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Physically Based Rendering
 Physically Based Rendering
FROM THEORY TO IMPLEMENTATION

FOURTH EDITION

MATT PHARR
WENZEL JAKOB
GREG HUMPHREYS

The MIT Press

Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
© 2023 Matt Pharr, Wenzel Jacob, and Greg Humphreys
This work is subject to a Creative Commons CC-BY-ND-NC license.
Subject to such license, all rights are reserved.

The MIT Press would like to thank the anonymous peer reviewers who
provided comments on drafts of this book. The generous work of academic
experts is essential for establishing the authority and quality of our
publications. We acknowledge with gratitude the contributions of these
otherwise uncredited readers.
This book was set in Minion, East Bloc ICG Open, and Univers by Windfall
Software. Printed and bound in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Pharr, Matt, author. | Jakob, Wenzel, author. | Humphreys, Greg,
author.
Title: Physically based rendering : from theory to implementation / Matt
Pharr, Wenzel Jakob, Greg Humphreys.
Description: Fourth edition. | Cambridge : The MIT Press, [2023] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022014718 (print) | LCCN 2022014719 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780262048026 | ISBN 9780262374033 (epub) | ISBN 9780262374040
(pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Computer graphics. | Three-dimensional display systems. |
Image processing–Digital techniques.
Classification: LCC T385 .P486 2022 (print) | LCC T385 (ebook) |
DDC 006.6–dc23/eng/20220919
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022014718
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022014719
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
d_r0
To Deirdre, who even let me bring the manuscript on our honeymoon.

M. P.

To Olesya, who thought it was cute that my favorite book is a computer

program.

W. J.

To Isabel and Quinn, the two most extraordinary people I’ve ever met. May
your pixels never be little squares.

G. H.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Matt Pharr is a Distinguished Research Scientist at NVIDIA. He has

previously worked at Google, co-founded Neoptica, which was acquired by
Intel, and co-founded Exluna, which was acquired by NVIDIA. He has a B.S.
degree from Yale and a Ph.D. from the Stanford Graphics Lab, where he
worked under the supervision of Pat Hanrahan.

Wenzel Jakob is an assistant professor in the School of Computer and

Communication Sciences at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
(EPFL). His research revolves around inverse and differentiable graphics,
material appearance modeling, and physically based rendering. Wenzel
obtained his Ph.D. at Cornell University under the supervision of Steve
Marschner, after which he joined ETH Zürich for postdoctoral studies under
the supervision of Olga Sorkine Hornung. Wenzel is also the lead developer
of the Mitsuba renderer, a research-oriented rendering system.

Greg Humphreys is currently an engineer at a stealth startup. He has also

been part of the Chrome graphics team at Google and the OptiX GPU ray-
tracing team at NVIDIA. In a former life, he was a professor of Computer
Science at the University of Virginia, where he conducted research in both
high-performance and physically based computer graphics, as well as
computer architecture and visualization. Greg has a B.S.E. degree from
Princeton and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Stanford under the
supervision of Pat Hanrahan. When he’s not tracing rays, Greg can usually
be found playing tournament bridge.
Contents

COPYRIGHT
PREFACE

CHAPTER 01. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Literate Programming
1.1.1 Indexing and Cross-Referencing
1.2 Photorealistic Rendering and the Ray-
Tracing Algorithm
1.2.1 Cameras and Film
1.2.2 Ray–Object Intersections
1.2.3 Light Distribution
1.2.4 Visibility
1.2.5 Light Scattering at Surfaces
1.2.6 Indirect Light Transport
1.2.7 Ray Propagation
1.3 pbrt: System Overview
1.3.1 Phases of Execution
1.3.2 pbrt’s main() Function
1.3.3 Integrator Interface
1.3.4 ImageTileIntegrator and the Main Rendering Loop
1.3.5 RayIntegrator Implementation
1.3.6 Random Walk Integrator
1.4 How to Proceed through This Book
1.4.1 The Exercises
1.4.2 Viewing the Images
1.4.3 The Online Edition
1.5 Using and Understanding the Code
1.5.1 Source Code Organization
1.5.2 Naming Conventions
1.5.3 Pointer or Reference?
1.5.4 Abstraction versus Efficiency
1.5.5 pstd
1.5.6 Allocators
1.5.7 Dynamic Dispatch
1.5.8 Code Optimization
1.5.9 Debugging and Logging
1.5.10 Parallelism and Thread Safety
1.5.11 Extending the System
1.5.12 Bugs
1.6 A Brief History of Physically Based
Rendering
1.6.1 Research
1.6.2 Production
Further Reading
Exercise

