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LEC.3 channel coding

The document discusses channel coding, focusing on error control coding which adds redundancy to enable error detection and correction. It covers various types of error correction codes, including binary and nonbinary codes, systematic codes, and parity check codes, along with examples of encoding and error correction techniques such as Hamming codes. Additionally, it highlights the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these coding methods in communications and data storage.

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2 views

LEC.3 channel coding

The document discusses channel coding, focusing on error control coding which adds redundancy to enable error detection and correction. It covers various types of error correction codes, including binary and nonbinary codes, systematic codes, and parity check codes, along with examples of encoding and error correction techniques such as Hamming codes. Additionally, it highlights the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these coding methods in communications and data storage.

Uploaded by

mabd55400
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Channel Coding

INTRODUCTION
• The purpose of error control coding is to
enable the receiver to detect or correct the
errors by adding redundancy in to the data
to be transmitted.
• Error control codes are classified into:
Block coding.
Convolutional coding.
TYPES OF ECC (Error Code Channel)

 Binary Codes – Encoder and decoder works on


a bit basis.
 Nonbinary Codes – Encoder and decoder works
on a byte or symbol basis.
Basic Definitions

•
Basic Definitions
• Systematic codes : any linear block can be put in
systematic form.
The structure of code word in systematic form is :

n=k+r

Redundant checking part Message part


r = n – k digits k digits
Basic Definitions
Parity check code : this check code is the no. of one
bits in the data.
• Even parity check code : if the no. of one bits is even .
• odd parity check code : if the no. of one bits is odd .

E.X :-

1011 odd parity (r=1)


0011 even parity (r=0)
Basic Definitions
• Hamming weight w(v) : the no. of non-zero
elements of v .
• Hamming distance d(v , w) :the no. of places where
v & w different .
E.X :-
V=(1011101) W(v)=5
W=(0110101) D(v , w)=3
Addition & multiplication

•
The structure of encoder and decoder
Block coding

the encoder generates a block of n coded bits from k information


bits and we call this code word.
n>k , r=n-k
linear block code: the sum of any two code word is a code word .
systematic Linear block cede

•
Example :
let us consider (7 , 4) linear code where data=(1101)

solution :
k=4 ; n=7 ; r=3
G=p*I
G=
C=m*G

C = [1101] *

C = [ 1001101 ]
Detect & correct the error
• Now define the parity check matrix to be :

• Where : Code word( C ) S = (syndrome)

• If S = 0 ; NO error
• s = 1 ; found error
Example:
data = [ 0 1 1]
code word = [ 0 1 1 1 1 0 ]
now we get H :
 
1 0 0 0 1 1
H  0 1 0 1 0 1
 0
0 0 1 1 1 

 

1 0 0
0 1 0
 
0 0 1
 
S = [ 0 1 1 1 1 0 ] * 0
1
1
0
1
1
 

1 1 0

= [ 1 0 1 ]

So we find the error in the fifth bit ;then we can


correct it by replace 1 0.

C = [ 0 1 1 1 0 0 ]
Example:-Determine the set of code words for the (6,3)
code with generator matrix , M =[ 0 1 1 ].

• We get

• SO :
Determine the syndrome table for the (6,3) single error correcting
code.
The parity-check matrix of the (6,3) code is
Example : the generator matrix of a (6,3) block code is
given below .Find all code words of this code.

•
2-Hamming`s single error correction code:

•
Where :- send data [ 1 0 1 1 ]

1 0 1 1

for p1 : check 1 bit , skip 1 bit


: (1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , ……)

for p2 : check 2 bits , skip 2 bits


: (2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , ..… )

for p4 : check 3 bits , skip 3 bits


: ( 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15, ….. )
We can generate this matrix :
We can detect and correct error into tow way:

•
We can do a mistake to detect and correct it:
D= [1 0 1 1] ;
Then:

The data had an error [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 ], so :


2-To detect error :
if p1=0 p2=0 p3=0 no error
unless one of them =1 found error

• Example : a 7 bit hamming code is received as 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 .assume even


parity & with the received code is correct or wrong, if it wrong locate the bit
in error.
• Sol.
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
• Detecting error: =1011 1
• =1001 0
• =1101 1
• Error word 1 + 4 = 5
• the correct data 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Ex: . we have data parity bits 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
find the error bit and correct it

•
3. Linear block code:
Cyclic code.

•
Example : let (7,4) cyclic code , D= 1101 encode
the message data, or(find the 16 code word of this code).
Step 1:wright the data in polynomial form Non systematic

Step 2:multiply

v=1010001 non systematic


+
Error correction in systematic cyclic code:
Example: Find all 16 code words of systematic cyclic code for
the generator polynomial of (7,4) cyclic code is g(x)=1+x+x3 , D=(0 1
0 1).
Solution:
Let the message be D=( 0 1 0 1)
Hence, D(x)=(0)1+(1)x+(0)x2 +(1)x3
=x+x3
Therefore , xn-k D(x)=x3 (x+x3 )
=x6 + x4
The division xn-k D(x)/g(x) is as follows:
•
Application

Communications :
Satellite and deep space communications.
Digital audio and video transmissions.
Storage :
Computer memory (RAM).
Single error correcting and double error detecting code.
Advantages Disadvantages

 It is the easiest and simplest technique to detect  Transmission bandwidth requirement is more.
and correct errors .
 Error probability is reduced.  Extra bits reduces bit rate of transmitter and
also reduces its power .
Reference :

1.elements of digital communication (Sarkar )


2.Communication systems analog & digital (R P SINGH S D
SAPRE).
3. Digital Communication Principles and System Modelling
Signals and Communication Technology.
4.youtube.
Thank you

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