Areas Under The Standard Normal Curve

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
-0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998

١٥٠
 Percentage Points of the t Distribution; t , 
P(T> t , ) = 


 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.0075 0.005 0.0025 0.0005
1 0.325 0.727 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706 15.895 21.205 31.821 42.434 63.657 127.322 636.590
2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 5.643 6.965 8.073 9.925 14.089 31.598
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 3.896 4.541 5.047 5.841 7.453 12.924
4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.298 3.747 4.088 4.604 5.598 8.610
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.003 3.365 3.634 4.032 4.773 6.869
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 2.829 3.143 3.372 3.707 4.317 5.959
7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.715 2.998 3.203 3.499 4.029 5.408
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.634 2.896 3.085 3.355 3.833 5.041
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.574 2.821 2.998 3.250 3.690 4.781
10 0.260 0.542 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.527 2.764 2.932 3.169 3.581 4.587
11 0.260 0.540 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.491 2.718 2.879 3.106 3.497 4.437
12 0.259 0.539 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.461 2.681 2.836 3.055 3.428 4.318
13 0.259 0.538 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.436 2.650 2.801 3.012 3.372 4.221
14 0.258 0.537 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.415 2.624 2.771 2.977 3.326 4.140
15 0.258 0.536 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.397 2.602 2.746 2.947 3.286 4.073
16 0.258 0.535 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.382 2.583 2.724 2.921 3.252 4.015
17 0.257 0.534 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.368 2.567 2.706 2.898 3.222 3.965
18 0.257 0.534 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.356 2.552 2.689 2.878 3.197 3.922
19 0.257 0.533 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.346 2.539 2.674 2.861 3.174 3.883
20 0.257 0.533 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.336 2.528 2.661 2.845 3.153 3.850
21 0.257 0.532 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.328 2.518 2.649 2.831 3.135 3.819
22 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.320 2.508 2.639 2.819 3.119 3.792
23 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.313 2.500 2.629 2.807 3.104 3.768
24 0.256 0.531 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.307 2.492 2.620 2.797 3.091 3.745
25 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.301 2.485 2.612 2.787 3.078 3.725
26 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.296 2.479 2.605 2.779 3.067 3.707
27 0.256 0.531 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.291 2.473 2.598 2.771 3.057 3.690
28 0.256 0.530 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.286 2.467 2.592 2.763 3.047 3.674
29 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.282 2.462 2.586 2.756 3.038 3.659
30 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.278 2.457 2.581 2.750 3.030 3.646
40 0.255 0.529 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.250 2.423 2.542 2.704 2.971 3.551
60 0.254 0.527 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.223 2.390 2.504 2.660 2.915 3.460
120 0.254 0.526 0.845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.076 2.196 2.358 2.468 2.617 2.860 3.373
 0.253 0.524 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.170 2.326 2.432 2.576 2.807 3.291

١٥١
Revision

1. COMBINATIONS

Q1. Compute:
6 6
, , 6 ,6 .
2 4
Q2. Show that
=
−
Q3. Compute
, ,
0 1

Q4. A man wants to paint his house in 3 colors. If he can choose 3 colors out of 6
colors, how mdifferent color settings can he make?
(A) 216 (B) 20 (C) 18 (D) 120

Q5. The number of ways in which we can select two students among a group of 5
students is
(A) 120 (B) 10 (C) 60 (D) 20 (E) 110

Q6. The number of ways in which we can select a president and a secretary among a
group of 5students is
(A) 120 (B) 10 (C) 60 (D) 20

2. PROBABILITY, CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY, AND INDEPENDENCE

Q1. Let A, B, and C be three events such that: P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.4, P(C∩ =0.6,
P(A∪  =0.2, and P(A∪B)=0.9. Then

(a) P(C) =
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.6 (C) 0.8 (D) 0.2 (E) 0.5

(b) P(BA) =
(A) 0.0 (B) 0.9 (C) 0.1 (D) 1.0 (E) 0.3

(c) P (C|A) =
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.8 (C) 0.1 (D) 1.0 (E) 0.7

(d) P ( ∩ )=
(A) 0.3 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.2 (D) 1.1 (E) 0.8

Q2. Consider the experiment of flipping a balanced coin three times independently.

١٥٢
 (a) The number of points in the sample space is
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 3 (E) 9

(b) The probability of getting exactly two heads is

(A) 0.125 (B) 0.375 C) 0.667 (D) 0.333 (E) 0.451

(c) The events ‘exactly two heads’ and ‘exactly three heads’ are
(A)Independent (B) disjoint (C) equally likely (D) identical (E) None

(d) The events ‘the first coin is head’ and ‘the second and the third coins are tails’
are
(A) Independent (B) disjoint (C) equally likely (D) identical (E) None

Q3. Suppose that a fair die is thrown twice independently, then

1. the probability that the sum of numbers of the two dice is less than or equal to 4 is;
(A) 0.1667 (B) 0.6667 (C) 0.8333 (D) 0.1389

2. the probability that at least one of the die shows 4 is;

(A) 0.6667 (B) 0.3056 (C) 0.8333 (D) 0.1389

3. the probability that one die shows one and the sum of the two dice is four is;
(A) 0.0556 (B) 0.6667 (C) 0.3056 (D) 0.1389
4. the event A={the sum of two dice is 4} and the event B={exactly one die shows
two} are,
(A) Independent (B) Dependent (C) Joint (D) None of these.

Q4. Assume that : ( ) = 0.3, ( ) = 0.4, ( ∩ ∩ ) = 00.3, ( ∩ ) =

0.88, then
1. the events A and B are,
(A) Independent (B) Dependent (C) Disjoint (D) None of these.

2. ( / ∩ ) is equal to,
(A) 0.65 (B) 0.25 (C) 0. 35 (D) 0.14

Q5. If the probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.23, then the probability that it will
not rain tomorrow is:
(A) 0.23 (B) 0.77 (C) 0.77 (D) 0.23

Q6. The probability that a factory will open a branch in Riyadh is 0.7, the probability
that it will open a branch in Jeddah is 0.4, and the probability that it will open a
branch in either Riyadh or Jeddah or both is 0.8. Then, the probability that it will open
a branch:
1) in both cities is:

١٥٣
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.9 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.8
2) in neither city is:
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.7 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.2

Q7. The probability that a lab specimen is contaminated is 0.10. Three independent
specimen are checked.
1) the probability that none is contaminated is:
(A) 0.0475 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.729 (D) 0. 3

2) the probability that exactly one sample is contaminated is:

(A) 0.243 (B) 0.081 (C) 0.757 (D) 0. 3

Q8. 200 adults are classified according to sex and their level of education in the
following table:
Sex Male (M) Female (F)
Education
Elementary (E) 28 50
Secondary (S) 38 45
College (C) 22 17
If a person is selected at random from this group, then:

1) the probability that he is a male is:

(A) 0.3182 (B) 0.44 (C) 0.28 (D) 78

2) The probability that the person is male given that the person has a secondary
education is:
(A) 0.4318 (B) 0.4578 (C) 0.19 (D) 0.44

3) The probability that the person does not have a college degree given that the
person is a female is:
(A) 0.8482 (B) 0.1518 (C) 0.475 (D) 0.085

4) Are the events M and E independent? Why? [P(M)=0.44  P(M|E)=0.359 

dependent]

Q9. 1000 individuals are classified below by sex and smoking habit.
SEX Male (M) Female (F)
SMOKING HABIT
Daily (D) 300 50
Occasionally (O) 200 50
Not at all (N) 100 300

A person is selected randomly from this group.