CHAPTER 02. MONTE CARLO

INTEGRATION
2.1 Monte Carlo: Basics
2.1.1 Background and Probability Review
2.1.2 Expected Values
2.1.3 The Monte Carlo Estimator
2.1.4 Error in Monte Carlo Estimators
2.2 Improving Efficiency
2.2.1 Stratified Sampling
2.2.2 Importance Sampling
2.2.3 Multiple Importance Sampling
 2.2.4 Russian Roulette
2.2.5 Splitting
2.3 Sampling Using the Inversion Method
2.3.1 Discrete Case
2.3.2 Continuous Case
2.4 Transforming between Distributions
2.4.1 Transformation in Multiple Dimensions
2.4.2 Sampling with Multidimensional Transformations
Further Reading
Exercises

CHAPTER 03. GEOMETRY AND

TRANSFORMATIONS
3.1 Coordinate Systems
3.1.1 Coordinate System Handedness
3.2 n-Tuple Base Classes
3.3 Vectors
3.3.1 Normalization and Vector Length
3.3.2 Dot and Cross Product
3.3.3 Coordinate System from a Vector
3.4 Points
3.5 Normals
3.6 Rays
3.6.1 Ray Differentials
3.7 Bounding Boxes
3.8 Spherical Geometry
 3.8.1 Solid Angles
3.8.2 Spherical Polygons
3.8.3 Spherical Parameterizations
3.8.4 Bounding Directions
3.9 Transformations
3.9.1 Homogeneous Coordinates
3.9.2 Transform Class Definition
3.9.3 Basic Operations
3.9.4 Translations
3.9.5 Scaling
3.9.6 x, y, and z Axis Rotations
3.9.7 Rotation around an Arbitrary Axis
3.9.8 Rotating One Vector to Another
3.9.9 The Look-at Transformation
3.10 Applying Transformations
3.10.1 Points
3.10.2 Vectors
3.10.3 Normals
3.10.4 Rays
3.10.5 Bounding Boxes
3.10.6 Composition of Transformations
3.10.7 Transformations and Coordinate System Handedness
3.10.8 Vector Frames
3.10.9 Animating Transformations
3.11 Interactions
3.11.1 Surface Interaction
3.11.2 Medium Interaction
Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 04. RADIOMETRY, SPECTRA,
AND COLOR
4.1 Radiometry
4.1.1 Basic Quantities
4.1.2 Incident and Exitant Radiance Functions
4.1.3 Radiometric Spectral Distributions
4.1.4 Luminance and Photometry
4.2 Working with Radiometric Integrals
4.2.1 Integrals over Projected Solid Angle
4.2.2 Integrals over Spherical Coordinates
4.2.3 Integrals over Area
4.3 Surface Reflection
4.3.1 The BRDF and the BTDF
4.3.2 The BSSRDF
4.4 Light Emission
4.4.1 Blackbody Emitters
4.4.2 Standard Illuminants
4.5 Representing Spectral Distributions
4.5.1 Spectrum Interface
4.5.2 General Spectral Distributions
4.5.3 Embedded Spectral Data
4.5.4 Sampled Spectral Distributions
4.6 Color
4.6.1 XYZ Color
4.6.2 RGB Color
4.6.3 RGB Color Spaces
4.6.4 Why Spectral Rendering?
4.6.5 Choosing the Number of Wavelength Samples
4.6.6 From RGB to Spectra
Further Reading
 Exercises

CHAPTER 05. CAMERAS AND FILM

5.1 Camera Interface
5.1.1 Camera Coordinate Spaces
5.1.2 The CameraBase Class
5.2 Projective Camera Models
5.2.1 Orthographic Camera
5.2.2 Perspective Camera
5.2.3 The Thin Lens Model and Depth of Field
5.3 Spherical Camera
5.4 Film and Imaging
5.4.1 The Camera Measurement Equation
5.4.2 Modeling Sensor Response
5.4.3 Filtering Image Samples
5.4.4 The Film Interface
5.4.5 Common Film Functionality
5.4.6 RGBFilm
5.4.7 GBufferFilm
Further Reading
Exercises

