CSE/C++/Module-I/Lecture: 10, 11 1

IIIT Bhubaneswar
Dept. Comp. Sc. & Engg.
C++ and Object Oriented Programming
Lecture: 10, 11

Flow of Control
I. Control structure II. Flow Chart Representation
Lecture: 10:
I. Control Structure:
 While writing a program, sometimes the programmer may require to alter the
flow of execution based on certain condition or to perform the same operation
repeatedly.
 In such situation the programmer uses the control structure.
 A programmer may use one or any combination of the following three control
structure:
 Sequence Structure (straight line)
 Selection Structure (branching)
 Loop Structure (iteration or repetation)

II. Flow Chart Representation:

Entry
True False
Condition
Action 1
True
Action 1 Action 2 Condition Action
Action 2 1
False

Action 3 Exit Action

2
Exit Action 3
[Sequence [Selection Structure ] [Loop Structure]
Structure]

Control

Selection Sequence Loop

If else Switch While, Do while

Case for
2-way branch Multiway branch Entry Control loops
Exit Control loop
NB: The approach of using one or more of these basic control constructs in
programming is known as Structure Programming.
 CSE/C++/Module-I/Lecture: 10, 11 2

 Sequence Structure:
Example:
int main()
{
int x, y, sum,avg;
cout<<”Enter the values for x and y”;
cin>>x>>y;
sum=x+y;
avg=sum/2 ;
cout<<”The value of sum is:”<<sum;
cout<<”The value of average is:”<<avg;
return 0;
}
 In this program, the flow of control is sequential from one statement to the
next one.
 Selection Structure:
 In selection structure, the decision making statements are used.
 The if statement
 The if-else statement
 The if-elseif-else statement
 The nested if-else statement
 The switch case statement
 The nested switch case statement
 Along with these we make use of statements like
 break
 continue
 goto

Syntax: Syntax:
I. if statement II. if else statement
if (expression) if (expression)
{ If true { If true
statement1; statement 1;
statement2; } If false
} else
statement; {
... statement 2;
... }
 CSE/C++/Module-I/Lecture: 10, 11 3

Syntax: Syntax:
III. if else if statement IV. nested if else statement
if (expression 1) if (expression 1)
{ If true {
statement 1; if (expression 2)
} {
elseif (expression 2) statement 1;
{ If true }
statement 2; else
} {
elseif(expression 3) statement 2;
{ If true }
statement 3; }
} else
else {
{ If false if (expression 3)
statement 4; {
..... statement 3;
} }
else
{
statement 4;
}
}

Syntax:
V. switch case statement
switch (expression)
{ Floating type not allowed (only integer and character t
case 1:
{
statement 1;
....
break;
}
case 2:
{
statement 2;
....
break;
}
default:
statement 3;
}

Lecture: 11:
 Loop Structure:
 CSE/C++/Module-I/Lecture: 10, 11 4

 It is broadly divided into two forms:

 Entry Control

While Loop

For loop
 In entry control condition is checked first, if it is true action is performed else
not.
 Exit Control

Do While Loop
 In exit control loops, the condition is checked after the statement is
executed (once), if condition is true then action is repeated else not.

Syntax:
I. The while Loop: If true then it enters the block and executes the statement. Then c
while (condition)
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
.....
}
statement;
...
 If condition is false from the beginning then the block is not executed
at all.
Syntax:
II. The do while Loop:
do
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
.....
} while (condition)
statement;
...
 Execute the block at least once. Then checked the condition.
Syntax:
III. For Loop: 1 2 4
for(initialization; condition; modification)
{
..... When condition is true
statements;
3
.....
}
statements;