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Lecture 2

The document provides an overview of chemical process calculations, including classifications of processes such as batch, continuous, and semi-batch, as well as steady-state and transient states. It discusses general balance equations for both differential and integral balances, emphasizing their applications in continuous and batch processes. Additionally, it presents examples of continuous steady-state processes and batch processes, along with flowcharting techniques for visualizing chemical operations.

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Kairav Barua
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9 views17 pages

Lecture 2

The document provides an overview of chemical process calculations, including classifications of processes such as batch, continuous, and semi-batch, as well as steady-state and transient states. It discusses general balance equations for both differential and integral balances, emphasizing their applications in continuous and batch processes. Additionally, it presents examples of continuous steady-state processes and batch processes, along with flowcharting techniques for visualizing chemical operations.

Uploaded by

Kairav Barua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS

(Introduction to engineering calculations)


Lecture #2: August 13, 2024
Process Classification
• Batch process
• Continuous process
• Semi-batch process

• Steady state
• Transient or unsteady-state
General Balance Equation
General Balance Equation
• Differential balances (normally applied to continuous process)
• describe at an instant in time
• each term represents the rate of input, rate of generation, etc.

• Integral balances (normally applied to batch process)


• describe between two instants of time
• each term represents the amount of the balanced quantity
• When balanced parameter = total mass
• generation = 0 and consumption = 0 (except in nuclear reactions)

• When balanced parameter = nonreactive species


• generation = 0 and consumption = 0

• When the system is at steady state


• accumulation = 0 (always!)
Continuous Steady-State Processes
• input + generation = output + consumption
• for total mass or non-reactive species
• input = output
• Two thousand kilograms per hour of a mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T)
containing 50% benzene by mass is separated into two fractions. The mass flow rate
of benzene in one stream is 400 kg B/h and that of toluene in the other stream is
600 kg T/h. The operation is at steady state. Write balances on benzene and toluene
to calculate the unknown component flow rates in the output streams.
Continuous Steady-State Processes
Batch Processes
• accumulation = final output - initial input
= generation - consumption
• initial input + generation = final output + consumption

There are two methanol–water mixtures in separate flasks. The first mixture
contains 40.0 wt% methanol, and the second contains 70.0 wt% methanol. If
200 g of the first mixture is combined with 150 g of the second, what are the
mass and composition of the product?
Problem statement - Context
The catalytic dehydrogenation of propane is carried out in a continuous packed-bed
reactor. One thousand pounds per hour of pure propane is preheated to a
temperature of 670°C before it passes into the reactor. The reactor effluent gas,
which includes propane, propylene, methane, and hydrogen, is cooled from 800°C
to 110°C and fed to an absorption tower, where the propane and propylene are
dissolved in oil. The oil then goes to a stripping tower in which it is heated, releasing
the dissolved gases; these gases are recompressed and sent to a distillation column
in which the propane and propylene are separated. The propane stream is recycled
to join the feed to the reactor preheater. The product stream from the distillation
column contains 98% propylene, and the recycle stream is 97% propane. The
stripped oil is recycled to the absorption tower.
Flowchart
• Boxes/symbols for process units
• reactors, mixers, separation units, etc.

• Lines + arrows for inlets and outlets


• A gas mixture containing N2 & O2 is combusted with propane (C3H8) in a
batch combustion chamber. Some of the O2 and C3H8 react to form CO2 and
H2O, and then the product is cooled for condensing the water.
Flowchart
• A gas mixture containing N2 & O2 is combusted with propane (C3H8) in a
batch combustion chamber. Some of the O2 and C3H8 react to form CO2 and
H2O, and then the product is cooled for condensing the water.
Flowchart
Flowchart
An experiment on the growth rate of certain organisms requires an environment
of humid air enriched in oxygen. Three input streams are fed into an
evaporation chamber to produce an output stream with the desired
composition.

A: Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0 cm3/min


B: Air (21 mole% O2, the balance N2)
C: Pure oxygen, with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow rate of stream B

The output gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5 mole% water. Draw and
label a flowchart of the process, and calculate all unknown stream variables.
Texts
• BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
• David M. Himmelblau and James B. Riggs
• Prentice Hall

• ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES


• Richard M. Felder and Ronald W. Rousseau
• John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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