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Modern Operating Systems, 2nd Edition, Chapter 7 course slides

Chapter 7 discusses multimedia operating systems, focusing on the characteristics of multimedia, including high data rates and real-time playback requirements. It covers multimedia files, audio and video compression standards like JPEG and MPEG, and various audio compression techniques. Additionally, the chapter addresses real-time scheduling methods such as Rate Monotonic Scheduling and Earliest Deadline First Scheduling.

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Modern Operating Systems, 2nd Edition, Chapter 7 course slides

Chapter 7 discusses multimedia operating systems, focusing on the characteristics of multimedia, including high data rates and real-time playback requirements. It covers multimedia files, audio and video compression standards like JPEG and MPEG, and various audio compression techniques. Additionally, the chapter addresses real-time scheduling methods such as Rate Monotonic Scheduling and Earliest Deadline First Scheduling.

Uploaded by

dave.news03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7

Multimedia Operating Systems

7.1 - 7.5
Intro to Multimedia
Files
Audio and Video Compression
Process Scheduling

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Introduction To Multimedia (1)

Figure 7-1. Video on demand using different


local distribution technologies. (a) ADSL.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Introduction To Multimedia (2)

Figure 7-1. Video on demand using different


local distribution technologies. (b) Cable TV.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Introduction To Multimedia (3)

Key characteristics of multimedia:


1. Multimedia uses extremely high data
rates.
2. Multimedia requires real-time playback.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Introduction To Multimedia (4)

Figure 7-2. Some data rates for multimedia and high-performance


I/O devices. Note that 1 Mbps is 106 bits/sec
but 1 GB is 230 bytes.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Multimedia Files

Figure 7-3. A movie may consist of several files.


Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Video Encoding

Figure 7-4. The scanning pattern used for NTSC


video and television.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Audio Encoding

Figure 7-5. (a) A sine wave. (b) Sampling the sine wave.
(c) Quantizing the samples to 4 bits.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The JPEG Standard (1)

Figure 7-6. (a) RGB input data. (b) After block preparation.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The JPEG Standard (2)

Figure 7-7. (a) One block of the Y matrix.


(b) The DCT coefficients.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The JPEG Standard (3)

Figure 7-8. Computation of the quantized DCT coefficients.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The JPEG Standard (4)

Figure 7-9. The order in which the quantized


values are transmitted.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The MPEG Standard (1)
Three types of MPEG-2 frames processed
by the viewing program:
1. I (Intracoded) frames: Self-contained
JPEG-encoded still pictures.
2. P (Predictive) frames: Block-by-block
difference with the last frame.
3. B (Bidirectional) frames: Differences with
the last and next frame.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The MPEG Standard (2)

Figure 7-10. Three consecutive video frames.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Audio Compression (1)

Figure 7-11. (a) A binary signal and its


root-mean-square Fourier amplitudes.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Audio Compression (2)

Figure 7-11. (b)–(e) Successive approximations


to the original signal.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Audio Compression (3)

Figure 7-11. (b)–(e) Successive approximations


to the original signal.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Audio Compression (4)

Figure 7-12. (a) The threshold of audibility as a


function of frequency. (b) The masking effect.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Audio Compression (5)
Possible sampling configurations:
1. Monophonic (a single input stream).
2. Dual monophonic (e.g., an English and a
Japanese soundtrack).
3. Disjoint stereo (each channel compressed
separately).
4. Joint stereo (interchannel redundancy fully
exploited).

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
General Real-Time Scheduling

Figure 7-13. Three periodic processes, each displaying a movie.


The frame rates and processing requirements per frame are
different for each movie.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Rate Monotonic Scheduling (1)
Required conditions for RMS:
1. Each periodic process must complete within
its period.
2. No process is dependent on any other
process.
3. Each process needs same amount of CPU
time on each burst.
4. Nonperiodic processes have no deadlines.
5. Process preemption occurs instantaneously
and with no overhead.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Rate Monotonic Scheduling (2)

Figure 7-14. An example of RMS and EDF real-time scheduling.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Earliest Deadline First Scheduling

Figure 7-15. Another example of real-time


scheduling with RMS and EDF.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639

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