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Lecture Section2.1

Chapter 2 introduces matrices as rectangular arrays of numbers, denoted by capital boldface letters, with specific dimensions indicated as m-by-n. It explains the concept of vectors as ordered lists of numbers, which can be represented as either row or column matrices. The chapter also covers basic operations such as scalar multiplication and addition of matrices and vectors, along with practical examples like matrices for oil refinery outputs and student test scores.

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4 views9 pages

Lecture Section2.1

Chapter 2 introduces matrices as rectangular arrays of numbers, denoted by capital boldface letters, with specific dimensions indicated as m-by-n. It explains the concept of vectors as ordered lists of numbers, which can be represented as either row or column matrices. The chapter also covers basic operations such as scalar multiplication and addition of matrices and vectors, along with practical examples like matrices for oil refinery outputs and student test scores.

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tres.0309
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2.

Matrices

Section 2.1 Examples of Matrices

1
Matrix
Most data can be naturally organized into tables.
•single list
•rectangular array with several columns and rows

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. We speak of an m-by-n


matrix when the matrix has m rows and n columns, and we use capital
boldface letters, such as A, to denote matrices. We use the notation
to denote the number in matrix A occurring in row i and column j.
Examples of matrices are

A is a 2-by-3 matrix: 2 rows, 3 columns. For example,


2
Matrix
An ordered list of n numbers is called a vector or an n-vector. We use
lowercase boldface letters, such as v, to denote vectors; is our name
for the i-th entry in vector v. Examples of vectors are

Sometimes we write a vector as a row of numbers, sometimes as a


column, but a vector is formally just an ordered list.
An n-vector is just a 1-by-n matrix or an n-by-1 matrix. Conversely, an m-
by-n matrix A can be thought of as a set of m row vectors (each of length
n) or as a set of n column vectors (each of length m). We use the
following notation:

We omit the R (or C) superscript when it is clear from the discussion that
we are talking about rows (or columns).
3
Matrix
For example, in the matrix A in (1),

Summarizing our matrix notation, we can write a general matrix A in the


following ways:

4
Example 1. Matrix Notation for Oil Refinery Model

We can make a matrix A of the coefficients on the left sides in (2).

Each column of A is a vector of outputs by a refinery. For example, from


1 barrel of oil, refinery 2 produces an output vector

Each row on the left side is a vector of amounts produced of some


product. The vector for gasoline is
The right-side numbers in (2) form a demand vector.
5
Scalar multiplication and Addition of vectors and matrices

Now we define some simple operations on matrices. The most basic


operation is to multiply a vector or matrix by a constant c. This operation
is called scalar multiplication. Scalar multiplication is performed by
multiplying each entry in the vector or matrix by the constant c.
For example,

Addition of vectors and matrices is straightforward-add the corresponding


entries together. There is one minor problem, however. Two vectors being
added together must have the same length, and two matrices being
added must have the same number of rows and same number of
columns. For example, if

6
Example 6. Matrices of Test Scores

7
Example 6. Matrices of Test Scores
Then the matrix T of total scores of each student in each course (without
any weighting to make the final more important) is

8
Example 6. Matrices of Test Scores
Suppose that the final should be weighted twice as much as each hour
test. Each test had a total of 10 points, and we want the course score
also to be out of 10 points. That is, the course score is a weighted
average of the tests. Then the matrix C of weighted averages of course
scores has the form

For example, the entry , student A's weighted average in course 2, is

rounded up

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