Unit 7 EVOLUTION: Lesson 1 Natural Selection Notetaker

1.

List four key points you know about Charles Darwin, the Father of Evolution:
2.

Describe the dominant paradigm involving the development of life:

a.

Before

Darwin proposed his ideas:

b.

After

Darwin proposed his ideas:

3.

Give a brief description of evolutionary theories that emerged as new discoveries

reformed existing knowledge:
4.

Describe Lamarck’s evolutionary theory:

Year proposed?
Evolution occurs
when...
Example:
Disproved how?
5.

Describe Darwin’s and Wallace’s evolutionary theory:

Year
proposed?
Evolution
occurs when...
Example:
Disproven yet
or grown
stronger?
Why?
6.

Darwin described descent with modification via the theory of

Natural Selection

as the
Survival of the ___________________. It is the organism most responsive to change
that is best able to __________________ and _____________________.
Jean Baptiste
Lamarck
Charles Darwin and
Alfred Wallace
Neo-Darwinism
7.

Certain conditions are necessary for Natural selection to occur. Describe each one.
A.Variations

B. Adaptations

C. Selection
8.

The

process of natural selection

occurs in stages in response to a number of

conditions:
a.

Inherited _______________________________ exists within a population

b.

_____________________________________ results from overproduction

c.

Environmental___________________________________ cause selection

d.

_______________________________ that are beneficial are selected for

e.

____________________________________ frequency changes over time

f.

_____________________________________ occurs within the population

Variations
9. Natural selection requires inheritable variation among members of a species. Describe 3
factors that lead to variations:
Mutations
Meiosis
Sexual
Reproduction
Competition
10. What is
competition?
When there are _____________ resources, populations will grow to their biotic potential (i.e.
____________________ J-curve). As populations grow, environmental resistance sets in as
resources become________________ (growth slows + plateaus). The consequence of the
overproduction of offspring is increased ________________ and a struggle for _____________
Growth cannot exceed a carrying capacity

(κ).
Selection Pressures:
11. Environmental agents (selection pressures) will select traits that ____________reproductive
fitness. Individuals that ________________ will pass on these traits
12. Environmental selection pressures may include:
P
A
N
D
A
P
A
W
Adaptations
13. Define Adaptations
:
14. Adaptations can be classified in a number of different ways:
Definition

Example
Structural
Behavioral
Physiological
Developmental
Genotype Frequencies
15. The presence of ______________ adaptations lead to differential ________________ rates
●

_____________ adapted individuals ____________and pass on their genes to offspring

●

_____________ well adapted individuals tend to ________ and produce fewer offspring
This leads to a change in ___________frequency in the population as certain genotypes
become more _____________ (evolution is a cumulative change in heritable characteristics)
Natural Selection Summary
16. The theory of natural selection was proposed by _________________________ and
____________________________ in 1858
17. It describes the differential reproduction and survival of individuals according to phenotype
In other words: ______________________________________________________________
18. Natural selection involves selection of ____________________________________ traits
(_______________________________________) by environmental agents
19. List and

Describe 3 examples

of Natural Selection:
Example

Description
Caveats

(limitations to Natural Selection)

20. Natural selection does not always result from variations deriving from mutations, meiosis,
and sexual reproduction. Sometimes, variations and novel phenotypes come from changes in
the environment which lead to changes in _________ expression. This is known as
epigenetics.
EVOLUTION: Lesson 2 Variations Notetaker
1.

Define Evolution:
2.

Explain how heritable characteristics are encoded and transferred.

3.

Evolution requires a _______________ of change and a consequential

_______________________ for change.
4.

List 3 sources of variation:

5.

List 2 mechanisms for change (selective pressures):

6.

Define Mutation:
7.

Define Germline Mutation:

Sources of Variations
8.

Explain how Meiosis and sexual reproduction cause genetic variation in three main
ways:
Crossing Over
Independent
Assortment
Random Fertilization
9.
Define Gene Flow:
10. Gene Flow can alter the diversity of a population via ______________________ or
______________________
11. How does gene flow create variation?
12. Variation within a population will typically be ____________________ (show normal
distribution).
13. Over time, geographically separated populations will begin to genetically
____________________.
14. Populations that are in close proximity will show____________variation

divergence)
Distant populations typically show a _______________level of variation

(
divergence)
Mechanisms for change
15. Define Genetic drift:
16. Genetic drift is greater when the population is __________________ (more prone to
change). Genetic drift can be enhanced by population ______________ or the
___________________
17. Define Natural Selection as a mechanism of change:
18. Define Artificial Selection as a mechanism for change:
19. Artificial selection may involve selective _____________________ or
_____________________ techniques (DNA manipulation)
Speciation
20. Define Speciation:
21. Mechanisms of change will reduce __________________ and increase the degree of
genetic _______________________ between geographically isolated populations,
leading to speciation
22. Speciation occurs when populations cannot __________________ and produce
__________________ offspring.
Notes:
EVOLUTION: Lesson 3 Notetaker Evidence
1.

