6O A etmakes m entor u l e ng a A t

O.SZob tke tme, uthat s the prbabiliTy of me

e v r m 0 JttenA,
t A be the tuet o6 envor tihat occuura eracty
c e o t of lo etters
CA) oCx 0.s(1-0.s)z(o x (o.s) (o s)9
lox (o.5) 0
70 2 SI 2
.1
&ue End the chances Ge thn0wing ten wth b0
cli ce
L t u dice tle total uneen ob po4ible
COnaimauans iy tqual to z /296
The muuae Oh peAailble c0uttuons do get Dare

mdot
f16,2,1,1) pe31ble uay ane
md 01 3,l,1)> "

t2t/2tttt4tGty
24
als CN (S,1,2) 2
CV 2,2,2)-" I
.PA) 9o
(vl) 3,3,2,2)7 I 6
A) Ni1)(33)
(v}1) (Y,3, 2,1)2 u 2 24 maPping olr
R Pot

The Kanolen Vaable, SamnplLe

Censiden aramdem e^penime
/aed
Ewth Sannple space Sand C value
J s awy t u o e 06 t e expenim c t .
Cey icler a uncuoX t e t aAiGms real nXCS) t s
eey . Them X () Colled a ramclem vaiab le.
X knsn
Tae Set 9fal Pomible values of
Aamge_ Spcce amd demOted hy Bx.

heamdea vamable y maps h e etine Sanple

Tcamethen smple Space Rx-

Ex1.6pauad oming a Cem
S HT-
Lemide a yamcltwn vaniahle XLS) toct maA he.
Sample Space te arealvalue.
X{heasls) 2 1, x(ta)

S
S, re
S.To
Rx
x 2. Ting ety tiwe ceins S:Mn, TH, HT, T13
sx(H) 2, X[HT) =1:XTH),x(TT):o

TM
HT
expenimR mapPinG To Yeal
Vauue

Assignimt Prebalb| l[ty e a rnolam VanicbIe

PTT)PCTA)2 PHT) 2PCHH)
fx0,a
PHT TE)
9 we cIder u e evet (X=o) hen we hae
 x-o)y Px1) PCX=2)-
Table: Bamtlamaiable amd omigned pYobab1lties
X
PX) LYy2
.2 The Sample sPace þer an xpenumemA
2.C
S: (0,1,2,3) h t a l t h e peble valuas
COtte b0 lOwmg xamdlEm Vaiable4
C4 X- 2S (6) s- CC) Xz
St

Ca) X> 2SS X (o, 2,u,

ch) X2 sL 2 - , 0,3,
(C) X*
Clalicatiensh Yanclem Vonable

i muGAs A Catimueus vtnclta vaniable ds

n hauing q_Ceatium etuy NGmgR ValiA
X b<X$Y
Dbo Adndi randloM vahLable ly ame
that may taka dnly _olu eila valuwsA
X2 04X-S, xEN
1) Myed _A miyed yamclo Vanuable i ut
both disonete amd t nl@s Values.
Xa0,, L,3, y<x<I, lo-
Di bitea hum t i a n ' T X be a1andlam Vaniable
Qmd x he a ne. t he eretbex takmra value
Jes ham e4ual ox [hen the emulature
Dintibulien gwmcton CcDF ohxiyclemekec byu
 x) P(xEx)
And Fx (x) densted t t e pYoubility t d t tha
value tht
randem vamiable x takes a a

AesM than e q u a l .
E)
F

CDF ot clisonele runclom CDF oimuus

n d O m Vawu aLle
Vamaole

Propetas of CDF,-

(ii)Fx(- 0 Fxlt o)=1

11) F (E) meneteml en-clecneasiug buncton

F X) F ) ST
Toble 2.2 z
FoYk|

Table 2 2 2 /4
t
ela) +o3
Fl) t )
2
 01/o/21
Sons eltcel tCDE mdPDE
&ue 2.9 A Lammlatwe d i s t i b t e buretnon
2 28
aamclem vaniable X
gx) 1-(1+)e z>0 Find h paf I .

