ENGINEERING MECHANICS Kinematics - Deals with the geometry of

motion of bodies without and application

LESSON 1: of external forces
Mechanics Kinetics- Deals with the motion of bodies
with the application of external forces
- A Branch of Physical Sciences that is
concerned with the state of rest or CONCEPTS
motion of bodies subjected to the
action of forces. Mass - The quantity of the matter possessed
- The physical Science concerned with by a body is called mass. The mass of a
the behavior of bodies that are acted body cannot change unless the body is
upon by forces damaged and part of it is physically
- Oldest of the physical science separated.

3 TYPES OF MECHANICS Length - It is a concept to measure linear

distances.
1. Mechanics of Rigid Bodies
- Statics Time - Time is the measure of succession of
- Dynamics events. The successive event selected is
2. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies the rotation of earth about its own axis
3. Fluid Mechanics and this is called a day.

RIGID BODIES Space - Any geometric region in which the

study of a body has been done is called
- A basic requirement for the study of space.
the Mechanics of Deformable bodies
and fluid Mechanics Displacement - It is defined as the distance
- Essential for the design and analysis moved by a body/particle in the specified
of many types of structural members, direction.
mechanical components, electrical
devices, and encountered in Velocity - The rate of change of
engineering. displacement with respect to time is
defined as velocity
A RIGID BODY DOES NOT DEFORM
UNDER LOAD Acceleration - It is the rate of change of
velocity with respect to time.
STATICS
Momentum - The product of mass and
- Is the study which deals with the velocity is called momentum. Thus
condition of bodies in equilibrium Momentum = Mass × Velocity
subjected to external forces.
- In other words, when the force system Particle - It can be defined as an object
acting on a body is balanced, the which has only mass and no size.
system has no external effect on the
body, the body is in equilibrium. - Such a body cannot exist theoretically.
•When we deal with the problems
DYNAMICS involving distances considerably larger
compared to the size of the body, the
- Is also a branch of Mechanics in which body may be treated as particle
the forces and their effects on the
bodies in motion are studied Force - Represents the action of one body to
another. It is characterized by its
Subdivided into two parts: magnitude, direction of action and its point
of application. Force is a Vector Quantity.
Newtonian Mechanics: According to this law:

* Length, Time and Mass are absolute Force = rate of change of momentum. But
concepts independent of each other. momentum = mass × velocity

* Force is derived concept not independent of As mass do not change

other fundamental concepts. Force acting
on a body is related to mass of the body Force = mass × rate of change of velocity
and the variation of its velocity with time. Force = mass × acceleration

* Force can also occur between bodies that F =m × a

are physically separated (Ex.
Gravitational, electrical and magnetic THIRD LAW: (Law of Interaction)
forces.
- “For every action there is an equal and
Mass - is a property of matter that does not opposite reaction. The mutual forces of
change from one location to another. action and reaction between two
particles are equal, opposite and
Weight - refers to the gravitational attraction collinear.“
of the earth on a body or quantity of mass. - It states that for every action there is
Its magnitude depends upon the elevation an equal and opposite reaction.
at which the mass is located.
UNITS
Concentrated Force
There are four systems of units used for the
- Effect of a loading is assumed to act at
a point on a body. measurement of physical quantities:
- Provided the area over which the load
is applied is very small compared to 1. FPS (Foot – Pound – Second) system
the overall size of the body. 2. CGS (Centimetre – Gram – Second)
system
FIRST LAW: (Law of Inertia) 3. MKS (Meter - Kilogram – Second)
system
- “A particle originally at rest, or moving 4. SI (System international dꞌunits – the
in a straight line with constant velocity, French name)
tends to remain in this state provided
the particle is not subjected to an - The SI system of units is said to be an
unbalanced force. “ absolute system.
- It states that everybody continues in its
state of rest or of uniform motion in a - The fundamental units of the system are
straight line unless it is compelled by metre (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for
an external agency acting on it. mass and second (s) for time.