Define:
Scientific Theory
Evidence
Scientific Evidence
2.

In scientific research, evidence is accumulated through ________________________

of phenomena occurring in the natural world, or created as ______________________
in a laboratory.
3.

How old is planet Earth? _________________ How can scientists estimate this age?
4.

How old is Life on Earth?__________________ What do scientists use to reconstruct

this age?
5.

Evidence for evolution can be demonstrated by either:

a.

Identifying .....
b.

Showing......
6.

List the Evidence for the process of evolution:

a.

1.
b.

2.
c.

3.
d.

4.
e.

5.
Fossil record
7. Define
Fossils
Fossil Record
Law of Fossil Succession
8. Why are there gaps in the fossil record?
9. List 3 conditions required for Fossilization to occur:
1.
2.
3.
10. How can fossils be dated?
11. Arrange these fossils from oldest to youngest based on the particular strata in which their
fossils are found: ( Algae, Plants, Single cell bacteria)
12. What is the difference between Relative age and Absolute Age?
Relative Age
Absolute Age
13. Define Transitional Fossils and give 1 example:
14. What do you notice about how horses have changed over time?
Size?
Toes?
15. Who was the hominin

Australopithecus afarencis

“Lucy”?
16. Is “Lucy” more similar to chimps or humans?
17. What are some similarities between Lucy and humans?
Comparative anatomy (homologous structures, embryology, vestigial)
18. Homologous structures share a common basic _______________ despite being
__________ in different ways.
19. These structures reflect _________________evolution via a process of ____________
radiation. Several species rapidly diversify from an ancestral source into different niches
20. Examples of homologous structures includes the__________________ limb in vertebrates
All possess appendages with a similar bone arrangement (________-digit limbs)
21. Why are the distinct beak shapes in Darwin’s finches and example of Adaptive Radiation?
22. Define Vestigial structures and give an example.
23. Why are vestigial structures evidence of evolution (change over time)?
24. Why is comparative embryology evidence of evolution?
25. What type of embryological evidence points to all terrestrial animals having aquatic origins?
(List 2)
Selective breeding
26. Define Selective breeding:
27. Why is selective breeding evidence of evolution?
28. Give 2 examples of selective breeding in domesticated animals:
Biogeography
29. Define Biogeography:
30. Why is biogeography evidence of evolution?
31. Give 2 examples of biogeographical evidence for evolution:
Molecular (DNA)
32. ______________ comparisons between species suggest how closely related they are.
The more ____________________ an organism’s DNA is to another the ______________
closely related they are.
NOTES:
EVOLUTION: Lesson 4 Notetaker Speciation
1. Evolution
Evolution is
Give a more complete definition here:
2. Gene Pools represent the ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the advantage of a LARGE Gene Pool?
4. Define two ways that gene pool compositions change over time:
1
2
5. Allele Frequency

is the _______________________________ of a particular

____________
in a population of organisms. It is calculated as a ____________________ of the alleles in a
gene pool.
6. Why is genetic drift greater in smaller populations?
7. Define:
Bottleneck effect
Founder Effect:
Type
8. Define Natural Selection:
9. Types of Natural Selection
Type

Define:

Draw graph / example

Stabilizing
Directional
Disruptive
S
peciation

by Reproductive Isolation
10. Define Hybrid: _________________________________________________________
11. Define Pre-Zygotic:
______________________________________________________________
12. Mechanism

Define

Example
Temporal
Behavioral
Geographic
13. Define Post-Zygotic:
_____________________________________________________________
14. Mechanism

Define

Example
Hybrid
Inviability
Hybrid
Infertilify
Hybrid
Breakdown
15. Define Speciation:
16. “same country” vs “different country”
Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
17. How fast does Speciation occur? Describe the two theories:
Phyletic Gradualism:
Punctuated Equilibrium:
18.

r- strategist

k-strategist
# of offspring
Energy/ time for
raising offspring
Energy/ time for
producing
offspring
Where do they
live?
How long do they
live?
Examples
Define Extinction:
Unit 6 Lesson 1 Nucleic Acids
1.