CHAPTER 06. SHAPES

6.1 Basic Shape Interface
6.1.1 Bounding
6.1.2 Ray–Bounds Intersections
6.1.3 Intersection Tests
6.1.4 Intersection Coordinate Spaces
6.1.5 Sidedness
6.1.6 Area
 6.1.7 Sampling
6.2 Spheres
6.2.1 Bounding
6.2.2 Intersection Tests
6.2.3 Surface Area
6.2.4 Sampling
6.3 Cylinders
6.3.1 Area and Bounding
6.3.2 Intersection Tests
6.3.3 Sampling
6.4 Disks
6.4.1 Area and Bounding
6.4.2 Intersection Tests
6.4.3 Sampling
6.5 Triangle Meshes
6.5.1 Mesh Representation and Storage
6.5.2 Triangle Class
6.5.3 Ray–Triangle Intersection
* 6.5.4 Sampling
6.6 Bilinear Patches
6.6.1 Intersection Tests
6.6.2 Sampling
* 6.7 Curves
6.7.1 Bounding Curves
6.7.2 Intersection Tests
* 6.8 Managing Rounding Error
6.8.1 Floating-Point Arithmetic
6.8.2 Conservative Ray–Bounds Intersections
6.8.3 Accurate Quadratic Discriminants
6.8.4 Robust Triangle Intersections
 6.8.5 Bounding Intersection Point Error
6.8.6 Robust Spawned Ray Origins
6.8.7 Avoiding Intersections behind Ray Origins
6.8.8 Discussion
Further Reading
Exercises

CHAPTER 07. PRIMITIVES AND

INTERSECTION ACCELERATION
7.1 Primitive Interface and Geometric
Primitives
7.1.1 Geometric Primitives
7.1.2 Object Instancing and Primitives in Motion
7.2 Aggregates
7.3 Bounding Volume Hierarchies
7.3.1 BVH Construction
7.3.2 The Surface Area Heuristic
7.3.3 Linear Bounding Volume Hierarchies
7.3.4 Compact BVH for Traversal
7.3.5 Bounding and Intersection Tests
Further Reading
Exercises

CHAPTER 08. SAMPLING AND

RECONSTRUCTION
8.1 Sampling Theory
8.1.1 The Frequency Domain and the Fourier Transform
8.1.2 Ideal Sampling and Reconstruction
8.1.3 Aliasing
Another Random Scribd Document
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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Foster's
Complete Hoyle: An Encyclopedia of Games
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Title: Foster's Complete Hoyle: An Encyclopedia of Games

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSTER'S

COMPLETE HOYLE: AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAMES ***
 FOSTER’S COMPLETE
HOYLE
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAMES

Revised and Enlarged to

October, 1914

INCLUDING ALL INDOOR GAMES PLAYED TO-DAY. WITH

SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY, ILLUSTRATIVE HANDS
AND
ALL OFFICIAL LAWS TO DATE

BY
R.F. FOSTER

Author of “Royal Auction Bridge with Nullos,”

“Cooncan,” and many other books
on card games

ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS DIAGRAMS

AND ENGRAVINGS
 NEW YORK
FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
PUBLISHERS

Copyright, 1914, by
Frederick A. Stokes Company
Copyright, 1909, by
Frederick A. Stokes Company
Copyright, 1897, by
Frederick A. Stokes Company
All Rights Reserved
October, 1914
 PUBLISHERS’ NOTE.
This book is entirely original. It is the work of a single author,
who has made the subject of games a life-long study, who keeps in
touch with all new games, and with changes in old games. He has
written the description of each game expressly for this book.
The treatment is systematic and uniform. The description of each
game begins with the apparatus and the players, and then follows
the natural course of play, step by step, until the end. Each part of
the game is described in a separate paragraph, and every paragraph
is preceded by catch-words in heavy-faced type, so that the entire
work is in the nature of a dictionary, in which any part of any game
can be found immediately.
All technical terms are accompanied by a full definition of their
meaning, and are printed in full-face type.
All disputed points have been settled in an entirely original
manner. Instead of taking any one person as an authority, the
history of each game has been traced from its source to its present
condition, and its rules have been carefully compared with those of
other members of the same family. The times and the reasons for
the various changes have been ascertained, and the rules given are
not only in strict accord with the true spirit of the game, but are
based upon common sense and equity. When official laws for any
game exist they are given in full.
The list of technical terms is the most complete ever published.
 CONTENTS.
page