1. Find the probability that the person is female. [P(F)=0.4]

١٥٤
2. Find the probability that the person is female and smokes daily. [P(FD)=0.05]
3. Find the probability that the person is female, given that the person smokes daily.
[P(F|D)=0.1429]
4. Are the events F and D independent? Why? [P(F)=0.4  P(F|D)=0.1429 
dependent]

Q10. Two engines operate independently, if the probability that an engine will start is
0.4, and the probability that the other engine will start is 0.6, then the probability that
both will start is:
(A) 1 (B) 0.24 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.5

Q11
If P(B)=0.3, and P(A/B)=0.4 then P(A∩ ) equals to

(A) 0.67 (B) 0.12 (C) 0.75 (D) 0.3

Q12. The probability that a computer system has an electrical failure is 0.15, and the
probability that it has a virus is 0.25, and the probability that it has both problems is
0.10, then the probability that the computer system has the electrical failure or the
virus is:
(A) 1.15 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.15 (D) 0.30

Q13. From a box containing 4 black balls and 2 green balls, 3 balls are drawn
independently in uccession, each ball being replaced in the box before the next draw
is made. The probability of drawing 2 green balls and 1 black ball is:
(A) 6/27 (B) 2/27 (C) 12/27 (D) 4/27

Q14. 80 students are enrolled in STAT-324 class. 60 students are from engineering
college and the rest are from computer science college. 10% of the engineering
college students have taken this course before, and 5% of the computer science
college students have taken this course before. If one student from this class is
randomly selected, then:

1) the probability that he has taken this course before is:

(A) 0.25 (B) 0.0875 (C) 0.8021 (D) 0. 75

2) If the selected student has taken this course before then the probability that he is
from the B
(A) 0.1429 (B) 0.375 (C) 0.80 (D) 0. 25

Q15. Two machines A and B make 80% and 20%, respectively, of the products in a
certain factory. It is known that 5% and 10% of the products made by each machine,
respectively, are defective. A finished product is randomly selected.

١٥٥
1. Find the probability that the product is defective. [P(D)=0.06]
2. If the product were found to be defective, what is the probability that it was made
by machine B. [P(B|D)=0.3333]

Q16. If P( )=0.4, P( ∩ ) =0.2, P( / ∩ 0.75, then

P( / ) equals to
(A) 0.00 (B) 0.20 (C) 0.08 (D) 0.50

And P( ∩ ∩ )=
(A) 0.06 (B) 0.35 (C) 0.15 (D) 0.08

Q17. If P(A)=0.9, P(B)=0.6, and P(AB)=0.5, then:

(1) P(A∩ ) = equals to
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.3
(2) P( ∩ ) =
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.6 (C) 0.0 (D) 0.5
(3) P(B|A) equals to
(A) 0.5556 (B) 0.8333 (C) 0.6000 (D) 0.0
(4) The events A and B are
(A) independent (B) disjoint (C) joint (D) none
(5) The events A and B are
(A) disjoint (B) dependent (C) independent (D) none

Q18. Suppose that the experiment is to randomly select with replacement 2 children
and register their gender (B=boy, G=girl) from a family having 2 boys and 6 girls.
(1) The number of outcomes (elements of the sample space) of this experiment equals
to
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 125
(2) The event that represents registering at most one boy is
(A) {GG, GB, BG} (B) {GB, BG} (C) {GB}
(D) {GB, BG, BB}

(3) The probability of registering no girls equals to

(A) 0.2500 (B) 0.0625 (C) 0.4219 (D) 0.1780
(4) The probability of registering exactly one boy equals to
(A) 0.1406 (B) 0.3750 (C) 0.0141 (D) 0.0423
(5) The probability of registering at most one boy equals to
(A) 0.0156 (B) 0.5000 (C) 0.4219 (D) 0.9375

١٥٦
3. BAYES RULE:
Q1. 80 students are enrolled in STAT class. 60 students are from engineering college
and the rest are from computer science college. 10% of the engineering college
students have taken this course before, and 5% of the computer science college
students have taken this course before. If one student from this class is randomly
selected, then:
1) the probability that he has taken this course before is:
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.0875 (C) 0.8021 (D) 0. 75
2) If the selected student has taken this course before then the probability that he
is from the computer science college is:
(A) 0.1429 (B) 0.375 (C) 0.80 (D) 0. 25

Q2. Two machines A and B make 80% and 20%, respectively, of the products in a
certain factory. It is known that 5% and 10% of the products made by each machine,
respectively, are defective. A finished product is randomly selected.
(a) Find the probability that the product is defective. [P(D)=0.06]
(b) If the product were found to be defective, what is the probability that it was made
by machine B. [P(B|D)=0.3333]

Q3. Dates' factory has three assembly lines, A, B, and C. Suppose that the assembly
lines A, B, and C account for 50%, 30%, and 20% of the total product of the factory.
Quality control records show that 4% of the dates packed by line A, 6% of the dates
packed by line B, and 12% of the dates packed by
line C are improperly sealed. If a pack is randomly selected, then:
(a) the probability that the pack is from line B and it is improperly sealed is
(A) 0.018 (B) 0.30 (C) 0.06 (D) 0.36 (E) 0.53

(b) the probability that the pack is improperly sealed is

(A) 0.62 (B) 0.022 (C) 0.06 2 (D) 0.22 (E) 0.25

(c) if it is found that the pack is improperly sealed, what is the probability that it is
from line B?
(A) 0.0623 (B) 0.0223 (C) 0.6203 (D) 0.2203 (E) 0.2903

Q4. Two brothers, Mohammad and Ahmad own and operate a small restaurant.
Mohammad washes 50% of the dishes and Ahmad washes 50% of the dishes. When
Mohammad washes a dish, he might break it with probability 0.40. On the other hand,
when Ahmad washes a dish, he might break it with probability 0.10. Then,
(a) the probability that a dish will be broken during washing is:
(A) 0.667 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.8 (D) 0.5
(b) If a broken dish was found in the washing machine, the probability that it was
washed by Mohammad is:
(A) 0.667 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.8 (D) 0.5

١٥٧
Q5. A vocational institute offers two training programs (A) and (B). In the last
semester, 100 and 300 trainees were enrolled for programs (A) and (B), respectively.
From the past experience it is known that the passing probabilities are 0.9 for program
(A) and 0.7 for program (B). Suppose that at the end of the last semester, we selected
a trainee at random from this institute.

