s 

1 

 f t g  x  t  dt ds  1
2 1 2π  F sG  s 
π eis x
 

Put x  0 and g t   f t , then it follows that G  s   F  s 

1becomes
 

  f t  f t  dt   F  s  F  s  ds
 
 
2 2
i.e.  f t  dt   F s  ds
 
 
2 2
i.e.  f t  dx   F s ds
 
(ii)

Fc  f  2
π f  xcos sx dx
x    
0
 2
F ex   2
 x
2 e cos sx dx
c   
π0

 2 
2
ex cos sx dx
2 
π 1


1 2

2π 
x
 e cos sx dx


1 RP of eisxdx

e

2π

x2


= R.P of 1
2π  e e dx
x is x 2


= R.P of 1
2π 
e x is x
2

dx
2
s

= R.P of 1  x2 is x e4
dx
2π
 s
2


e  e4
= 2
/4
1
R.P of es
2π  e
x 2
isx s2 / 4
dx
2
/4 1
= R.P of es
e
 xis / 22
2
π 
 dx

Put x  is  t dx  dt
2
When t  y  
 y 
t  e 2
F  f  x  R.P of  s / 4  et dt 2

c  
2π 


s2 / 4
  2

R.P.of  
 
t
 π e dt π
e 2
π
  
 s2 / 4
e
2

F  s2 / 4
e x  
2
.
e
c 
2



sin2 ax
Problem 29 (i). Find the Fourier transform of sin ax 
and hence prove that dx  4aπ .
x 
x2

(ii). Find 2sin 3s  2π 

f  x , if the Fourier transform F is
s  s  2π  .
Solution: of
(i) 
F   f  x   1 f  x eis x dx
 2π 

sin ax  1 sin ax 
2π
F   1  e dxsin ax 
is x

 x 
  x 

  cos sx  sin x dx
2π x 



 π
2
π
 sin ax 
F   1
 x  2

 2  sin a  s  sin a  s x 
x    2 π π 
π
     if a  s  0 & a  s  0
x  dx  π  2 2 
x
 0  
  if a  s  0 & a  s  0 or a  s  0 & a  s 
 0

By Parseval’s identity
 
2 2


 f  x2
dx 
a
 F s ds
sin ax 2 a

 x2 dx  2π ds  2π s a  2π a  a  4πa


 a
2

sin ax
i.e.  dx  4πa.
2
 x
(ii) Let us find
 2 sin 3s 
F 1  
s
 
  2 sin 3s
1 2 sin

F 1 
 3s  eis xds
 s 2π  s

1  2 sin 3s 1  2 sin 3s cos sx

2 
 cos sx  i sin sx ds π  s ds
0
π
s
(By the property of odd and even function)
1  sin 3  x s sin 3  x
π
 
s   ds
0 s 
1  sin 3  x s  sin 3  x  s 
  ds   ds
π 0 s 0 s 
 1 π π  
if 
π  2 2  3  x  0 & 3  x  0 
   
if 3  x  0 & 3  x  0 or
 
0 3x0&3x0 
 
 
 sin mx π π 
  dx  or  according as m >0 or m < 0 . 
 0 x 2 2 
1 3  x  3

if

 0 if x  3 or x  3
if x  3

1

0 if x 3  1

By the shitting property,

F eiax f  x  F  s  a 
eiax f  x  F 1 F  s  a
Thus 1  2 sin 3s  2π   i 2π 1  2
F e sin 3s 
 
s   
2π s
   

1 if x  3
 ei 2π 0 if x 

3 i2π x
 e if x  3
 e  
i2π
.
0 if x  3
Finite Fourier Transform
Let f(x) be function defined on (0,l). Suppose f(x) is sectionally continuous, then
the Finite Fourier sine Transform of f(x) is s function on the set of integers
𝑙
ℱ̅𝑠{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑝𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹̅𝑠 (𝑝) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 ∈ 𝑍
0
𝑙
Also the Finite Fourier Cosine Transform is defied by
𝑙
ℱ̅̅𝑐̅{𝑓(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑝𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹̅𝑐(𝑝) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 ∈ 𝑍
0
𝑙

𝑓(𝑥) =
2
Inversion formula for sine transform
𝐹̅
∑∞ (𝑝 ) sin
𝑝𝜋𝑥

𝑙 𝑝=1 𝑠 𝑙

( ) ̅( )
1
Where 𝐹̅ (0) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
Inversion formula for cosine transform
𝐹̅
(𝑝) 𝑝𝜋𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝑓 = 𝐹 0 ∑
∞
𝑐
𝑥 𝑐 𝑝=1 𝑐 0
+𝑙
𝑙
𝑙
Problem 1) Find the Finite Fourier Cosine and Sign Transform of f(x) = x2

ℱ̅ {𝑥2} = ∫ 𝑥2 sin
𝑙 𝑝𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution:

𝑠 0 𝑙
𝑝𝜋 𝑝𝜋 𝑝𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
= [𝑥2 (− ) − 2𝑥 (−𝑙 ) +2( 𝑙 )]
𝑝𝜋 𝑝𝜋 3
2
𝑙
𝑝𝜋
𝑙 ( (
𝑙) ) 𝑙 0

𝑙 𝑝𝜋𝑥
𝑝𝜋 𝑝𝜋𝑥
𝑙
𝑙
2
𝑥 𝑙
3
= [−𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 2𝑥 𝑝𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 2 𝑝𝜋 𝑐𝑜
𝑝𝜋 𝑙 ]
( 𝑠 𝑙
ℱ̅ ) �( ) 0
�

{𝑥2} = − ( )𝑝
𝑙3
𝑙3 −1 +
[(−1)𝑝 − 1] 𝑖𝑓 𝑝 ≠ 0
𝑠
𝑝3𝜋3

𝑝𝜋

ℱ̅ {𝑥2} = ∫ 𝑥2 cos
𝑙 𝑝𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑐 0 𝑙

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑝𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑝𝜋𝑥
𝑙
𝑙

= [𝑥 (−2
𝑥 ) − 2𝑥 (− 𝑥 )+2( )]
𝑙 𝑙
𝑝𝜋 𝑝𝜋 2 𝑝𝜋 3
𝑙 ( ( )
𝑙 𝑙
) 0
 𝑙
= [𝑥2
𝑙
𝑝𝜋 𝑝𝜋 𝑝𝜋𝑥
+ 2𝑥 𝑙 𝑐𝑜 + 2 𝑙 𝑠𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 ]
( 2 𝑠 ( 3 𝑛 𝑙 0
𝑝𝜋 𝑙 ) 𝑙 )
𝑝𝜋 𝑝𝜋
ℱ̅ {𝑥 } = − (−1)𝑝 𝑖𝑓 𝑝 ≠ 0
2
2𝑙3

𝑐 𝑝2𝜋2

Exercise 1) Find the finite fourier sine and cosine transform of f(x) = eax in (0, l ).