. l z ) 2 1- ( t ) e
CDF Fxc) t=)dr

20-xe (+*)e
ez e
e
PDE zeE ker 20

G210 T PDF QLa_Lantmueus Ynclem Vansable

2,23 X J3 E)2 ke , Find k amc E(z).

I>0 e
-2, z<oz e -1zl> e z<ko

ttaydz- ) d
.edz t k . e d | k (eT tkl-e)
kle-e)+kl-e+E) 2L
e
2 k(1-o)t(k)0+1)2
2KL 3
o
) Tobind ( ) , FxCz adz

KedrJke-lz
2 t [k e-zdlz

keFdz a kle t kC-)*

k K,edct
 IKCe-e)tkeete)sl-o)
2<2-e 2 (2-e) I > 0
tk(-E1)

xl) (e
212 Find s Cemimlatu cstdbuten bunctia
229
lz esnesporcung to h e PDE
4L -a<z<a

Fxlz) t d x 2 d dz

z+T t
e212
20
220
(e n bundeda b KilA) that Sell
Jna day a Ymclhn Vaniable wth demity.
C O T<3
t) C5-)} 3ass
0 t enut) e

(a) he udhatValue i lz) w valid pDE 2

(b) what Tn prokebility h e nmaer o6 KKds
Kilo oh iCe 3kat U Le Sdd in a day
[ilm8he than 200 Kulos 19 beTTueom l So and uvekls
l
Ca) we kmeur hat ber valel PDE, J Cz) dza,
C OS <3-
L t h o n we
 t|ccs-z)dz 1
) Crde

2
C(uc(2s-1 S9) 329

bb PCx>2) t r ) d z a41fr=d=|fek-
3

9) (as-s -1S2)

PS<yu) = ftz)dr+ff)dz
3
S 3 3

-1S+
2
4Soo- L.125) t ) (6,vv0-11z)
0.7S
X4. 87S 2

o/o2/21
(PD)
ppF A pretnbl1ty doyity bncke preoab1lidy
Kyuidaya Snple dy ubon e dne
wtL a Yomcdem
vauable,
0ss eciaded
Mocthetially h(r)a Am PCrsX< ztdr)
d
Fen aimuSy ranckam C)lim Fxtdr)-F()
Vanuable dxo dd
dFx(z)
he probaloility cdesity 4ucluo (PpF) S{ a
asndam
vauable the donivati of
k fh

PDEAis:a nbm ngtiye functos

) z)2 Thearsa wnctas the dcsidy bur tioi
a)Fx (F) 2Tu)cls
(iv) 4 ( z d zE C)-FxCa) P Ca<zsh)
e 2.17 The prehab1lrty clemalty uncon e4aanclem
vuuable given by
0<z<2
fy) =-x
ethenn e
Rth PDE Qncl Verihy wholhen t Valid t

z< l1-21
Fx() -z<0
1-2e-(1-
fr(xdxa zdzt [2z)dz
Ifaz-4
+C-2-at
 ) J q Valod denslty buncl
2 , 2 1 Find ne vaue a the covstak IK So th E
txl) k()-zi) 0Szc
the
afropen demsihy buncto ef a etanusu Ynd
dm
vamable
en a doarty uneluen o he (en
Valid,thas
pYofei)
o ScN
he endhentAztdz*T
funti
tx) kft-z3Jd kztdzfkdz O

t KCHece ber k 6,fk(z)sa prope

densrtytmctii
03/02/p
Distnt Duttbuluoa
A ual wth ny tue pGble suctuenR Called a
BernuuTialL
e s s ig a Le 12 Pess or hal S) dufective e no-
deheti