(1) The probability that the selected trainee passed the program equals to
(A) 0.80 (B) 0.75 (C) 0.85 (D) 0.79

(2) If it is known that the selected trainee passed the program, then the probability that
he has been enrolled in program (A) equals to
(A) 0.8 (B) 0.9 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.7

4. RANDOM VARIABLES, DISTRIBUTIONS, EXPECTATIONS

AND CHEBYSHEV's THEOREM:

4.1. DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS:

Q1. Consider the experiment of flipping a balanced coin three times independently.
Let X= Number of heads – Number of tails.
(a) List the elements of the sample space S.
(b) Assign a value x of X to each sample point.
(c) Find the probability distribution function of X.
(d) Find P( X ≤ 1 ) (e) Find P( X < 1 )
(f) Find =E(X) (g) Find =Var(X)

Q2. It is known that 20% of the people in a certain human population are female. The
experiment is to select a committee consisting of two individuals at random. Let X be
a random variable giving the number of females in the committee.
1. List the elements of the sample space S.
2. Assign a value x of X to each sample point.
3. Find the probability distribution function of X.
4. Find the probability that there will be at least one female in the committee.
5. Find the probability that there will be at most one female in the committee.
6. Find =E(X) 7. Find =Var(X)

Q3. A box contains 100 cards; 40 of which are labeled with the number 5 and the
other cards are labeled with the number 10. Two cards were selected randomly with
replacement and the number appeared on each card was observed. Let X be a random
variable giving the total sum of the two numbers.
(i) List the elements of the sample space S.
(ii) To each element of S assign a value x of X.
(iii) Find the probability mass function (probability distribution function) of X.

١٥٨
(iv) Find P(X=0). (v) Find P(X>10).
(vi) Find Find =E(X) (vii) Find =Var(X)

Q4. Let X be a random variable with the following probability distribution:

x 3 6 9
f(x) 0.1 0.5 0.4
1) Find the mean (expected value) of X, =E(X).
2) Find E( )
3) Find the variance of X ( =Var(X))
4) Find the mean the variance of 2X+1,

Q5. Which of the following is a probability distribution function:

(A) ( )= , = 0,1,2,3,4 (B). ( ) = , = 0,1,2,3,4

(C) ) ( )= , = 0,1,2,3,4 (D). ) ( )= , = 0,1,2,3,4

Q6. Let the random variable X have a discrete uniform with parameter k=3 and with
values 0,1, and 2. The probability distribution function is:
f(x)=P(X=x)=1/3 ; x=0, 1, 2.
(1) The mean of X is
(A) 1.0 (B) 2.0 (C) 1.5 (D) 0.0
(2) The variance of X is
(A) 0.0 (B) 1.0 (C) 0.67 (D) 1.33

Q7. Let X be a discrete random variable with the probability distribution function:
f(x) = kx for x=1, 2, and 3.
(i) Find the value of k.
(ii) Find the cumulative distribution function (CDF), F(x).
(iii) Using the CDF, F(x), find P (0.5 < X ≤ 2.5).

Q8. Let X be a random variable with cumulative distribution function (CDF) given
by:
0, <0
0.25, 0≤ <1
( )= 
0.6, 1 ≤ ≤ 2
1, ≥2
(a) Find the probability distribution function of X, f(x).
(b) Find P( 1≤X<2). (using both f(x) and F(x))
(c) Find P( X>2). (using both f(x) and F(x))

١٥٩
Q9. Consider the random variable X with the following probability distribution
function:
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) 0.4 c 0.3 0.1
The value of c is
(A) 0.125 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.1 (D) 0.125

Q10. Consider the random variable X with the following probability distribution
function:
x -1 0 1 2
f(x) 0.4 c 0.3 0.1

Find the following:

(a) The value of c. (b) P( 0 < X ≤ 2 )
(c) = E(X) (d) E( ) and Var(X)

Q11. Find the value of k that makes the function

( )= 2 3
, = 0,1,2
3−
serve as a probability distribution function of the discrete random variable X.

Q12. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a discrete random variable, X, is

given below:
0, <0
⎧
⎪ , 0≤ <1
⎪
⎪ , 1≤ ≤2
( )=
⎨
⎪ , 2 ≤ <3
⎪
⎪ , 3≤ <4
⎩ 1, ≥4

(1) P(X=2)=
(A) 3/8 (B) 11/16 (C) 10/16 (D) 5/16

(2) (2 ≤ 2 < 4) is equal to:

)42( XP
(A) 20/16 (B) 11/16 (C) 10/16 (D) 5/16

Q13. If a random variable X has a mean of 10 and a variance of 4, then, the random
variable Y=2X-1
,

١٦٠
 (a) has a mean of:
(A) 10 (B) 18 (C) 20 (D) 22
(b) and a standard deviation of:
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 16

Q14. Let X be the number of typing errors per page committed by a particular typist.
The probability distribution function of X is given by:
X 0 1 2 3 4
f (x) 3k 3k 2k k k
(1) Find the numerical value of k.
(2) Find the average (mean) number of errors for this typist.
(3) Find the variance of the number of errors for this typist.
(4) Find the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of X.
(5) Find the probability that this typist will commit at least 2 errors per page.

Q15. Suppose that the discrete random variable X has the following probability
function: f(1)=0.05, f(0)=0.25, f(1)=0.25, f(2)=0.45, then:
(1) P(X<1) equals to
(A) 0.30 (B) 0.05 (C) 0.55 (D) 0.50
(2) P(X≤1) equals to
(A) 0.05 (B) 0.55 (C) 0.30 (D) 0.45
(3) The mean =E(X) equals to
(A) 1.1 (B) 0.0 (C) 1.2 D) 0.5
(4) E( ) equals to
(A) 2.00 (B) 2.10 (C) 1.50 (D) 0.75
(5) The variance Var(X) equals to
(A) 1.00 (B) 3.31 (C) 0.89 (D) 2.10
(6) If F(x) is the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of X, then F(1) equals to
(A) 0.50 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.45 (D) 0.55

4.2. CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS:

Q1. If the continuous random variable X has mean µ=16 and variance =5
P(X=16) is
(A) 0.0625 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.0 (D) None of these.

