A PROJECT REPORT ON

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Uniglobe Secondary School
Kamladi, Kathmandu

SUBMITTED BY:
Dhannya Adhikari
Class: 11 ‘J1’
NEB Reg. No.:
Date: 2081/08/09
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the project work titled " The Computer
System " submitted by Dhannya Adhikari for the partial
fulfillment of Computer Science of Grade XI has been examined
and approved.
The project work demonstrates a thorough understanding of the
subject matter and meets the required academic standards.

Head of Department of Principal

Computer
Navin Gurung, M.S.C.S. Ganesh Regmi, Ph.D.
Uniglobe Secondary School Uniglobe Secondary School
Date: Date:
 Letter of Recommendation

This is to certify that the project work titled “The Computer

System” has been carried out by Dhannya Adhikari as per the
partial fulfillment of Grade XI in Computer Science under my
supervision. To the best of my knowledge, this work has not
been submitted to any other purpose in this institute. I, therefore,
recommend the said project work for appraisal.

Supervisor
Kamal Tamrakar, M.S.C.S.

Department of Computer Science

 DECLARATION

I, Dhannya Adhikari, hereby declare that this project work titled

“The Computer System” submitted to Uniglobe Secondary
School is an original work carried out by me under the guidance
of Mr. Kamal Tamrakar.
I further declare that this work has not been submitted to any
other elsewhere or institution for any degree program.

Name: Dhannya Adhikari

Class: 11’J1’
Uniglobe Secondary School
Date: 2081/08/09
OPERATING SYSTEM

The operating system (OS) is defined as a set of programs that controls the entire
operating operation of the computer such as handling Input/output operation, user
request, interrupts, etc. It makes the computer hardware work. It manages the
resources of a computer system and schedules its operation. It acts as an Interface
between the system hardware and the user making the tasks easier.

Functions of Operating System:

(a) Input/output management: Input/output management or I/O refers to the
communication between information processing system such as computer
and a user. It is one of the primary responsibilities of Operating System
(OS). It involves controlling the flow of data into and out of a data
processing complex. The operating system is in charge of handling various
types of inputs, such as those from the keyboard, mouse, and desktop.
(b) Process management: It manages the process running in a computer system.
A process is a running program that serves as the foundation for all
computation. The procedure is not the same as computer code, although it is
Very similar. It controls how processes are carried out, your computer runs
by handling the active processes .The OS is responsible for managing the
start, stop, and scheduling of processes, which are programs running on the
system.

(c) File Management: It manages the files and directions of a computer system.
A file can be defined as a collection of information of data that is stored in the
memory of a computer system. The data stored in the computer system is
completely in digital format, although there can be various types of files that
help us to store the data. The OS organizes and stores files on your
computer's storage devices.

(d) Device Management: The OS deals with the management of peripheral

devices such as printers, mouse, and keyboard attached to a complex system.
An OS interacts with the hardware devices through specific device drivers.
The main task of an OS is to manage I/O operations performed by the end
users.

(e) Security Management: Computer systems often store large amount of

information, some of which are highly sensitive and valuable to their users.
It scans for viruses and other malware and removes them if they are found. An
OS uses various techniques such as authentication, authorization for ensuring
security of a computer system.
 Types of OS:
There are many different types of operating systems (OS). Some of them are
mentioned below:

(a) Desktop operating systems: The desktop operating system is the

environment through which the user controls a personal computer. It
manages the hardware and software communication, allocates memory,
controls the data flow, etc. These are designed for use on personal
computers. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.

(b)Mobile operating systems: The mobile operating system is a software

that allows smartphones, tablets and other devices to run applications and
programs. A mobile OS provides an interface between the device's
hardware components and its software functions. These are designed for
use on smartphones and tablets. Examples include Android and iOS.

(c) Server operating systems: A server operating system is software

installed on a server that enables it to perform certain functions. Its
primary function is to manage and coordinate. It forms the software
backbone to run various programs and applications. These are designed
for use on servers, which are computers that provide services to other
computers. Examples include Windows Server and Linux.

(d)Embedded operating systems: An Embedded Operating System is

defined as a system that ensures efficient and reliable operation of
embedded systems by managing hardware and software resources,
providing an abstraction layer for software development, and acting as a
partitioning tool. These are designed for use in specific devices, such as
cars, appliances, and medical equipment. Examples include Android
Things and VxWorks.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer Software refers to a collection of programs, data and instructions

that enable computers to perform specific tasks. It manages hardware
resources and provides a platform for running other sources. It is used to
accomplish the input, processing, output, storage and control activities of
information systems.

It tells the computer what to do, how to do it, and when to do it. It's the
invisible part that makes computers so useful and versatile. Programs stored
in the memory of a computer enable the computer to perform a variety of
tasks in sequence or even intermittently.

Types of Computer Software:

It is of two types and they are mentioned below:

1. System Software: System Software is a system that directly operates the

computer hardware and provides the basis functionally to the users as
well as to the other software to operate smoothly. Generally, it is written
in low-level language. System software is difficult to design and
understand. It is less interactive to the users compared to application
 software. Some examples of System Software are operating systems
(OS), utility software, firmware, device drivers, etc.

2. Application Software: An application software is basically a program or

a set of programs that perform a specific task .This software can be used
for personal, educational and business functions. It is generally written in
a high-level language. It performs more specified tasks like word
processing, spreadsheets, email, photo editing, etc. Some examples of
Application Software are General-Purpose Software, customized
Software.