What is the name of the monomer that makes up nucleic acids? ________________
2.

Draw the nucleotide monomer below and label its 3 parts (phosphate, sugar, base)
3.

Compare the structural features of DNA and RNA in the table below:
DNA

RNA
Pentose Sugar
Nitrogen Bases
Number of Strands
Basic Function
4.

Compare with a simple drawing of the RNA nucleotide vs the DNA nucleotide:
RNA Nucleotide

DNA Nucleotide
5.

Nucleotides are linked to form a single polynucleotide strand via __________________

____________________ where _______________ is produced.
6.

The 5’-phosphate group of one nucleotide attaches to the _____________ of another

nucleotide (at the 3’-hydroxyl group)
7.

Nucleotide strands will run in a ______________ direction

8.

The bond that is formed between the two nucleotides is a covalent _________________
bond.
9.

Classify the bases of DNA and RNA as purines or pyrimidines.

Purines

Pyrimidines
1.

A__________
2.

G__________
1.

C__________
2.

U__________
3.

T__________
**Which base is only found in RNA? _____
**Which base is only found in DNA? _____
DNA Structure
10. DNA molecules form a ___________________________ structure (ladder) and Sugar-
phosphate backbones are connected by _______________
11. The nitrogenous bases from each of the two strands form a complementary pairing
connected by ___________________ bonds
12. Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) via _________ H-bonds
13. Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) via __________ H-bonds
14. For two sets of nitrogenous bases to pair, the two strands must run in
___________________ directions
15. The double-stranded molecule then ___________ in order to adopt the most
_______________energy configuration
16. DNA forms a stable ____________________ arrangement
RNA Structure
17. RNA is usually ___________ stranded but can form _____________ via complementary
base pairing
18. Draw and describe the 3 main types of RNA:
mRNA

rRNA

tRNA
Drawing
Description
DNA Elucidation
19. James ___________ and Francis ____________first elucidated the structural
organization of a DNA molecule (i.e. a double helix) in the year of _____________.
20. The contributions of other scientists guided Watson/Crick’s efforts. Describe their
contributions below:
Scientists

Contributions
Linus Pauling
Phoebus Levene
Erwin Chargaff
Rosalind Franklin
21. Watson and Crick built ________________ using trial and error to quickly assess the
viability of potential structures
22. Watson and Crick assembled a DNA model that demonstrated what 4 characteristics of
DNA?
1.
2.
3.
4.
23. The model of DNA structure proposed by Watson and Crick was based on data derived
by Rosalind __________________ (an English chemist). Her data was shared
_____________ permission by a collaborator – Maurice Wilkins.
24. Describe the inferences allowed to be made by Franklin’s data:
1. Composition:
2. Orientation:
3. Shape:
25. What was the name of the technique Franklin used to investigate the structure of DNA?
26. What is the significance of Photo 51?
DNA Organization
27. Compare the organization of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes
Shape
Protein
28. In eukaryotes, a long strand of _________________ may further condense into a
_____________________ during the process of cell division.
29. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is bound by histone proteins to form _______________.
30. List the names of the different levels of organization of DNA, going from a molecule to a
chromosome:
________

________

________

________

________

________

________
Unit 6 Lesson 2 Replication
1.

Describe the 3 components of the Central Dogma of molecular biology:

1.
2.
3.
2.

Compare the 3 cell processes that are vital within a cell:

DNA Replication

Transcription

Translation
When it occurs
Location
Key components
Function
3.

DNA replication is _________________________ because when new DNA molecules

form they are composed of one strand from the original template and one newly
synthesised
4.

This occurs because each nitrogenous base can only pair with its
____________________partner (A = T ; G

C), meaning the base sequence is conserved

during replication
5.
The ______________________________experiment supported the semi-conservative
replication theory
6.

Two radioactive isotopes of________________ were introduced to the replication

process: DNA molecules were first incorporated with a heavier __________ isotope
DNA was then induced to replicate in the presence of a lighter ___________isotope
7.

Explain how the Meselson-Stahl experiment disproved the other two proposed methods
of replication: Conservative and Dispersive:
DNA isotope composition

Disproves what model?