A list of terms, 674

Ace in the Pot, dice, 617
All Fours Family, 324
All Fives, 329
Auction Pitch, 330
Blind All Fours, 325
California Jack, 330
Cinch, 334
Commercial Pitch, 330
Dom Pedro, 334
Double Pedro, 334
High Five, 334
Old Sledge, 325
Pedro, 333
Pedro Sancho, 333
Sell-out, 330
Seven-up, 325
Shasta Sam, 330
Smudge, 333
Snoozer, 334
Ambigu, 259
American Billiard Laws, 627
American Laws of Bridge, 48
American Pyramid Pool, 631
American Skat, 434
Auction Binocle, 407
Auction Bridge, xxv
Cards Played in Error, xxxi
Declarer’s Play, 22
Discarding, 21
Ducking, 25
Dummy, xxx
Eleven Rule, 13
Encouraging Discards, 22
Exposed Cards, xxxi
Finessing, 24
Fourth-hand Play, 21
Illustrative Auction Hands, 27
Irregularities in Declaring, xxix
Irregularities in the Deal, xxvii
Leading High Cards, 6
Leading Out of Turn, xxxi
Leading Second Round, 9
Leading Short Suits, 8
Leading Small Cards, 9
Leading Trumps, 11
Making the Trump, xxvii
No-trump Leads, 11
Nullo, 26
Scoring, 26
Suggestions for Bidding, 26
Suggestions for the Play, 26
Opening Leads, 5
Penalties, 1
Playing against Dummy, 14
Playing to the Score, 21
Pone’s Lead, 11
Rank of the Bids, xxviii
Returning Suits, 14
Revoke, xxx
 Scoring, xxxii
Second-hand Play, 17
Selecting the Suit to Lead, 6
Suggestions for Good Play, 3
Third-hand Play, 12, 19
Auction Cinch, 340
Auction Euchre, 279
Auction Hearts, 354
Auction Pitch, 330
Authors, 500

Baccara, 521
Baccara Chemin de Fer, 526
Backgammon, 590
Opening Throws, 595
English Game, 598
American Game, 599
The Laws, 601
Russian Backgammon, 602
Banking Games, 516
Bank-shot Billiards, 626
Base-ball with dice, 617
Baulk-line Billiards, 625
Bergen Game, dominoes, 609
Bézique Family, 374
Bézique, 375
Chinese Bézique, 394
Chouette Bézique, 394
Penchant, 384
Rubicon Bézique, 386
 Cinq-Cents, 383
Four-handed, 382
Polish Bézique, 382
Three-handed, 382
Bid Euchre, 287
Bid Whist, 687
Bierspiel, 319
Billiards and Pool, 620
American Game, 624
Amer. Pyramid Pool, 631
Baulk-line Billiards, 625
Black Pool, 642
Books on Billiards, 650
Bottle Pool, 649
Chicago Pool, 633
Colour-ball Pool, 639
Continuous Pool, 632
Cow-boy Pool, 634
Cushion Caroms, 626
English Billiards, 643
English Pool, 639
English Pyramid Pool, 632
English Billiard Laws, 644
Fifteen-ball Pool, 629
Forty-one Pool, 633
High-low-jack Game, 633
Laws of Billiards, American, 627
Little Corporal, 648
Pin Pool, 647
Shell Out Pool, 632
Snooker Pool, 636
Spanish Game of Billiards, 649
Binochle, 395
 Melds, 398
Auction Binochle, 407
Gaigel, 406
Three-handed, 405
Four-handed, 407
Black Jack or Lady, 356
Black Pool, English, 642
Blind All Fours, 325
Blind Cinch, 340
Blind Euchre, 278
Blind Hookey, 527
Block Game, dominoes, 606
Bluff, poker, 245
Boodle, 507
Books on Billiards, 650
Boston, 165
Payments, 171
French Boston, 179
Russian Boston, 183
Boston de Fontainebleau, 174
Bottle Pool, 649
Bouillotte, 254
Bowling Alley Laws, 662
Brag, poker, 250
Brelan, 254
Bridge, xxv, 28
Bridge Laws, 41
Bridge Tactics, 28
Doubling, 32
Illustrative Hand, 34
Making the Trump, 28, 31
Opening Leads, 33
Text Books, 59
Bridge, Varieties of, 35
Auction Bridge, xxv
Bridge for Three, 36
Bridge for Two, 36
Double Dummy Bridge, 39
Draw Bridge, 40
Duplicate Auction, 35
Duplicate Bridge, 38
King’s Bridge, 40
Misery Bridge, 37
Pivot Bridge, 37
Progressive Bridge, 38
Reversi Bridge, 40
Short Bridge, 40
Six-hand Bridge, 39
Three-hand Auction, 35