Q2. Consider the probability density function:

( )= , 0< <1
0 ℎ

1) The value of k is:

(A) 1 (B) 0.5 (C) 1.5 (D) 0.667

١٦١
2) The probability P(0.3<X<0.6)=
(A) 0.4647 (B) 0.3004 (C) 0.1643 (D) 0.4500
3) The expected value of X, is,
(A) 0.6 (B) 1.5 (C) 1 (D) 0.667

Q3. Let X be a continuous random variable with the probability density function
f(x)=k(x+1) for 0<x<2.
(i) Find the value of k.
(ii) Find P(0 < X  1).
(iii) Find the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of X, F(x) .
(iv) Using F(x), find P(0 < X ≤ 1).

Q4. Let X be a continuous random variable with the probability density function
f(x)=3x/2 for -1<x<1.
1. P(0<X<1) = ………….. 2. E(X) = …………………
3. Var(X) = …………….… 4. E(2X+3)= ………………
5. Var(2X+3)= ……………

Q5. Suppose that the random variable X has the probability density function:
( )= , 0< <2
0 ℎ
1. Evaluate k.
2. Find the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of X, F(x).
3. Find P(0 < X < 1).
4. Find P(X = 1) and P(2 < X < 3).

Q6. Let X be a random variable with the probability density function:

(1 − ),
( )= 6 0< <1
0 ℎ

. Find E(X). , Var(X)., E (4X+5). And Var(4X+5).

Q7. If the random variable X has a uniform distribution on the interval (0,10) with the
probability
density function given by:

1/10, 0 < < 10

( )= .
0 ℎ
Find
1. P(X<6). 2. Find the mean of X.
3. Find E( ) 4. Find the variance of X.
5. Find the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of X, F(x).
6. Use the cumulative distribution function, F(x), to find P(1<X5).

١٦٢
Q8. Suppose that the failure time (in months) of a specific type of electrical device is
distributed with the probability density function:
1/50, 0 < < 10
 ( ) =
0 ℎ

(a) the average failure time of such device is:

(A) 6.667 (B) 1.00 (C) 2.00 (D) 5.00
(b) the variance of the failure time of such device is:
(A) 0 (B) 50 (C) 5.55 (D) 10
(c) P(X>5) =
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.55 (C) 0.65 (D) 0.75

Q9. If the cumulative distribution function of the random variable X having the form:
0, <0
( )=
≥ 0

Then (1) P(0<X<2) equals to

(a) 0.555 (b) 0.333 (c) 0.667 (d) none of these.
(2) If P(x>k)=0.5
, then k equals to
(a) 5 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 1.5

Q10. If the diameter of a certain electrical cable is a continuous random variable X (

in cm ) having the probability density function :
( ) = 20 (1 − ), 0< <1
0 ℎ

(1) P(X>0.5) is:

a) 0.8125 b) 0.1875 c) 0.9844 d) 0.4445
(2) P(0.25<X<1.75) is:
a) 0.8125 b) 0.1875 c) 0.9844 d) 0.4445
(3) E(X) is:
a) 0.667 b) 0.333 c) 0.555 d) none of these.
(4) Var(X) is:
a)0.3175 b) 3.175 c) 0.0317 d) 2.3175
(5) For this random variable,P( − 2 < < + 2 ) will have an exact value
equals to:
a) 0.3175 b) 0.750 c) 0.965 d) 0.250
(6) For this random variable, ,P( − 2 < < + 2 ) will have a lower bound
value according to chebyshev’s theory equals to:
a) 0.3175 b) 0.750 c) 0.965 d) 0.250
(7) If Y= 3X1.5, then E(Y) is:
a) – 0.5 b) – 0.3335 c) 0.5 d) none of these.
(8) If Y= 3X1.5, then Var(Y) is:

١٦٣
a) 2.8575 b) 0.951 c) 0.2853 d) 6.9525

4.3. CHEBYSHEV’S THEOREM :

Q1. According to Chebyshev’s theorem, for any random variable X with mean and
variance
(22, a lower bound for P( − 2 < < + 2 ) )
(A) 0.3175 (B) 0.750 (C) 0.965 (D) 0.250

Q2. Suppose that X is a random variable with mean µ=12, variance 2

=9, and unknown probability distribution. Using Chebyshev’s theorem,
P(3 < < 21) is at least equal to,
(A) 8/9 (B) 3/4 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/16

Q3. Suppose that E(X)=5 and Var(X)=4. Using Chebyshev's Theorem,

(i) find an approximated value of P(1<X<9).
(ii) find some constants a and b (a<b) such that P(a<X<b) 15/16.

Q4. Suppose that the random variable X is distributed according to the probability
1/10, 0 < < 10
density function given by: ( ) = .
0 ℎ

Assuming =5 and = 2.89,

1. Find the exact value for P( − 1.5 < < 1.5 + 2 )
2. Using Chebyshev's Theorem, find an approximate value of P( − 1.5 < <
1.5 + 2 )
3. Compare the values in (1) and (2).

Q5. Suppose that X and Y are two independent random variables with E(X)=30,
Var(X)=4, E(Y)=10,
and Var(Y)=2. Then:
(1) E(2X3Y10) equals to
(A) 40 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 90
(2) Var(2X3Y10) equals to
(A) 34 (B) 24 (C) 2.0 (D) 14
(3) Using Chebyshev's theorem, a lower bound of P(24<X<36) equals to
(A) 0.3333 (B) 0.6666 (C) 0.8888 (D) 0.1111

Q1. Let the random variable X have a discrete uniform with parameter k=3 and with
values 0,1, and 2. then:
(a) P(X=1) is
(A) 1.0 (B) 1/3 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.1 (E) None
(b) The mean of X is:
(A) 1.0 (B) 2.0 (C) 1.5 (D) 0.0 (E) None
١٦٤
(c) The variance of X is:
(A) 0/3=0.0 (B) 3/3=1.0 (C) 2/3=0.67 (D) 4/3=1.33 (E) None

5. BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION:

Q1. Suppose that 4 out of 12 buildings in a certain city violate the building code. A
building engineer randomly inspects a sample of 3 new buildings in the city.
(a) Find the probability distribution function of the random variable X representing
the number of buildings that violate the building code in the sample.
(b) Find the probability that:
(i) none of the buildings in the sample violating the building code.
(ii) one building in the sample violating the building code.
(iii) at lease one building in the sample violating the building code.

(c) Find the expected number of buildings in the sample that violate the building code
(E(X)). (d) Find Var(X).

Q2. A missile detection system has a probability of 0.90 of detecting a missile attack.
If 4 detection systems are installed in the same area and operate independently, then
(a) The probability that at least two systems detect an attack is
(A) 0.9963 (B) 0.9477 (C) 0.0037 (D) 0.0523 ( E) 0.5477
(b) The average (mean) number of systems detect an attack is
(A) 3.6 (B) 2.0 (C) 0.36 (D) 2.5 (E) 4.0

Q3. Suppose that the probability that a person dies when he or she contracts a certain
disease is 0.4. A sample of 10 persons who contracted this disease is randomly
chosen.
(1) What is the expected number of persons who will die in this sample?
(2) What is the variance of the number of persons who will die in this sample?
(3) What is the probability that exactly 4 persons will die among this sample?
(4) What is the probability that less than 3 persons will die among this sample?
(5) What is the probability that more than 8 persons will die among this sample?

