TEST

A B C D
A1 B1 USA 10
A2 B1 INDIA 20
A3 B2 GERMANY 30
A4 B2 INDONESIA 40

COMMAND DESCRIPTION ǪUERY RESULT OF THE ǪUERY

A B C D
A1 B1 USA 10
SELECT * Retrieve all columns from a table SELECT * FROM TEST; A2 B1 INDIA 20
A3 B2 GERMANY 30
A4 B2 INDONESIA 40

A B C D
SELECT * LIMIT 2 Retrieve all columns from a table SELECT * FROM TEST LIMIT 2; A1 B1 USA 10
A2 B1 INDIA 20

A B
A1 B1
SELECT <columns> Retrieve specific columns from a table SELECT A, B FROM TEST; A2 B1
A3 B2
A4 B2

B
SELECT DISTINCT Retrieve unique rows of column(s) from a table SELECT DISTINCT B FROM TEST; B1
B2

A B C D
A1 B1 USA 10
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES ('A5', 'B2', A2 B1 INDIA 20
INSERT Put new values to the table
'UK', 25); A3 B2 GERMANY 30
A4 B2 INDONESIA 40
A5 B2 UK 25

A B C D
A1 B1 USA 5
A2 B1 INDIA 15
UPDATE Update one or more values in the table UPDATE TEST SET D = D - 5;
A3 B2 GERMANY 25
A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20

A B C D
A1 B1 USA 5
A2 B1 INDIA 15
DELETE Delete one record from table at a time DELETE FROM TEST WHERE A = A3;
A3 B2 GERMANY 30
A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20
 TEST
A B C D
A1 B1 USA 5
A2 B1 INDIA 15
A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20

COMMAND DESCRIPTION ǪUERY RESULT OF THE ǪUERY

A B C D
WHERE Fetch data based on a condition SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE B = 'B2' A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20

A B C D
IN Allows to specify multiple conditions inside a where clause SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE C IN ('USA', 'UK') A1 B1 USA 5
A5 B2 UK 20

A B C D
Search for a specific pattern with a where clause. % to match zero, one
LIKE % SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE C LIKE 'IND%' A2 B2 INDIA 15
or more characters.
A4 B2 INDONESIA 35

A B C D
Search for a specific number of characters using '_'. To find a value with
LIKE _ SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE C LIKE '___'
3 characters use ' ' A1 B1 USA 5

A B C D
SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE D BETWEEN 15 A2 B2 INDIA 15
BETWEEN Fetch the data within specific range
AND 35 A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20

A B C D
AND Fetch the record(s) if all the conditions specified by AND are TRUE SELECT * from TEST WHERE B = 'B2' AND D > 15 A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20

A B C D
Fetch the record(s) if atleast one of the conditions specified by OR is/are A2 B1 INDIA 15
OR SELECT * from TEST WHERE B = 'B2' OR D > 10
TRUE A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20

- SELECT * from TEST WHERE NOT B = 'B2'; A B C D

NOT Fetch the record(s) if the condition is NOT True - SELECT * from TEST WHERE B <> 'B2'; A1 B1 USA 5
- SELECT * from TEST WHERE B != 'B2'; A2 B1 INDIA 15
 TEST
A B C D
A1 B1 USA 5
A2 B1 INDIA 15
A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20

COMMAND DESCRIPTION ǪUERY RESULT OF THE ǪUERY

B D_TOTAL
SUM() Calculate the sum of all selected columns. Works on SELECT B, SUM(D) AS D_TOTAL FROM TEST
B1 20
+ GROUP BY numeric columns only GROUP BY B
B2 55

B D_AVERAGE
AVG() Calculate average or arithmetic mean of the selected SELECT B, AVG(D) AS D_AVERAGE FROM TEST
B1 10
+ GROUP BY numerical column
B2 27.5

B D_MIN
MIN() Calculate the minimum value of the selected
SELECT B, MIN(D) AS D_MIN FROM TEST B1 5
+ GROUP BY numerical column
B2 20