SECOND LAW: (Law of Acceleration) - The unit for force is newton (N). One newton
is the amount of force required to induce
- “A particle of mass m acted upon by an acceleration of 1 m/sec2 on one kg
an unbalanced force F experiences an mass. Weight of a body (in N) = Mass of
acceleration a that has the same the body (in kg ) × Acceleration due to
direction as the force and a magnitude gravity (in m/sec2 ). Dimension
that is directly proportional to the force.
“ DIMENSIONS
- It states that the rate of change of
-branch of mathematics dealing with the
momentum of a body is directly
dimensions of quantities is called
proportional to the impressed force
dimensional analysis.
and it takes place in the direction of
the force acting on it.
TWO SYSTEM OF DIMENSIONAL LESSON 3:
ANALYSIS
FORCE SYSTEM
Absolute system (MLT system)
- Definition of ‘force’ can be given in
- A system of units defined on the basis several ways. Most simply it can be
of length, time and mass is referred to defined as ‘the cause of change in the
as an absolute system. state of motion of a particle or body’. It
- According to SI system of units, three is of course, the product
basic units metre, second and (multiplication) of mass of the particle
kilogram can be used. In MLT system, and its acceleration.
M refers to Mass, L refers to Length
and T refers to Time. Force- is the manifestation of action of one
particle on the other. It is a vector quantity.
Gravitational system (FLT system)
Characteristics of a Force: A Force has
- A system of units defined on the basis following basic characteristics
of length, time and force is referred to
as a gravitational system. ● Magnitude
- In this system, force is measured in a ● Direction
gravitational field. Thus, its magnitude ● Point of application
depends upon the location where the ● Line of action
measurement is made. FLT system
refers to the Force-Length-Time Force- is represented as a vector i.e. an
system. arrow with its magnitude.

SCALAR AND VECTORS - Smaller magnitudes of forces are

measured in newton (N) and larger in
Scalar Quantity - A quantity is said to be kilonewton (kN).
scalar if it is completely defined by its - When a mechanics problem or system
magnitude alone. has more than one force acting, it is
known as a ‘force system’ or ‘system
Vector Quantity: A quantity is said to be of force’
vector if it is completely defined only when
its magnitude as well as direction are Coplanar Force System - When the lines of
specified. action of a set of forces lie in a single
plane is called coplanar force system.
VECTORS
Collinear Force System - When the lines of
Free Vectors: whose action is not confined to action of all the forces of a system act
or associated with a unique line in space. along the same line, this force system is
called collinear force system.
Example: Movement of a body without
rotation. Parallel Force System - Forces that act in
the same or opposite directions at
Sliding Vector: has a unique line of action in different points on an object.
space but not a unique point of application
Non-Coplanar Force System - When the
Example: External force on a rigid body, line of action of all the forces do not lie in
Principle of Transmissibility, Rigid Bodies one plane, is called Non-coplanar force
system.
Fixed Vector: for which a unique point of
application is specified. Concurrent Force System - The forces
when extended pass through a single
Example: Action of a force on a deformable point and the point is called point of
bodies concurrency. The lines of actions of all
 forces meet at the point of concurrency. ΣMo =R x d
Concurrent forces may or may not be
coplanar. Non-Coplanar and non-concurrent force

Non-Concurrent Force System - When the system

forces of a system do not meet at a
common point of concurrency, this type of RESULTANT OF DISTRIBUTED LOAD
force system is called non-concurrent
force system. Parallel forces are the - The resultant of a distributed load is
example of this type of force system. equal to the area of the load diagram
Non-concurrent forces may be coplanar or and is acting at the centroid of that
non-coplanar. area.