Q4. Suppose that the percentage of females in a certain population is 50%. A sample
of 3 people is selected randomly from this population.
(a) The probability that no females are selected is
(A) 0.000 (B) 0.500 (C) 0.375 (D) 0.125
(b) The probability that at most two females are selected is
(A) 0.000 (B) 0.500 (C) 0.875 (D) 0.125
(c) The expected number of females in the sample is
(A) 3.0 (B) 1.5 (C) 0.0 (D) 0.50
(d) The variance of the number of females in the sample is
(A) 3.75 (B) 2.75 (C) 1.75 (D) 0.75

١٦٥
Q5. 20% of the trainees in a certain program fail to complete the program. If 5
trainees of this program are selected randomly,
(i) Find the probability distribution function of the random variable X, where:
X = number of the trainees who fail to complete the program.
(ii) Find the probability that all trainees fail to complete the program.
(iii) Find the probability that at least one trainee will fail to complete the program.
(iv) How many trainees are expected to fail completing the program?
(v) Find the variance of the number of trainees who fail completing the program.

Q6. In a certain industrial factory, there are 7 workers working independently. The
probability of accruing accidents for any worker on a given day is 0.2, and accidents
are independent from worker to
worker.
(a) The probability that at most two workers will have accidents during the day is
(A) 0.7865 (B) 0.4233 (C) 0.5767 (D) 0.6647
(b) The probability that at least three workers will have accidents during the day is:
(A) 0.7865 (B) 0.2135 (C) 0.5767 (D) 0.1039
(c) The expected number workers who will have accidents during the day is
(A) 1.4 (B) 0.2135 (C) 2.57 (D) 0. 59

Q7. From a box containing 4 black balls and 2 green balls, 3 balls are drawn
independently in succession, each ball being replaced in the box before the next draw
is made. The probability of drawing 2 green balls and 1 black ball is:
(A) 6/27 (B) 2/27 (C) 12/27 (D) 4/27

Q8. The probability that a lab specimen is contaminated is 0.10. Three independent
samples are checked.
1) the probability that none is contaminated is:
(A) 0.0475 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.729 (D) 0. 3
2) the probability that exactly one sample is contaminated is:
(A) 0.243 (B) 0.081 (C) 0.757 (D) 0. 3

Q9. If X~Binomial(n,p), E(X)=1, and Var(X)=0.75, find P(X=1).

Q10. Suppose that X~Binomial(3,0.2). Find the cumulative distribution function

(CDF) of X.

Q11. A traffic control engineer reports that 75% of the cars passing through a
checkpoint are from
Riyadh city. If at this checkpoint, five cars are selected at random.
(1) The probability that none of them is from Riyadh city equals to:
(A) 0.00098 (B) 0.9990 (C) 0.2373 (D) 0.7627
(2) The probability that four of them are from Riyadh city equals to:
(A) 0.3955 (B) 0.6045 (C) 0 (D) 0.1249

١٦٦
(3) The probability that at least four of them are from Riyadh city equals to:
(A) 0.3627 (B) 0.6328 (C) 0.3955 (D) 0.2763
(4) The expected number of cars that are from Riyadh city equals to:
(A) 1 (B) 3.75 (C) 3 (D) 0
HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUATION
Q1. A shipment of 7 television sets contains 2 defective sets. A hotel makes a random
purchase of 3 of the sets.
(i) Find the probability distribution function of the random variable X representing
the number of defective sets purchased by the hotel.
(ii) Find the probability that the hotel purchased no defective television sets.
(iii) What is the expected number of defective television sets purchased by the hotel?
(iv) Find the variance of X.

Q2. Suppose that a family has 5 children, 3 of them are girls and the rest are boys. A
sample of 2 children is selected randomly and without replacement.
(a) The probability that no girls are selected is
(A) 0.0 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.1
(b) The probability that at most one girls are selected is
(A) 0.7 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.1
(c) The expected number of girls in the sample is
(A) 2.2 (B) 1.2 (C) 0.2 (D) 3.2
(d) The variance of the number of girls in the sample is
(A) 36.0 (B) 3.6 (C) 0.36 (D) 0.63

Q3. A random committee of size 4 is selected from 2 chemical engineers and 8

industrial engineers.
(i) Write a formula for the probability distribution function of the random variable X
representing the number of chemical engineers in the committee.
(ii) Find the probability that there will be no chemical engineers in the committee.
(iii) Find the probability that there will be at least one chemical engineer in the
committee.
(iv) What is the expected number of chemical engineers in the committee?
(v) What is the variance of the number of chemical engineers in the committee?

Q4. A box contains 2 red balls and 4 black balls. Suppose that a sample of 3 balls
were selected randomly and without replacement. Find,
1. The probability that there will be 2 red balls in the sample.
2. The probability that there will be 3 red balls in the sample.
3. The expected number of the red balls in the sample.

Q5. From a lot of 8 missiles, 3 are selected at random and fired. The lot contains 2
defective missiles that will not fire. Let X be a random variable giving the number of
defective missiles selected.
1. Find the probability distribution function of X.

١٦٧
2. What is the probability that at most one missile will not fire?
3. Find E(X) and Var(X).

Q6. A particular industrial product is shipped in lots of 20 items. Testing to determine

whether an item is defective is costly; hence, the manufacturer samples production
rather than using 100% inspection plan. A sampling plan constructed to minimize the
number of defectives shipped to consumers calls for
sampling 5 items from each lot and rejecting the lot if more than one defective is
observed. (If the lot is rejected, each item in the lot is then tested.) If a lot contains 4
defectives, what is the probability that it will be accepted.

Q7. Suppose that X~h(x;100,2,60); i.e., X has a hypergeometric distribution with

parameters N=100, n=2, and K=60. Calculate the probabilities P(X=0), P(X=1), and
P(X=2) as follows:
(a) exact probabilities using hypergeometric distribution.
(b) approximated probabilities using binomial distribution.

Q8. A particular industrial product is shipped in lots of 1000 items. Testing to

determine whether an item is defective is costly; hence, the manufacturer samples
production rather than using 100% inspection plan. A sampling plan constructed to
minimize the number of defectives shipped to consumers calls for sampling 5 items
from each lot and rejecting the lot if more than one defective is observed. (If the lot is
rejected, each item in the lot is then tested.) If a lot contains 100 defectives, calculate
the probability that the lot will be accepted using:
(a) hypergeometric distribution (exact probability.)
(b) binomial distribution (approximated probability.)

