SYCS CN

PRACTICAL 1

AIM :
Using, linux-terminal or Windows-cmd, execute following networking commands and
note the output: ping, traceroute, netstat, arp, ipconfig, Getmac, hostname, NSLookUp,
pathping, SystemInfo

1) ping:
● This diagnostic command verifies connections to one or more remote computers.
Syntax ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l length] [-f] [-i ttl] [-v tos] [-r count] [-s count] [[-j
host-list] | [-k host-list]] [-w timeout] destination-list

2) tracert:
● This diagnostic utility determines the route taken to a destination by sending Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo packets with varying time-to-live (TTL) values to
the destination.
● Each router along the path is required to decrement the TTL on a packet by at least 1
before forwarding it, so the TTL is effectively a hop count.
● When the TTL on a packet reaches 0, the router is supposed to send back an ICMP
Time Exceeded message to the source computer. tracert determines the route by
sending the first echo packet with a TTL of 1 and incrementing the TTL by 1 on each
subsequent transmission until the target responds or the maximum TTL is reached.
● The route is determined by examining the ICMP Time Exceeded messages sent back by
intermediate routers.
● Notice that some routers silently drop packets with expired TTLs and will be invisible to
tracert.

Syntax tracert[-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] target_name

3) netstat:

This diagnostic command displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connection
Syntax
netstat [-a] [-e][-n][-s] [-p protocol] [-r] [interval]

Parameters
-a Displays all connections and listening ports; server connections are usually not shown. -e
Displays Ethernet statistics.
This can be combined with the -s option.
-n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form (rather than attempting name
lookups).
-s Displays per-protocol statistics. By default, statistics are shown for TCP, UDP, ICMP, and IP;
the -p option can be used to specify a subset of the default.
-p protocol Shows connections for the protocol specified.
-r Displays the contents of the routing table.
Interval Redisplays selected statistics, pausing interval seconds between each display.

4) arp : This diagnostic command displays and modifies the IP-to-Ethernet or Token Ring
physical address translation tables used by the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

-a Displays current ARP entries by interrogating the current

protocol data. If inet_addr is specified, the IP and Physical
addresses for only the specified computer are displayed. If
more than one network interface uses ARP, entries for each ARP
table are displayed.
-g Same as -a.
-v Displays current ARP entries in verbose mode. All invalid
entries and entries on the loop-back interface will be shown.
inet_addr Specifies an internet address.
-N if_addr Displays the ARP entries for the network interface specified
by if_addr.
-d Deletes the host specified by inet_addr. inet_addr may be
wildcarded with * to delete all hosts.
-s Adds the host and associates the Internet address inet_addr
with the Physical address eth_addr. The Physical address is
given as 6 hexadecimal bytes separated by hyphens. The entry
is permanent.
eth_addr Specifies a physical address.
 if_addr If present, this specifies the Internet address of the
interface whose address translation table should be modified.
If not present, the first applicable interface will be used.

5) ipconfig:

This diagnostic command displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values. This
command is useful on computers running DHCP because it enables users to determine which
TCP/IP configuration values have been configured by DHCP. If you enter only ipconfig without
parameters, the response is a display of all of the current TCP/IP configuration values, including
IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
Syntax ipconfig [/all | /renew [adapter] | /release [adapter]

6) GETMAC:

Returns the media access control (MAC) address and list of network protocols
associated with each address for all network cards in each computer, either locally or
across a network.
This command is particularly useful either when you want to enter the MAC address into
a network analyzer, or when you need to know what protocols are currently in use on
each network adapter on a computer.

getmac[.exe][/s <computer> [/u <domain\<user> [/p <password>]]][/fo {table | list |

csv}][/nh][/v]

7) NSLookUp

nslookup is the name of a program that lets an Internet server administrator or any
computer user enter a host name (for example, "whatis.com") and find out the
corresponding IP address or domain name system (DNS) record.
The user can also enter a command for it to do a reverse DNS lookup and find the
host name for an IP address that is specified.

Popular nslookup commands include:

● /name: queries the current name server for the specified name
 ● /server name: sets the current name server to the server the user
specifies
● /root: sets the root server as the current server
● /set type=x: specifies the type of records to be displayed, such as A,
CNAME, MX, NS, PTR or SOA. Specify ANY to display all records.
● /set debug: turns on debug mode, which displays detailed
information about each query
● /set recurse: tells the DNS name server to query other servers if it
does not have the information
● /exit: exits nslookup and returns the user to a command prompt

8) pathping

The pathping command is a command-line utility tool in Windows

operating systems. It is commonly used to troubleshoot network issues,
particularly the ones related to latency and network performance.
It is considered an alternative to tracert and it combines ping and tracert
commands. This means that, like tracert, pathping traces all the
intermediate hops between a source and a destination, and like ping, it
gives you latency and packet loss data. However, pathping will show
more detailed results as it can detect which routers are having problems
and where they are located.

9) SystemInfo
Systeminfo or systeminfo.exe is a command-line utility that is capable of
showing information about Windows version, CPU, BIOS, memory and
network information, and many other useful items.