After 1st division:
After 2nd division:
8.

Double-stranded DNA molecules form a _____________ comprising of a sugar-

phosphate ______________ connected by nitrogenous base pairs
9.

____________________ base pairing ensures sequence is conserved during

replication (each strand acts as a template for the other)
10. _________________ strands allows replication to occur bi-directionally (allows for the
replication of DNA to occur more quickly)
11. What is the purpose of DNA Replication?
12. List and describe a brief function of the enzymes involved in DNA replication:
Event

Enzymes
Separating DNA Strands
Synthesizing new strands
Joining DNA fragments
Leading vs. Lagging Strand
13. DNA Polymerase III copies in a________________direction (adds nucleotides to 3’ end
of primer). As strands are antiparallel, it moves in _______________directions on each
strand.
14. If DNA Pol III is moving towards helicase, synthesis is ______________ (leading strand)
and if it is moving away from helicase, synthesis is _________________(lagging strand)
15. List the “nicknames” given to the following enzymes and a more detailed function:
Name

Nickname

Function
Helicase
Primase
DNA polymerase III
Ligase
DNA polymerase I
Unit 6 Lesson 3 Transcription & Translation
Recall from Lesson 2
1.

Name the processes of the Central Dogma of molecular biology:

⤤
DNA

RNA

Protein
_______

_________

_________
2.

Compare the 3 cell processes that are vital within a cell:

DNA Replication

Transcription

Translation
When it occurs
Location
Key components
Function
3.

The purpose of transcription is to synthesize an ____________ sequence from a

_________________ template (only _______ strand copied)
4.

The enzyme ________ _________________ separates the DNA strands and

synthesizes an RNA copy (no helicase).
5.
After transcription is complete, the RNA sequence is ____________ and the DNA
strands _____________ a double helix
6.

The RNA transcript then moves to the______________ to facilitate translation (as

_______, ___________ or ___________-)
7.

Transcription is the process by which a _________ sequence is copied (or transcribed)

into an _____________ sequence (which may then be translated into a
_______________________ chain).
8.

RNA Polymerase’s function is to:

1.

Binds DNA and _______________________________

2.

Covalently joins RNA nucleotides __________________________

9.

RNA polymerase will only transcribe the DNA strand with the ________________
nucleotide sequence.
10. The _____________ strand is transcribed (sequence is complementary to RNA
transcript)
11. The _____________ strand is not transcribed (sequence identical to transcript – except
T / U)
12. List the 3 types of RNA in the space below:
_________________ , ____________________, _____________________
13. Translation involves ______________ synthesis by the ______________(i.e. protein
production)
14. The polypeptides are encoded by ___________ and translated from an ____________
sequence (which was produced via transcription)
15. Messenger RNA is transported to a __________________, to read the sequence in
base ______________ (codons)
16. Transfer RNA molecules carry specific __________ _____________and will align
opposite a specific _____________ (according to a complementary anticodon)
17. Ribosomes moves along the mRNA and join the amino acids together with
______________ bonds
18. Complete the translation overview:
M
R
C
A
T
A
P
P
19. The genetic code is the __________by which mRNA sequences are converted into
____________
20. _____________ are triplets of bases which correspond to a particular ___________
___________.
21. The _____________ of codons determines the amino acid sequence of a
_______________
22. Describe the 2 Key features of the genetic code include:
Universality:
Degeneracy:
23. The start codon is: ______________ and the 3 stop codons are: _________,
_________, and ___________.
24. An mRNA transcript is organized into triplets of nucleotide bases called __________.
25. An open reading frame starts with ______________ and continues until a ________
codon
26. The genetic code is _________________– almost every organism uses the exact same
code
27. This means genetic information can be transferred between different_____________
28. This is demonstrated by the mass production of human __________by ____________
cells.
Unit 6 Lesson 4 Genes
1.

What is the function of DNA?

2.

Define the function of a Gene.

3.

Define Locus.
4.

Examine the example of a gene loci 7.q.31.3. What does each part represent?
a.

7:
b.

q:
c.

31.3:
5.

Define Alleles:
6.

The relationship between genes and alleles can be described as follows:

●
Genes encode a general characteristic: ______________
●

Alleles encode for specific alternatives: ______________

7.

Alleles differ from each other by ____________ or __________ bases but the majority of
the gene sequence is ____________________.
8.

Compare the two types of mutations:

1.