B D_MAX
MAX() Calculate the maximum value of the selected SELECT B, MAX(D) AS D_MAX FROM TEST
B1 15
+ GROUP BY numerical column GROUP BY B
B2 35

CNT
COUNT(*) Count all the rows in the table SELECT COUNT(*) AS CNT FROM TEST;
4

CNT
COUNT(DISTINCT) Counts the distinct entries in a column SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT B) AS CNT FROM TEST;
2

B B_COUNT
COUNT() Calculate the number of rows in the database table. It SELECT B, COUNT(B) AS B_COUNT FROM TEST
B1 2
+ GROUP BY works on both numeric and non-numeric column(s) GROUP BY B
B2 2

A B C D
A4 B2 INDONESIA 35
ORDER BY Sort the data in either ascending or descending order SELECT * FROM TEST ORDER BY D DESC A5 B2 UK 20
A2 B1 INDIA 15
A1 B1 USA 5

SELECT B,C,D B C D Category

(CASE WHEN D <= 15 THEN 'CATEGORY 1' B1 USA 5 Category 1
Returns the value when a specific condition is met. It
CASE WHEN WHEN D > 15 AND D <=30 THEN 'CATEGORY 2' WHEN D > B2 INDIA 15 Category 1
works similar to an if else statement in Python
30 THEN 'CATEGORY 3' END)AS 'CATEGORY' B3 INDONESIA 35 Category 3
FROM TEST; B2 UK 20 Category 2
 TABLE X
A B C
A1 100 10
A2 200 20
A3 300 30
A4 400 40

TABLE Y
P Ǫ R
A1 100 10
A2 200 20
A3 300 30
A5 400 40

TEST
A B C D
A1 B1 USA 5
A2 B2 INDIA 15
A4 B3 INDONESIA 35
A5 B2 UK 20

COMMAND DESCRIPTION ǪUERY RESULT OF THE ǪUERY

Used to fetch common records from two tables using a common SELECT * X.A X.B X.C Y.P Y.Ǫ Y.R
column present in both the tables FROM X INNER JOIN Y ON X.A = Y.P A1 100 10 A1 100 10
INNER JOIN
A2 200 20 A2 200 20
A3 300 30 A3 300 30

X.A X.B X.C Y.P Y.Ǫ Y.R

A1 100 10 A1 100 10
Used to fetch all the records from the left table even if there are SELECT * A2 200 20 A2 200 20
LEFT JOIN
no matches in the right table FROM X LEFT JOIN Y ON X.A = Y.P A3 300 30 A3 300 30
NUL
A4 400 40 NULL NULL
L

A B C D A Ǫ
A1 100 10 A1 100 10
Used to fetch all the records from the right table even if there are SELECT *
RIGHT JOIN A2 200 20 A2 200 20
no matches in the left table FROM X RIGHT JOIN Y ON X.A = Y.P
A3 300 30 A3 300 30
NULL NULL NULL A5 400 40

A B C
A1 100 10
A2 200 20
UNION ALL fetches all the records in the two tables. The tables SELECT * FROM X A3 300 30
UNION ALL are put one on top of the other and the column names are got UNION ALL A4 400 40
from the top table. SELECT * FROM Y; A1 100 10
A2 200 20
A3 300 30
A5 400 40

A B C
A1 100 10
SELECT * FROM X
UNION works the same as UNION ALL, but fetches only the A2 200 20
UNION UNION
distinct records A3 300 30
SELECT * FROM Y;
A4 400 40
A5 400 40