Calabrasella, 489
California Jack, 330
Call-ace Euchre, 287
Canfield, 693
Cartomancie, 513
Cassino, 478
Spade Cassino, 485
21 Point Cassino, 484
Royal Cassino, 485
 Draw Cassino, 485
Catch the Ten, 159
Cayenne, 138
Centennial, dice, 618
Chance, and its Laws, 651
Concurrent Events, 654
Conflicting Events, 654
Dice Probabilities, 655
Distribution of Suits, 656
Distribution of Trumps, 656
Doubling up Bets, 657
Luck, 651
Martingales, 657
Maturity of the Chances, 652
Playing Progression, 658
Poker Probabilities, 655
Successive Event, 652
Whist Probabilities, 656
Checkers, 577
The Openings, 580
The Four Positions, 582
Theory of the Move, 584
Illustrative Games, 586
Devil and Tailors, 587
Checker Laws, 588
Losing Game, 587
Polish Draughts, 587
Chemin de fer, 526
Chess, 546
The Openings, 557
The Endings, 567
Games at Odds, 565
Knights’ Tour, 570
 American Laws, 571
Chicago Pool, 633
Chinese Bézique, 394
Chinese Fan Tan, 528
Chinese Whist, 184
Chouette Bézique, 394
Chuck Luck, 540
Cinch, 334
Auction Cinch, 340
Blind Cinch, 340
Progressive Cinch, 340
Sixty-three, 340
Widow Cinch, 341
Illustrative Hands, 342
Cinch Laws, 344
Razzle-Dazzle, 340
Cinq-Cents, 383
Colour-ball Pool, 639
Commerce, 252
Commercial Pitch, 330
Commit, 503
Compass Whist, 113
Continuous Pool, 632
Conquian, 486
Cow-boy Pool, 634
Cushion Carroms, 626
Craps, dice, 614
Cribbage, 442
 Five-card Cribbage, 460
Six-card Cribbage, 444
Seven-card Cribbage, 462
Solitaire Cribbage, 700
Three-hand Cribbage, 461
Four-hand Cribbage, 461
Cut-throat Euchre, 277

Dice Games, 611

Ace in the Pot, 617
Base-Ball, 616
Centennial, 618
Chuck-Luck, 540
Crap Shooting, 614
Going to Boston, 617
Help Your Neighbour, 619
Law of Chances, 613
Multiplication, 618
Passe Dix, 619
Poker Dice, 615
Probabilities, 655
Raffles, 613
Round the Spot, 618
Sweat, 540
Ten Pins, 616
Throwing Dice, 612
Under and Over Seven, 543
Vingt-et-un, 618
Discard Hearts, 356
Distribution of Suits, Whist, 657
Distribution of Trumps, Whist, 657
Division Loo, 319
Doctrine of Chances, 651
Domino Hearts, 357
Dominoes, 605
All Fives, 609
All Threes, 610
Bergen Game, 609
Block Game, 606
Draw Game, 608
Domino Pool, 609
Matadore, 608
Muggins, 609
Sebastopol, 609
Dom Pedro, 334
Double Dummy Bridge, 39
Double Dummy Whist, 130
Double Pedro, 334
Doubling-up Bets, 657
Draughts, 577
Draw Bridge, 47
Draw Cassino, 485
Draw Game, dominoes, 608
Draw Poker, 208
Drive Whist, 687
Dummy, 127
Duplicate Bridge, 45
Duplicate Whist, 100
Apparatus Necessary, 102
Club against Club, 103
Compass Whist, 113
 Foster’s Pair System, 115
Gilman’s Team System, 109
Howell Pair System, 114
Individual against Individual, 114
Laws of Duplicate Whist, 119
Married Couples System, 118
Memory Duplicate, 110
Pair against Pair, 110
Safford’s Systems, 116
Team against Team, 105
Dutch Bank, 527