Q9. A shipment of 20 digital voice recorders contains 5 that are defective. If 10 of

them are randomly chosen(without replacement) for inspection, then:
(1) The probability that 2 will be defective is:
(A) 0.2140 (B) 0.9314 (C) 0.6517 (D) 0.3483
(2) The probability that at most 1 will be defective is:
(A) 0.9998 (B) 0.2614 (C) 0.8483 (D) 0.1517
(3) The expected number of defective recorders in the sample is:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3.5 (D) 2.5
(4) The variance of the number of defective recorders in the sample is:
(A) 0.9868 (B) 2.5 (C) 0.1875 (D) 1.875

Q10. A box contains 4 red balls and 6 green balls. The experiment is to select 3 balls
at random. Find the probability that all balls are red for the following cases:
(1) If selection is without replacement
(A) 0.216 (B) 0.1667 (C) 0.6671 (D) 0.0333
(2) If selection is with replacement
(A) 0.4600 (B) 0.2000 (C) 0.4000 (D) 0.0640

١٦٨
7. POISSON DISTRIBUTION:

Q1. On average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per day. Assuming
Poisson distribution,
(i) what is the probability that at this intersection:
(1) no accidents will occur in a given day?
(2) More than 3 accidents will occur in a given day?
(3) Exactly 5 accidents will occur in a period of two days?
(ii) what is the average number of traffic accidents in a period of 4 days?

Q2. At a checkout counter, customers arrive at an average of 1.5 per minute.

Assuming Poisson distribution, then
(1) The probability of no arrival in two minutes is
(A) 0.0 (B) 0.2231 (C) 0.4463 (D) 0.0498 (E) 0.2498
(2) The variance of the number of arrivals in two minutes is
(A) 1.5 (B) 2.25 (C) 3.0 (D) 9.0 (E) 4.5

Q3. Suppose that the number of telephone calls received per day has a Poisson
distribution with mean of 4 calls per day.
(a) The probability that 2 calls will be received in a given day is
(A) 0.546525 (B) 0.646525 (C) 0.146525 (D) 0.746525
(b) The expected number of telephone calls received in a given week is
(A) 4 (B) 7 (C) 28 (D) 14
(c) The probability that at least 2 calls will be received in a period of 12 hours is
(A) 0.59399 (B) 0.19399 (C) 0.09399 (D) 0.29399

Q4. The average number of car accidents at a specific traffic signal is 2 per a week.
Assuming Poisson distribution, find the probability that:
(i) there will be no accident in a given week.
(ii) there will be at least two accidents in a period of two weeks.

Q5. The average number of airplane accidents at an airport is two per a year.
Assuming Poisson distribution, find
1. the probability that there will be no accident in a year.
2. the average number of airplane accidents at this airport in a period of two years.
3. the probability that there will be at least two accidents in a period of 18 months.

Q6. Suppose that X~Binomial(1000,0.002). By using Poisson approximation, P(X=3)

is approximately equal to (choose the nearest number to your answer):
(A) 0.62511 (B) 0.72511 (C) 0.82511 (D) 0.92511 (E) 0.18045

Q7. The probability that a person dies when he or she contracts a certain disease is
0.005. A sample of 1000 persons who contracted this disease is randomly chosen.

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(1) What is the expected number of persons who will die in this sample?
(2) What is the probability that exactly 4 persons will die among this sample?

Q8. The number of faults in a fiber optic cable follows a Poisson distribution with an
average of 0.6 per 100 feet.
(1) The probability of 2 faults per 100 feet of such cable is:
(A) 0.0988 (B) 0.9012 (C) 0.3210 (D) 0.5
(2) The probability of less than 2 faults per 100 feet of such cable is:
(A) 0.2351 (B) 0.9769 (C) 0.8781 D) 0.8601
(3) The probability of 4 faults per 200 feet of such cable is:
(A) 0.02602 (B) 0.1976 (C) 0.8024 (D) 0.9739

CONTINUOUS UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION:

Q1. If the random variable X has a uniform distribution on the interval (0,10), then
1. P(X<6) equals to
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.6 (C) 0.8 (D) 0.2 (E) 0.1
2. The mean of X is
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 2 (D) 8 E) 6
2. The variance X is
(A) 33.33 (B) 28.33 (C) 8.33 (D) 25 (E) None

Q2. Suppose that the random variable X has the following uniform distribution:
3, 2/3 < < 1
( )= 
0 ℎ

(1) P(0.33<X<0.5)=
(A) 0.49 (B) 0.51 (C) 0 (D) 3
(2) ) P(X>0.25)=

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.33

(3) The variance of X is
(A) 0.00926 (B) 0.333 (C) 9 (D) 0.6944
X
Q3. Suppose that the continuous random variable X has the following probability
density function (pdf): f(x)=0.2 for 0<x<5. Then
(1) P(X>1) equals to
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.1 (D) 0.8
(2) P(X≥1) equals to
(A) 0.05 (B) 0.8 (C) 0.15 (D) 0.4
(3) The mean E(X) equals to
(A) 2.0 (B) 2.5 (C) 3.0 (D) 3.5
(4) E( ) equals to
(A) 8.3333 (B) 7.3333 (C) 9.3333 (D) 6.3333

١٧٠
(5) Var(X) equals to
(A) 8.3333 (B) 69.444 (C) 5.8333 (D) 2.0833
(6) If F(x) is the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of X, then F(1) equals to
(A) 0.75 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.8 (D) 0.2

8. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION:

Q1. (A) Suppose that Z is distributed according to the standard normal distribution.
1) the area under the curve to the left of Z=1.43 is:
(A) 0.0764 (B) 0.9236 (C) 0 (D) 0.8133

2) the area under the curve to the left of z = 1.39 is:

(A) 0.7268 (B) 0.9177 (C) .2732 (D) 0.0832

3) the area under the curve to the right of z=-.89 is:

(A) 0. 7815 (B) 0.8133 (C) 0.1867 (D) 0.0154

4) the area under the curve between Z=-2.16 and Z =-0.65 is:
(A) 0.7576 (B) 0.8665 (C) 0.0154 (D) 0.2424

5) the value of k such that P(0.93<Z<k)= 0427.0 is:

(A) 0.8665 (B) 1.11 (C) 1.11 (D) 1.00
(B) Suppose that Z is distributed according to the standard normal distribution. Find:
1) P(Z< 3.9) 2) P(Z> 4.5)
3) P(Z< 3.7) 4) P(Z> 4.1)