Gene Mutation:
2.

Chromosome Mutation:
9.

Compare the difference between mutations that happen in:

a.

Somatic cells:
b.

Germline cells:
c.
10. Describe the different types of chromosomal mutations:
Deletion:
Duplication:
Inversion:
Insertion:
Translocation:
11. Define Mutagen:
12. List examples of different types of mutagens:
Physical

Chemical

Biological
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
13. Point mutations involve the modification of a ___________ nucleotide within a base
sequence. Examples of point mutations include base_______________ and
_________________________mutations
14. Base substitutions involve the replacement of ________ __________ with another in
the DNA sequence
15. Describe each type of

base substitution

mutation:
Definition

Example
Silent
mutation:
Normal: CTC

Amino Acid: Glutamine

Mutation: _____ Amino Acid: _________
Missense
mutation:
Normal: CTC

Amino Acid: Glutamine

Mutation: _____ Amino Acid: _________
Nonsense
mutation:
Normal: CTC

Amino Acid: Glutamine

Mutation: _____

Result: __________
16. Frameshift mutations involve the addition _______________ or removal ___________
of a single base. This changes the reading frame, meaning every codon after the
mutation will be _____________. Hence, frameshift mutations typically have
____________ impacts on protein structure and function
17. Mutations are the_____________ source of _________ alleles in a population (source of
all genetic variation).
18. Genetic diversity functions to promote ___________ ________________ within a
changing environment
19. An example of a base substitution mutation in Red Blood Cells is a disease called
___________ Cell Anemia. It results in the production of the wrong amino acid
_____________ instead of “Glu.”
20. List some of the consequences of the mutation leading to anemia:
a.

Hemoglobin forms ______________ strands

b.
This causes the shape of hemoglobin to change from biconcave to
____________
c.

Red blood cells cannot carry ________________ as effectively and are

destroyed at _______________ rate resulting in _______________
d.

Sickle cells are more likely to form _______________ _____________.

21. A genome describes the _________________________________________________.
It includes all ________________ and _______________ sequences
22. What did scientists discover about the human genome after the completion of the
Human Genome Project?
1.
2.
3.
4.
23. Separate species have distinctive genetic patterns that differ in a number of ways. This
includes genome ________________, number of _______________ and number of
________________.
24. There is ____________ clear correlation between these factors, however, certain trends
exist between:
Viruses and prokaryotes

Eukaryotes
Trend
25. Genome size can vary greatly and is ____________ a valid indicator of genetic
_______________.
26. Humans have a genome size of roughly_________ ___________ base pairs,
_____________ diploid chromosomes, and an estimated __________________ number
of protein-coding genes.
27. Arrange the following species in order from smallest to largest genome. (Fruit Fly,
Canopy plant, Virus, Human, Bacteria). Who do you think is more complex?_______
28. Arrange the following species in order from smallest to largest chromosomes. (Rice,
Chimp, Dog, Human, Roundworm). Who do you think is more complex?_______
29. Arrange the following species in order from smallest to largest protein-coding genes.
(Water flea, rice Chicken, Human, Bacteria). Who do you think is more
complex?_______
30. There are a number of online databases that allow for the comparison of genetic
characteristics – including base and polypeptide sequences, loci positions, etc. List an
example of a database and an alignment program:
Unit 6 Lesson 5 Biotechnology
1.

Use the table below to compare the different biotechnology tools in use today to
manipulate DNA.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Gel Electrophoresis
Explanation of process:
Used for:
2.

Unique__________ ___________ can be established by comparing STR loci.

3.

DNA profiling can be used in forensic investigations by following these steps:

●

DNA sample _____________

●

STR loci _______________

●

PCR __________________
●

Gel ___________________
●

The Suspect and sample should be a ______________ ______________.

4.

DNA profiling can also be used to determine __________________.

5.

Because children inherit DNA from both parents, all of the child’s bands should
_____________ to either ____________________ or ____________________
(i.e. combination of parents)
6.

Define Gene Transfer:

7.

Describe the 4 key steps involved in gene transfer:

DNA Extraction:
Digestion:
Ligation:
Transformation:
8.

Define a vector and then give 2 examples of vectors.

9.