Earl of Coventry, 502

Ecarté, 293
Jeu de règle, 299
Pool Ecarté, 306
Enflé, 370
English Billiards, 643
English Billiard Laws, 644
English Following Pool, 639
English Pyramid Pool, 632
English Whist Laws, 196
Euchre Family of Games, 263
Euchre, 264
Auction Euchre, 279
Bid Euchre, or 500, 287
Blind Euchre, 278
Call-ace Euchre, 287
Cut-Throat, 277
Five-handed, 286
French Euchre, 279
 Jambone, 283
Jamboree, 283
Laps, 283
Laws of Euchre, 288
Military Euchre, 281
Penalty Euchre, 279
Progressive Euchre, 280
Railroad Euchre, 282
Set-Back Euchre, 278
Seven-handed Euchre, 284
Slams, 283

Fan Tan, 528

Fan Tan with Cards, 509
Farmer, or Ferme, 520
Faro, 529
Favourite Whist, 99
Fifteen-ball Pool, 629
Five-card Cribbage, 460
Five-card Loo, 323
Five-handed Euchre, 286
Five Hundred, 287
Five and Ten, 316
Five or Nine, 509
Flat Poker, 229
Following Pool, 639
Fortune Telling, 513
Forty-five, 316
Forty-one Pool, 633
Four-ball Billiards, 626
Four-handed Cribbage, 461
” ” Bézique, 382
” ” Binocle, 407
” ” Sixty-six, 413
Four Jacks, 369
Freeze-out, poker, 228
French Boston, 179
French Carrom Game, 624
French Dummy, 133
French Euchre, 279
French Games:—
Ambigu, 259
Baccara, 521
Bouillotte, 254
Cinq-Cents, 383
Ferme, 520
Humbug Whist, 132
Impérial, 476
Macao, 520
Mort, 133
Nain Jaune, 505
Rouge et Noir, 534
Roulette, 536
Trente et Quarante, 534
Vingt-et-un, 517
Frog, 441

Gaigel, 406
General Laws, Card Games, 671
German Games:—
Binocle, 395
Kreutz Mariage, 413
Schwellen, 370
Sixty-six, 408
Skat, 415
Solo, 493
Go-bang, 604
Going to Boston, dice, 617

Halma, 604
Hazard, dice, 540, 614
Hearts:—, 349
Auction Hearts, 354
Black Jack, 356
Black Lady, 356
Discard Hearts, 356
Domino Hearts, 357
Heartsette, 357
Howell’s Hearts, 352
Illustrative Hands, 366
Joker Hearts, 355
Laws of Hearts, 371
Progressive Hearts, 356
Spot Hearts, 355
Sweepstake Hearts, 352
Three-handed Hearts, 354
Two-handed, 354
Heart Solo, 498
Heartsette, 357
Help Your Neighbour, dice, 619
High Five, 334
High-low-jack, 325
” ” ” Pool, 633
Howell Pairs, Whist, 114
Howell’s Hearts, 352
Humbug Whist, 132

I Doubt It, 695

Impérial, 476
Irish Loo, 323

Jack Pots, poker, 223

Jambone, euchre, 283
Jamboree, euchre, 283
Jass, 696
Two-hand Jass, 697
Jeu de Règle, écarté, 299
Jink Game, spoil five, 315
Joker Hearts, 355