Q2. The finished inside diameter of a piston ring is normally distributed with a mean
of 12 centimeters and a standard deviation of 0.03 centimeter. Then,
1) the proportion of rings that will have inside diameter less than 12.0 centimeters is:
(A) 0.0475 (B) 0.9525 (C) 0.7257 (D) 0.8413
2) the proportion of rings that will have inside diameter exceeding 11. centimeters is:
(A) 0.0475 (B) 0.8413 (C) 0.1587 (D) 0.4514
3) the probability that a piston ring will have an inside diameter between 11.95 and
12.05 centimeters is:
(A) 0.905 (B) 0.905 (C) 0.4514 (D) 0.7257

Q3. The average life of a certain type of small motor is 10 years with a standard
deviation of 2 years. Assume the live of the motor is normally distributed. The
manufacturer replaces free all motors that fail while under guarantee. If he is willing
to replace only 1.5% of the motors that fail, then he should give a guarantee of :
(A) 10.03 years (B) 8 years (C) 5.66 years (D) 3 years

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Q4. A machine makes bolts (that are used in the construction of an electric
transformer). It produces bolts with diameters (X) following a normal distribution
with a mean of 0.060 inches and a standard deviation of 0.001 inches. Any bolt with
diameter less than 0.058 inches or greater than 0.062 inches
must be scrapped. Then
(1) The proportion of bolts that must be scrapped is equal to
(A) 0.0456 (B) 0.0228 (C) 0.9772 (D) 0.3333 (E) 0.1667
(2) If P(X>a)= 0.1949, then a equals to:
(A) 0.0629 (B) 0.0659 (C) 0.0649 (D) 0.0669 (E) 0.0609

Q5. The diameters of ball bearings manufactured by an industrial process are

normally distributed with a mean = 3.0 cm and a standard deviation = 0.005 cm.
All ball bearings with diameters not within the specifications  d cm (d > 0) will be
scrapped.
(1) Determine the value of d such that 90% of ball bearings manufactured by this
process will not be scrapped.
(2) If d = 0.005, what is the percentage of manufactured ball bearings that will be
scraped?

Q6. The weight of a large number of fat persons is nicely modeled with a normal
distribution with mean of 128 kg and a standard deviation of 9 kg.
(1) The percentage of fat persons with weights at most 110 kg is
(A) 0.09 % (B) 90.3 % (C) 99.82 % D) 2.28 %
(2) The percentage of fat persons with weights more than 149 kg is
(A) 0.09 % (B) 0.99 % (C) 9.7 % (D) 99.82 %
(3) The weight x above which 86% of those persons will be
(A) 118.28 (B) 128.28 (C) 154.82 (D) 81.28
(4) The weight x below which 50% of those persons will be
(A) 101.18 (B) 128 (C) 154.82 (D) 81

Q7. The random variable X, representing the lifespan of a certain electronic device, is
normally distributed with a mean of 40 months and a standard deviation of 2 months.
Find
1. P(X<38). (0.1587) 2. P(38<X<40). (0.3413)
3. P(X=38). (0.0000) 4. The value of x such that P(X<x)=0.7324. (41.24)

Q8. If the random variable X has a normal distribution with the mean and the
variance , then
P(X< +2 ) equals to
(A) 0.8772 (B) 0.4772 (C) 0.5772 (D) 0.7772 (E) 0.9772

Q9. If the random variable X has a normal distribution with the mean  and the
variance 1, and if P(X<3)=0.877, then equals to

١٧٢
(A) 3.84 (B) 2.84 (C) 1.84 (D) 4.84 (E) 8.84

Q10. Suppose that the marks of the students in a certain course are distributed
according to a normal distribution with the mean 70 and the variance 25. If it is
known that 33% of the student failed the exam, then the passing mark x is
(A) 67.8 (B) 60.8 (C) 57.8 (D) 50.8 (E) 70.8

Q11. If the random variable X has a normal distribution with the mean 10 and the
variance 36, then
1. The value of X above which an area of 0.2296 lie is
(A) 14.44 (B) 16.44 (C) 10.44 (D) 18.44 (E) 11.44
2. The probability that the value of X is greater than 16 is
(A) 0.9587 (B) 0.1587 (C) 0.7587 (D) 0.0587 (E) 0.5587
Q12. Suppose that the marks of the students in a certain course are distributed
according to a normal distribution with the mean 65 and the variance 16. A student
fails the exam if he obtains a mark less than 60. Then the percentage of students who
fail the exam is
(A) 20.56% (B) 90.56% (C) 50.56% (D) 10.56% (E)40.56%

Q13. The average rainfall in a certain city for the month of March is 9.22 centimeters.
Assuming a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 2.83 centimeters, then
the probability that next March, this city will receive:
(1) less than 11.84 centimeters of rain is:
(A) 0.8238 (B) 0.1762 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.2018
(2) more than 5 centimeters but less than 7 centimeters of rain is:
(A) 0.8504 (B) 0.1496 (C) 0.6502 (D) 0.34221
(3) more than 13.8 centimeters of rain is:
(A) 0.0526 (B) 0.9474 (C) 0.3101 (D) 0.4053

9. EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
Q1. If the random variable X has an exponential distribution with the mean 4, then:
1. P(X<8) equals to
(A) 0.2647 (B) 0.4647 (C) 0.8647 (D) 0.6647 (E) 0.0647
2. The variance of X is
(A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 2 (D) 1/4 (E) 1/2

Q2. Suppose that the failure time (in hours) of a certain electrical device is distributed
with a probability density function given by:
,
f(x)=
1) the probability that a randomly selected device will fail within the first 50 hours is:
(A) 0.4995 (B) 0.7001 (C) 0.5105 (D) 0.2999
2) the probability that a randomly selected device will last more than 150 hours is:
(A) 0.8827 (B) 0.2788 (C) 0.1173 (D) 0.8827

١٧٣
 3) the average failure time of the electrical device is:
(A) 1/70 (B) 70 (C) 140 (D) 35
4) the variance of the failure time of the electrical device is:
(A) 4900 (B) 1/49000 (C) 70 (D) 1225
Q3. The lifetime of a specific battery is a random variable X with probability density
function given by:
,
( )= , x>0
(1) The mean life time of the battery equals to
(A) 200 (B) 1/200 (C) 100 (D) 1/100 (E) Non of these
(2) P(X>100) =
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.6065 (C) 0.3945 (D) 0.3679 (E) 0.6321
(3) P(X=200) =
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.0 (C) 0.3945 (D) 0.3679 (E) 1.0

Q4. Suppose that the lifetime of a certain electrical device is given by T. The random
variable T is modeled nicely by an exponential distribution with mean of 6 years. A
random sample of four of these devices are installed in different systems. Assuming
that these devices work independently, then:
(1) the variance of the random variable T is
(A) 136 (B) (36) (C) 6 (D) 36
(2) the probability that at most one of the devices in the sample will be functioning
more than 6 years is
(A) 0.4689 (B) 0.6321 (C) 0.5311 (D) 0.3679
(3) the probability that at least two of the devices in the sample will be functioning
more than 6 years is
(A) 0.4689 (B) 0.6321 (C) 0.5311 (D) 0.3679
(4) the expected number of devices in the sample which will be functioning more than
6 years is approximately equal to
(A) 3.47 (B) 1.47 (C) 4.47 (D) 1.47