The gene of interest and vector must be cut with _______________ prior to
incorporation. ________________ enzymes cut at specific recognition sites (creates
blunt or sticky ends)
10. This fusion of gene and vector is mediated by the enzyme DNA ____________
11. Introducing foreign DNA results in the cells being considered ________________.
12. An example of gene transfer is the mass production of human______________ by
bacteria
13. Compare the pros and cons of transgenic (Genetically Modified Organisms) GMO’s
PROS

CONS
14. Explain the benefits of Bt corn being transgenic but some of the concerns in regards to
the impact it is having on Monarch butterflies.
15. Look at the 2 graphs, based on the data collected (wild vs lab), is there a difference in
the survival rate of monarch butterfly larvae?
a.

What is happening to the larvae in the lab?

b.

What is happening to the larvae in the wild?

c.

How would you explain this discrepancy?

16. Define Clones:
17. Give 2 ways clones can arise naturally or artificially.
18. Give 3 examples of natural cloning in animals and one example of natural cloning in
humans.
Animals

Humans
19. Explain how vegetative propagation is an example of natural cloning in plants.
20. Clones can also be developed artificially using differentiated _____________ tissue.
This method of cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (________________)
21. Explain the 2 main purposes of artificial cloning:
1.

Reproductive:
2.

Therapeutic:
22. Describe how somatic cell nuclear transfer involves cloning embryos from differentiated
adult tissues:
●

Nucleus is ______________ from adult body cell

●

Egg cell nucleus ______________ by UV radiation

●
Body cell nucleus ______________ to enucleated egg
●

Electrical current stimulates egg to______________

●

Developing embryo implanted in ________________

●

Embryo develops into a _____________ animal

23. Fill in the chart with information regarding CRISPR technology:
CRISPR stands for
Adapted from:
CRISPR complex is composed
of:
How it is used to edit DNA:
Unit 5 Genetics
Lesson 1 Mendelian Genetics

1.​ Who was Gregor Mendel, and what did he develop?

2.​ What type of plants did he work with?
3.​ What did Mendel discover as a result of his experiments?
4.​ Description of Mendel’s First Experiment:
1.​ How many traits did he study?__________
2.​ Parent plants were called?______________
3.​ The offspring of the P generation were called?_______________
4.​ The offspring of the F1 generation were called?___________________
5.​ Did the white flower color disappear in the F1 generation?____________
5.​ List 6 traits in pea plants Mendel Studied. The 1st trait is listed for you.

Trait Dominan Recessiv Ratio

t e
Flower Purple White
Color

6.​ What did Mendel notice about the ratio of those traits in the F2 Generation?
7.​ Compare Mendel’s conclusions with today’s current understanding of what he discovered.

Mendel’s Conclusions Current

Understanding
Organisms have inheritable factors
There are versions of each factor
Parents pass on only one version
Parents contribute equally to inheritance
Only one version of a factor is
expressed

8.​ Define Mendel’s Laws:

1.​ Law of Segregation:
2.​ Law of Independent Assortment:
3.​ Principle of Dominance:
9.​ List the caveats (exceptions) to Mendel’s Rules.
10.​ Explain where inherited features are found.
11.​ What are alleles?
12.​ Give one example of a gene and one example of an allele.
13.​ Define:
1.​ Locus:
2.​ Diploid:
3.​ Haploid:
14.​ Explain how the formation of haploid gametes is achieved.
15.​ Define reduction division:
16.​ How is a diploid zygote achieved during sexual reproduction?
17.​ List the possible gamete combinations of parents whose alleles are Aa x Aa.
18.​ Define the 3 types of allele combinations:
1.​ Homozygous:
2.​ Heterozygous:
3.​ Hemizygous:
19.​ Hemizygous combinations can only occur in ___________________________.
20.​ Define:
1.​ Genotype: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Example:
2.​ Phenotype:​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Example:
21.​ Explain what punnett squares are used for.
22.​ Results of Punnett Squares are shown as _______________, _______________ or

_______________.
Unit 5 Genetics
Lesson 1 Mendelian Genetics
1.

Who was Gregor Mendel, and what did he develop?

2.

What type of plants did he work with?

3.

What did Mendel discover as a result of his experiments?

4.

Description of Mendel’s First Experiment:

a.

How many traits did he study?__________

b.

Parent plants were called?______________

c.

The offspring of the P generation were called?_______________

d.

The offspring of the F1 generation were called?___________________

e.

Did the white flower color disappear in the F1 generation?____________

5.

List 6 traits in pea plants Mendel Studied. The 1st trait is listed for you.
Trait

Dominant

Recessive

Ratio
Flower Color

Purple

White
6.