Coplanar and concurrent force system - A

force system in which all the forces lie in a
single plane and meet at one point, For
example, forces acting at a joint of a roof
truss

Coplanar and non-concurrent force -

system - These forces do not meet at a
common point; however, they lie in a
single plane. For example, forces acting
on a beam. LESSON 5:

Non-Coplanar and Concurrent force FREE BODY DIAGRAMS (FBD’S)

system
- A free body diagram is a sketch of a
- In this system, the forces lie in a body, a portion of a body, or two or
different planes but pass through a more bodies completely isolated or
single point. Example is forces acting free from all other bodies, showing the
at the top end of an electrical pole. forces exerted by all other bodies on
- The forces which do not lie in a single the one being considered.
plane and do not pass through a single - Isolation of a part of a structure and
point are known as non-coplanar and showing the forces acting on it.
non- concurrent Characteristics of free body diagram:
- It is a diagram or sketch of a body
If the sum of the x components of the forces - The body is shown completely
of the system is equal to zero, the separated from all other bodies
resultant can act only along the y axis. - The action on the body of each body
removed in the isolating process is
RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCES shown as a force or forces on the
diagram.
- The resultant for a parallel force
system is determined when its FRICTION AND FRICTIONAL FORCES
magnitude, direction and position
isknown. - When two bodies in contact have a
- One of the outstanding differences tendency to move over each other a
between a concurrent and a parallel resistance to the movement is set up.
force system is that in the former This resistance to the movement is
position of the resultant is known by called the Force of friction or simply
inspection whereas the latter it is not. friction.
- Friction depends upon the nature of
* To determine the R, select some convenient the surface of contact. Friction acts
point 0 as a moment center. parallel to the surface of contact. The
 direction of this frictional force on any resisting the motion of a solid body
one of the surfaces of contact will be through a fluid.
opposite to the direction in which the
contact surface tends to move. In other 4. Internal Friction - Internal friction is
words, friction opposes motion. associated with shear deformation of the
solid materials subjected to cyclical
Friction- is an important force in many loading. As deformation undergo during
aspects of everyday life. loading, internal friction may accompany
this deformation.
- If there is too much friction, loss of
energy, wear and tear of materials in LAWS OF FRICTION
contact occurs.
- If there is less friction or no friction, The following are the laws of friction:
this would result in ‘slipping’ all around.
1. Friction in non-limiting equilibrium
*For example oil in the engine of car is meant 2. Friction in limiting equilibrium
to minimize friction between moving parts 3. Friction during motion
in contact to reduce excessive friction for
reducing loss of energy and material. First Law (Applicable to non-limiting,
limiting and dynamic condition).
* We need the friction between the tires on
the road surface, to let the wheels roll. - Friction always opposes motion.
Friction is caused due to the unevenness Frictional forces come into play only
of the surface of contact of bodies tending when a body is urged to move.
to move past each other. Frictional force will always act in a
direction opposite to that in which the
Friction- is the contact resistance exerted by body is urged to move.
one body when the second body moves or
tends to move past the first body. Friction Second Law (Applicable to non-limiting
is a retarding force that always acts condition of equilibrium)
opposite to the motion or to the tendency
to move - The magnitude of the frictional force is
just sufficient to prevent the body from
TYPES OF FRICTION moving. That is, only as much
resistance as required to prevent
1. Dry Friction - also called Coulomb motion will be offered as friction.
Friction, occurs when unlubricated
surfaces of two solids are in contact and Third Law (Applicable to limiting condition
slide or tend to slide from each other. If of equilibrium).
lubricant separates these two surfaces,
the friction created is called lubricated - The limiting frictional resistance bears
friction. This section will deal only with dry a constant ratio with the normal
friction. reaction. This ratio depends on the
nature of the surfaces of contact. The
2. Fluid Friction - Fluid friction occurs when limiting frictional resistance is
layers of two viscous fluids moves at independent of the area of contact.
different velocities. The relative velocity
between layers causes frictional forces Fourth Law (Friction during motion i.e
between fluid elements, thus, no fluid Kinetic Friction)
friction occurs when there is no relative - When motion takes place as one body slides
velocity. over the other the magnitude of the frictional
resistance will be less than that offered at the
3. Skin Friction - Skin friction also called condition of limiting equilibrium. The
friction drag is a component of the force magnitude of the friction will depend only on
the nature of the sliding and independent of
the shape or the extent of the contact area.