Keno, or Lotto, 539

King’s Bridge, 40
Klondike, 512
Kreutz Mariage, 413

Lansquenet, 543
Laps, euchre, 283
Law of Chances, 651
Laws of all Games, 671
Laws, Official Codes for:—
Backgammon, 601
Billiards, American, 627
Billiards, English, 644
Bowling, or Ten Pins, 662
Bridge, 41
Chess, 571
Checkers, 588
Cinch, 344
Euchre, 288
Hearts, 371
Poker, 238
Skat, 435
Ten Pins, or Bowling, 662
Whist, American, 186
Whist, Duplicate, 119
Whist, English, 196
Laws of Probabilities, 651
Lift Smoke, 502
Little Corporal, 648
Loo, or Division Loo, 319
Five-card Loo, 323
Irish Loo, 323
Losing Game, draughts, 587
Lotto, 539
Luck, 651

Macao, 520
Man-of-war Billiards, 644
Martingales, 657
Matadore, dominoes, 608
Matrimony, 504
Maturity of the Chances, 652
Memory Duplicate, 110
Military Euchre, 281
Misery Bridge, 37
Mistigris, poker, 216
Monte Bank, 542
Monte Carlo Betting Limit, 658
Morelles, 604
Mort, 133
Muggins, dominoes, 609
Multiplication, dice, 618
My Bird Sings, 253
My Ship Sails, 253

Nain Jaune, 505

Napoleon, 307
National Games:—, 414
America, Cassino, 478
England, Cribbage, 442
Germany, Skat, 415
France, Piquet, 463
Italy, Calabrasella, 489
Mexico, Conquian, 486
Newmarket, 507
Nine Men’s Morris, 604
Norwegian Whist, 688

Odd Games, 497

Old Maid, 501
Old Sledge, 325

Patience Games, 510

Patience Poker, 698
Pedro, 333
Peep Nap, 312
Penalty Euchre, 279
Penchant, 384
Pinochle, 395
Pin Pool, 632
Piquet, 463
Piquet Normand, 473
Piquet Voleur, 473
Piquet a Ecrire, 474
Rubicon Piquet, 475
Pitch, 325
Pivot Bridge, 37
Playing Progression, 658
Pochen, 508
Poker Family of Games, 207
Poker, 207
 Bluff, 245
Bluffing, 237
Cheating, 229
Draw Poker, 208
Eccentric Hands, 215
Flat Poker, 229
Freeze Out, 228
Going In, 232
Good Play, 231
How to Win, 236
Jack Pots, 223
Joker Poker, 216
Mistigris, 216
Odds against Hands, 216
Patience Poker, 698
Poker Gin, 692
Poker Rum, 691
Poker Laws, 238
Probabilities, 217, 233, 655
Progressive Poker, 248
Rank of Hands, 213
Schnautz, 248
Show-down Poker, 229
Straight Poker, 245
Stud Poker, 246
Table Stakes, 227
Text-books, 262
Thirty-one, 248
Whiskey Poker, 247
Poker Dice, 615
Polignac, 369
Polish Bézique, 382
Polish Draughts, 587
Pool Games:—
Amer. Pyramid Pool, 631
Black Pool, English, 642
Bottle Pool, 649
Chicago Pool, 633
Colour-ball Pool, 639
Continuous Pool, 632
Cow-boy Pool, 634
English Pyramid Pool, 632
Eng. Following Pool, 639
Fifteen-ball Pool, 629
Following Pool, 639
Forty-one Pool, 633
High-low-jack Pool, 633
Little Corporal, 648
Pin Pool, 647
Shell Out, 632
Spanish Pool, 649
Pool with Dominoes, 609
Pool Ecarté, 306
Pope Joan, 505
Preference, 496
Probabilities, 651
Progressive Bridge, 38
Progressive Cinch, 340
Progressive Euchre, 280
Progressive Hearts, 356
Progressive Poker, 248
Progressive Whist, 119
Prussian Whist, 98
Purchase Nap, 311
Pyramid Pool, 631

Quatre Valets, 369

Quinze, 521

Raffles, dice, 613

Railroad Euchre, 282
Rams, 317
Ranter Go Round, 508
Razzle-Dazzle, 340
Reversi, 603
Reversi Bridge, 40
Rondeau, 541
Rouge et Noir, 534
Roulette, 536
Rounce, 319
Round the Spot, dice, 618
Royal Cassino, 485
Rubicon Bézique, 386
Rubicon Piquet, 475
Rum, 689
Double-pack Rum, 692
Single-pack Rum, 689
Poker Gin, 692
Poker Rum, 691
Russian Backgammon, 602
Russian Boston, 183