What did Mendel notice about the ratio of those traits in the F2 Generation?
7.

Compare Mendel’s conclusions with today’s current understanding of what he

discovered.
Mendel’s Conclusions

Current Understanding
Organisms have inheritable factors
There are versions of each factor
Parents pass on only one version
Parents contribute equally to inheritance
Only one version of a factor is expressed
8.

Define Mendel’s Laws:

a.

Law of Segregation:
b.

Law of Independent Assortment:

c.

Principle of Dominance:
9.

List the caveats (exceptions) to Mendel’s Rules.

10. Explain where inherited features are found.
11. What are alleles?
12. Give one example of a gene and one example of an allele.
13. Define:
a.

Locus:
b.

Diploid:
c.

Haploid:
14. Explain how the formation of haploid gametes is achieved.
15. Define reduction division:
16. How is a diploid zygote achieved during sexual reproduction?
17. List the possible gamete combinations of parents whose alleles are Aa x Aa.
18. Define the 3 types of allele combinations:
a.

Homozygous:
b.

Heterozygous:
c.

Hemizygous:
19. Hemizygous combinations can only occur in ___________________________.
20. Define:
a.

Genotype:

Example:
b.

Phenotype:
Example:
21. Explain what punnett squares are used for.
22. Results of Punnett Squares are shown as _______________, _______________ or
_______________.
Unit 5 Genetics
Lesson 2 Patterns of Inheritance
1.

A monohybrid cross involves mating with reference to a ________ trait of interest.

2.

The outcome of a monohybrid cross can be calculated via a ________ __________.

3.

Describe the following patterns of inheritance:

a.

Complete Dominance:
b.

Incomplete Dominance:
c.

Codominance
d.

Sex-Linkage
4.

The ratios established represent __________________ and may not mirror actual
results.
5.

Use the Punnett Square below for a monohybrid cross between Aa x Aa.
Then calculate the Genotype ratio and Phenotype ratio
Genotype Ratio:
Phenotype Ratio:
Complete Dominance:
6.

In complete dominance, the dominant allele that is expressed is represented by using a

______________ letter.
7.

In complete dominance, the recessive allele that is not expressed is represented by

using _____________ ____________ letter.
Incomplete Dominance:
8.
Incomplete dominance involves the characteristics merging to form a
___________________phenotype.
9.

A cross between a dark

Mirabilis Jalapa

pink flower and a white flower results in a light

____________ flower. The notation used to represent incomplete dominance is:
10. Use the Punnett Square below for a monohybrid cross between RR x WW.
Then, calculate % Genotype ratio and % Phenotype.
% Genotype: _____________________________
% Phenotype: ____________________________
Codominance:
11. For codominance patterns of inheritance, a __________________ annotation is used to
represent the codominant alleles. For example the genotype for a black chicken is
________________, speckled chicken________________ and white chicken
_________________.
12. Use the Punnett Square below for a monohybrid cross between two speckled chickens
C
B
C
W

xC
B
C
W

and then calculate % Genotype ratio and % Phenotype.

% Genotype: __________________________________
% Phenotype: _________________________________
13. The ABO gene has multiple alleles (_____) and demonstrates co-dominance
_________ and ____________ are both co-dominant alleles, while _____ is a recessive
allele.
14. List the 4 main blood types. ________, _____________, __________, __________.
15. In addition, there is a protein called the_____ __________on red blood cells. Blood is
classified as ____________ (+) if you have this protein and _____________(-) if you
don’t.
16. List the Universal Donor _______________ and Universal Recipient ___________ blood
types.
Sex-Linkage:
17. Sex linkage refers to genes that are found on the ________ chromosomes
18. Females have_________X chromosomes, males have _______ X and _______Y
19. Sex-linked conditions are typically ________________ dominant or recessive. This is
because there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.
20. X-linked traits show a sex bias as males are hemizygous (one allele)
X-linked dominant traits tend to be more common in ___________________________
X-linked recessive traits are more common in _______________________(no carriers)
21. The notation used to represent sex-linked alleles is shown as ______________on the
sex chromosome (X
A

or X
a
).
22. Sex-linked conditions are usually X-linked, as very few genes exist on the _____
chromosome.
23. Females cannot express ____________ traits (as they lack a Y chromosome)
24. Males cannot mask ___________ recessive traits (hemizygous – cannot be carriers)
25. Two examples of X-linked recessive conditions are _______________________ and
_________________________.
26. Define the following conditions:
a.