Q5. The length of time for one customer to be served at a bank is a random variable X
that follows the exponential distribution with a mean of 4 minutes.
(1) The probability that a customer will be served in less than 2 minutes is:
(A) 0.9534 (B) 0.2123 (C) 0.6065 (D) 0.3935
(2) The probability that a customer will be served in more than 4 minutes is:
(A) 0.6321 (B) 0.3679 (C) 0.4905 (D) 0.0012
(3) The probability that a customer will be served in more than 2 but less than 5
minutes is:
(A) 0.6799 (B) 0.32 (C) 0.4018 (D) 0.5523
(4) The variance of service time at this bank is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16

١٧٤
. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

Single Mean:

Q1. A machine is producing metal pieces that are cylindrical in shape. A random
sample of size 5 is taken and the diameters are 1.70, 2.11, 2.20, 2.31 and 2.28
centimeters. Then,
1) The sample mean is:
(A) 2.12 (B) 2.32 (C) 2.90 (D) 2.20 (E) 2.22
2) The sample variance is:
(A) 0.59757 (B) 0.28555 (C) 0.35633 (D) 0.06115 (E) 0.53400

Q2. The average life of a certain battery is 5 years, with a standard deviation of 1
year. Assume that the live of the battery approximately follows a normal distribution.
1) The sample mean of a random sample of 5 batteries selected from this product
has a mean ( ) = = equal to:
(A) 0.2 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) None of these
2) The variance = ( )of the sample mean X of a random sample of 5 batteries
selected from this product is equal to:
(A) 0.2 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) None of these
3) The probability that the average life of a random sample of size 16 of such
batteries will be between 4.5 and 5.4 years is:
(A) 0.1039 (B) 0.2135 (C) 0.7865 (D) 0.9224
4) The probability that the average life of a random sample of size 16 of such
batteries will be less than 5.5 years is:
(A) 0.9772 (B) 0.0228 (C) 0.9223 (D) None of these
5) The probability that the average life of a random sample of size 16 of such
batteries will be more than 4.75 years is:
(A) 0.8413 (B) 0.1587 (C) 0.9452 (D) None of these
6) If P( > ) =1492. where X represents the sample mean for a random sample of
size 9 of such batteries, then the numerical value a of is:
(A) 4.653 (B) 6.5 (C) 5.347 (D) None of
these

Q3. The random variable X, representing the lifespan of a certain light bulb, is
distributed normally with a mean of 400 hours and a standard deviation of 10 hours.
1. What is the probability that a particular light bulb will last for more than 380
hours?
2. Light bulbs with lifespan less than 380 hours are rejected. Find the percentage of
light bulbs that will be rejected.
3. If 9 light bulbs are selected randomly, find the probability that their average
lifespan will be less than 405.

١٧٥
Q4. Suppose that you take a random sample of size n=64 from a distribution with
mean =55 and standard deviation =10. Let be the sample mean.
(a) What is the approximated sampling distribution of
(b) What is the mean of
(c) What is the standard error (standard deviation) of
(d) Find the probability that the sample mean exceeds 52.

Q5. The amount of time that customers using ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) is a
random variable with the mean 3.0 minutes and the standard deviation of 1.4 minutes.
If a random sample of 49 customers is observed, then
(1) the probability that their mean time will be at least 2.8 minutes is
(A) 1.0 (B) 0.8413 (C) 0.3274 (D) 0.4468
(2) the probability that their mean time will be between 2.7 and 3.2 minutes is
(A) 0.7745 (B) 0.2784 (C) 0.9973 (D) 0.0236

Q6. The average life of an industrial machine is 6 years, with a standard deviation of 1
year. Assume the life of such machines follows approximately a normal distribution.
A random sample of 4 of such machines is selected. The sample mean life of the
machines in the sample is equals to:
(1) The sample mean has a mean
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
(2) The sample mean has a variance equals to:
(A) 1 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.25 (D) 0.75
(A) 0.4602 (B) 0.8413 (C) 0.1587 (D) 0.5398
(4) If P( > ) = 0.1492, then the numerical value of is: a
(A) 0.8508 (B) 1.04 (C) 6.52 (D) 0.2

Two Means:

Q1. A random sample of size = 36 is taken from a normal population with a mean
= 70 and a standard deviation = 4. A second independent random sample of
size = 49 is taken from a normal population with a mean = 85 and a standard
deviation = 5. Let be the averages of the first and second samples,
respectively.
a) Find E( ( − ) and Var( − )
b) Find P( 70 < − < 71) c) Find P( − > 16)

Q2. A random sample of size 25 is taken from a normal population (first population)
having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 6. A second random sample of size
36 is taken from a different normal population (second population) having a mean of
97 and a standard deviation of 5. Assume that these two samples are independent.
(1) the probability that the sample mean of the first sample will exceed the sample
mean of the second sample by at least 6 is

١٧٦
 (A) 0.0013 (B) 0.9147 (C) 0.0202 (D) 0.9832
(2) the probability that the difference between the two sample means will be less than
2 is
(A) 0.099 (B) 0.2480 (C) 0.8499 (D) 0.9499

Single Proportion:

Q1. Suppose that 20% of the students in a certain university smoke cigarettes. A
random sample of 5 students is taken from this university. Let be the proportion
of smokers in the sample. p
(1) Find E( ) = (the mean of )
(2) Find the variance of .
(3) Find an approximate distribution of
(4) Find P( >0.25).

Q2: Suppose that you take a random sample of size n=100 from a binomial population
with parameter p=0.25 (proportion of successes). Let =X/n be the sample
proportion of successes, where X is the number of successes in the sample.
(a) What is the approximated sampling distribution of ?
(b) What is the mean of ?
(c) What is the standard error (standard deviation) of
(d) Find the probability that the sample proportion is less than 0.2.

. Two Proportions:
Q1. Suppose that 25% of the male students and 20% of the female students in a
certain university smoke cigarettes. A random sample of 5 male students is taken.
Another random sample of 10 female students is independently taken from this
university. Let and be the proportions of smokers in the two samples,
respectively.
(1) Find ,E( − ), the mean of −
(2) Find the variance of −
(3) Find an approximate distribution of −
(4) Find P(0.10< − <0.20).

t-distribution:
Q1. Using t-table with degrees of freedom df=14, find . , .
Q2. From the table of t-distribution with degrees of freedom = 15, the value of
. equals to

(A) 2.131 (B) 1.753 (C) 3.268 (D) 0.0

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