X.A X.B X.C Y.P Y.Ǫ Y.R

A1 100 10 A1 100 10
A2 200 20 A2 200 20
SELECT *
A3 300 30 A3 300 30
What if you want all the matching recording in each table along FROM X LEFT JOIN Y ON X.A = Y.P
NUL
FULL JOIN with all the columns? You can do what is called as a FULL JOIN UNION A4 400 40 NULL NULL
L
using UNION. SELECT *
A1 100 10 A1 100 10
FROM X RIGHT JOIN Y ON X.A = Y.P;
A2 200 20 A2 200 20
A3 300 30 A3 300 30
NULL NULL NULL A5 400 40
 X.A X.B X.C Y.P Y.Ǫ Y.R
A1 100 10 A1 100 10
A1 100 10 A2 200 20
A1 100 10 A3 300 30
A1 100 10 A5 400 40
A2 200 20 A1 100 10
A2 200 20 A2 200 20
Returns the cartesian product of the rows of tables in the join. A2 200 20 A3 300 30
SELECT * FROM X CROSS JOIN Y;
CROSS JOIN Eg: If Table-X has 4 rows and Table-Y has 4 rows, then the join A2 200 20 A5 400 40
returns 4*4 = 16 rows A3 300 30 A1 100 10
A3 300 30 A2 200 20
A3 300 30 A3 300 30
A3 300 30 A5 400 40
A4 400 40 A1 100 10
A4 400 40 A2 200 20
A4 400 40 A3 300 30
A4 400 40 A5 400 40

It is used to join a table to itself. T1.A T1.B T1.C T2.A T2.B T2.C
Generally used for comparing the rows within the same table A1 100 10 A1 100 10
SELECT * FROM
SELF JOIN A2 200 20 A2 200 20
X AS T1 JOIN X AS T2 WHERE T1.A = T2.A
A3 300 30 A3 300 30
A4 400 40 A4 400 40
 TABLE
A B C D
A1 B1 X1 10
A1 B1 X2 10
A1 B2 X3 30
A1 B2 X4 20
A2 B1 X5 40
A2 B1 X6 60
A2 B2 X7 50
A2 B2 X8 80

COMMAND DESCRIPTION ǪUERY RESULT OF THE ǪUERY

A B C D CNT
A1 B1 X1 10 4
SELECT A, A1 B1 X2 10 4
B, A1 B2 X3 30 4
COUNT() Let's try counting the number of records at the level of A C, A1 B2 X4 20 4
D, A2 B1 X5 40 4
COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY A) AS CNT FROM TABLE; A2 B1 X6 60 4
A2 B2 X7 50 4
A2 B2 X8 80 4

A B C D SUM
A1 B1 X1 10 20
SELECT A, A1 B1 X2 10 20
B, A1 B2 X3 30 50
SUM() Let's try to sum D at the level of A and B C, A1 B2 X4 20 50
D, A2 B1 X5 40 100
SUM(D) OVER (PARTITION BY A, B) AS SUM FROM TABLE; A2 B1 X6 60 100
A2 B2 X7 50 130
A2 B2 X8 80 130

A B C D ROWNUM
A1 B2 X3 30 1
SELECT A, A1 B2 X4 20 2
B, A1 B1 X1 10 3
Adds a row number at the level and order specified. Let's add
C,
ROW_NUMBER() row numbers at the level of A and order by D in the A1 B1 X2 10 4
D,
descending order. A2 B2 X8 80 1
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY A ORDER BY D DESC)
AS ROWNUM FROM TABLE; A2 B1 X6 60 2
A2 B1 X5 50 3
A2 B2 X7 40 4

A B C D RNK
A1 B1 X1 10 1
SELECT A, A1 B1 X2 10 1
B, A1 B2 X4 20 3
Adds a rank at the level and order specified. Let's add row
C,
RANK() numbers at the level of A and order by D in the ascending A1 B2 X3 30 4
D,
order. A2 B1 X5 40 1
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY A ORDER BY D ASC) AS RNK
FROM TABLE; A2 B2 X7 50 2
A2 B1 X6 60 3
A2 B2 X8 80 4

A B C D D_RNK
A1 B1 X1 10 1
SELECT A, A1 B1 X2 10 1
B, A1 B2 X4 20 2
Adds a dense rank at the level and order specified. Let's add
C,
DENSE_RANK() row numbers at the level of A and order by D in the ascending A1 B2 X3 30 3
D,
order. A2 B1 X5 40 1
DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY A ORDER BY D ASC) AS
D_RNK FROM TABLE; A2 B2 X7 50 2
A2 B1 X6 60 3
A2 B2 X8 80 4