Hemophilia:
b.

Red-Green Color Blindness:

27. Use the Punnett Square below to calculate the % of daughters and sons affected for
recessive sex-linked hemophilia between an affected mother

X
h

X
h

and a normal
father

X
H

Y
% daughters affected:

% daughters carriers:
% sons affected:
Unit 5 Genetics
Lesson 3 Dihybrid Crosses
1.

How many traits did Mendel test during his First Experiment? _______________
2.

Recall and List Mendel’s Rules:

a.

Law of Segregation:
b.

Law on Independent Assortment:

c.

Principle of Dominance:
3.

In Mendel’s Second Experiment, he investigated how many traits? _______

4.

In Mendel’s Second Experiment, he conducted a dihybrid cross between what two

plants?
5.

Gamete combinations referencing two genes can be calculated using what method?
6.

FOIL (or claw) stands for?

7.

Using the Punnett square below, complete the dihybrid cross between two heterozygous
Yellow/Round plants. First, foil the gamete combinations.
YyRr

YyRr
Gamete combinations

_____

_____
_____

_____
_____

_____
_____

_____
Phenotypic Ratio:
Unit 5 Genetics
Lesson 4 Pedigree Charts
1.

Explain what a pedigree chart maps.

2.

List what each label represents in a pedigree chart:

a.

Roman Numeral: ________________

b.

Numbers: ____________________
c.

Squares:____________________
d.

Circles:____________________
e.

Shaded Square/Circle:____________________
3.

How is a DOMINANT autosomal trait determined in a pedigree chart? Draw the pedigree
chart and include genotypes.
4.

How is a RECESSIVE autosomal trait determined in a pedigree chart? Draw the

pedigree chart and include genotypes.
5.

What causes a genetic disorder?

6.

List 4 examples of genetic disorders.

7.

How do single-gene disorders occur?

8.

Give an example for each single gene disorder:

a.

Autosomal Dominant: __________________________

b.

Autosomal Recessive: __________________________

c.

Autosomal Co-Dominant: __________________________

d.

X-Linked Recessive: __________________________

9.

What symptoms will the following diseases cause in a person?

Disease

Symptoms
Huntington’s Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Re-Green Color Blindness
Hemophilia
Unit 5 Genetics
Lesson 3 Dihybrid Crosses

1.​ How many traits did Mendel test during his First Experiment? _______________
2.​ Recall and List Mendel’s Rules:
1.​ Law of Segregation:
2.​ Law on Independent Assortment:
3.​ Principle of Dominance:
3.​ In Mendel’s Second Experiment, he investigated how many traits? _______
4.​ In Mendel’s Second Experiment, he conducted a dihybrid cross between what two plants?
5.​ Gamete combinations referencing two genes can be calculated using what method?
6.​ FOIL (or claw) stands for?
7.​ Using the Punnett square below, complete the dihybrid cross between two heterozygous
Yellow/Round plants. First, foil the gamete combinations.

YyRr x YyRr
Gamete combinations ​ _____​ ​ _____
​ ​ ​ ​ _____​ ​ _____
​ ​ ​ ​ _____​ ​ _____
​ ​ ​ ​ _____​ ​ _____
Phenotypic Ratio:

Unit 5 Genetics
Lesson 4 Pedigree Charts

1.​ Explain what a pedigree chart maps.

2.​ List what each label represents in a pedigree chart:
1.​ Roman Numeral: ________________
2.​ Numbers: ____________________
 3.​ Squares:____________________
4.​ Circles:____________________
5.​ Shaded Square/Circle:____________________
6.​ How is a DOMINANT autosomal trait determined in a pedigree chart? Draw the pedigree chart
and include genotypes.
4.​ How is a RECESSIVE autosomal trait determined in a pedigree chart? Draw the pedigree chart
and include genotypes.
5.​ What causes a genetic disorder?
6.​ List 4 examples of genetic disorders.
7.​ How do single-gene disorders occur?
8.​ Give an example for each single gene disorder:
1.​ Autosomal Dominant: __________________________
2.​ Autosomal Recessive: __________________________
3.​ Autosomal Co-Dominant: __________________________
4.​ X-Linked Recessive: __________________________
9.​ What symptoms will the following diseases cause in a person?

Disease Symptoms
Huntington’s Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Re-Green Color
Blindness
Hemophilia