Sancho Pedro, 333

Saratoga, 507
Scat, see Skat, 415
Schnautz, 248
Schwellen, 370
Scotch Whist, 159
Sebastopol, dominoes, 609
Sell Out, 330
Set-back Euchre, 278
Seven-handed Euchre, 284
Seven-card Cribbage, 462
Seven-up, 325
Shasta Sam, 330
Shell-out Pool, 632
Shooting Craps, 614
Short Bridge, 47
Show-down Poker, 229
Shuffle Board, 619
Six-card Cribbage, 444
Six-hand Bridge, 39
Sixty-four Card Binocle, 375
Sixty-three, cinch, 340
Sixty-six, 408
Four-handed, 413
 Kreutz Mariage, 413
Three-handed, 413
Skat, 415, 434
Game Values, 421
Scoring, 427
Illustrative Hands, 432
Skat Laws, 435
Slams, euchre, 283
Slobberhannes, 368
Smudge, 333
Snip-snap-snorem, 502
Snooker Pool, 649
Snoozer, 334
Solitaires, 510, 693, 698, 700
Solo, 498
Three-handed Solo, 499
Solo Whist, 144
Spade Cassino, 485
Spanish Monte, 542
Spanish Pool, 649
Speculation, 501
Spin, 507
Spoil Five, 312
Spot Hearts, 355
Stops, 507
Straight Poker, 245
Stud Poker, 246
Sweat, dice, 540
Sweepstake Hearts, 352

Table Games, 544

Table Stakes, poker, 227
Technical Terms, 674
Telling Fortunes, 513
Ten Pins, or Bowling, 660
American Ten Pins, 662
Battle Game, 665
Cocked Hat, 664
Cocked Hat & Feather, 665
“Don’ts ” for Players, 669
Duck Pin Game, 669
Five Back, 668
Four Back, 667
Head Pin; four back, 666
Head Pin Out, 667
Kinsley Candle Pin, 669
Newport Game, 668
Nine Up and Nine Down, 666
Ten Pins with Dice, 616
Three-card Monte, 542
Thirty-one, poker, 248
Three-cushion Carroms, 626
Three-handed Auction, 35
” ” Bézique, 382
” ” Bridge, 36
” ” Cribbage, 461
” ” Hearts, 354
” ” Binocle, 405
 ” ” Sixty-six, 413
Throwing Dice, 612
Trente et Quarante, 534
Tric-trac, 590
Twenty-one Point Cassino, 484
Two-handed Bridge, 36
” ” Hearts, 354

Under and over Seven, 543

Varieties of Bridge, 42
Vingt-et-un, 517
Vingt-et-un with Dice, 518
Vint, 493

Whiskey Poker, 247

Whist Family of Games, xvii
Whist, 60
American Laws, 186
Auction Bridge, xxv
Bridge, xxv, 28
Bid Whist, 687
Cayenne Whist, 138
Chinese Whist, 184
Double Dummy, 130
Dummy, 127
Dummy Laws, 206
Drive Whist, 687
Duplicate Whist, 100
 English Laws, 196
Favourite Whist, 99
French Whist, 164
German Whist, 183
Humbug Whist, 131
Memory Duplicate, 110
Mort, 133
Norwegian Whist, 688
Probabilities, 656
Progressive Whist, 119
Prussian Whist, 98
Scotch Whist, 159
Solo Whist, 144
Text Books, 99
Thirteen and the Odd, 132
Whist Family Laws, 186
Whist Tactics, 70
Albany Lead, 86
American Game, 94
American Laws, 186
American Leads, 88
Conventional Plays, 70
Deschapelles Coups, 91
Discarding, 80
Discard Signals, 90
Echo in Plain Suits, 90
Echo in Trumps, 86
Eleven Rule, 79
False Cards, 92
Finessing, 92
Forcing, 80
Four-signal, 86
Fourth-hand Play, 84
General Directions, 60
General Principles, 68