1-2]=1-
Gon abe ezapl4 we assign a Probilty Pof
Success then -p) he probabilty t ailne, o n a
e-(1- Sun s1.< pt4 21 421-b}
z)dz
a Samdem Vauable X Such tLat uhem the Otcone
of i u a l is "Sucees we dehume Xe nd uhen
e eutme s hawu debne X20 hem
the amd&n vamiable X iy Called Beanelli Randen
Vaniable _cl G pmf (rotabilit maeumction
 i e m ay Pel)
2 L

t be depimed osPeCz)_ ( 0,
)
C1-p)(1-b), zz0

hne ane n imdepemclest tid tbemX Sand

hidnmal yamalem Nahicble w-th panam efe4
-

Pmf PC)(2)p(-P z:0),

New es callad a binemdal Ceetmueatt.
ne'-_ A maclaume prcduces e y in uanch luZ ane
d e e c t i e Even hewn t h e nmashine daan q Samp e
Size 20 nsesLbnI he SLmpl ta
ne deeiVe Aeems the openate d e s n o t SAP t h i
machine. h a t js Pelockeilt a a t I h

t X h e a Yomdem vanieble thetrepeseti t u

ne o depel tems um aSample o420o
ten The probalblitythat am tem iy
dopectue i lO 1 e p a 0 l Alse X obeu
tHe binnial d i s t i a t t n
-
Prl) ) C-P
z0,1,2, 20
h2°,pa 0.1}
Py)2 P ( x ) a (2)Ca. ) (og)
20-
P

Teprebablit ha e oachine { nat be

Aecd memma thene s no dehacR tes
20tems whose dnaws ben inspaIen)

co)PCo) flxo) ) to1)(o.

0,121SCapprox)

24
e Aam Vauable X has a lbinaial
distubten n t n lo Gncd p-0.LL
2Aen i PlX2y) , Px(1)_b) P(Xs2) (OP[2[yesS
nle abin@mial rgncl@m nable
PCX>q) C y [a1) (o.9) 2 0,0I|6

C PxE) P(X2) +PLX1)+ P(X-2)

2
(o.9)2 Y, to4jto
O.348 67 +0,33 7u2+0.1937
2 d9292

C P(2e z< s) 2 P(X22) PlXaa) +P(v2y)

20.1937 + 0 . 0 7 3 9 ta,olL6
2 0.262-

hue Altple hoeteshag Six dotians, eoch df

Lutth has y poMbe amSwens, What t h pYlabilty=
hat studetunl g L f u e mne them ew AuU

The prokoabilidy ehgat e u

yjatt guein9
Plx>u) Px) P(Ks) t Ptx-6)ü
Neu kenen and n Feupeuible Gosatens bor
ech qLuAti thene &nly
 bgullmg_ceyruet amsuer2 p:l h
3
(not gcUn CUrttt

e a banemia ramcdom Vanable

PCxa)2 (n) (1-p) 20

NoTE
PlXas) R)
Pan
PCX-6)(

13S-+/8+1) 2 SY 2. 0376
4096
2.S
Pevsen Diitrbutunn A ducdR mdem Varuasle X

takn
takmg m e o the Valuos o,1, 2 Saicd t o he q
pessemrandem Vauchle w t h paramiker A wee A0,

Pxer)2 e-A k 0,, 2, A

2 e (a)

et (b

The CDE ) X iven ay

FelK)P(xsk) 0
eA
 h poyn ravmdem vaniable donmityhumtcon Omd
tibtbiien bumatins Can be expYes ed a2y

lk)eE
ko
SCz-k)
and ExCk)eEA u(z-k
NoTE:- The pessm desubutiin may be uwed as On
approziomatien ber a bin@nial random vaiable urt
Panamten (n, P) whem n vey large n d þwy Small
At t h a t h e n prochucl np a modeda s Stze

re exanple No. ef taner G n n g aT a bamk

dunmz vahués lenvas of bme
2.S& A textbeek a CanKais u00_paqes bas 2S0 ehe
Lind h a probablity t h a l a v e n page e a u s

(b) 2 mene eeA.

Fee_n 100, A2hp 20

A Tmdem ponss VannLle XJs given by

e Ci

(a) plk-2) 2 e (-S)S/ SXSK e

2
b)PtK22) t-PCk») +Pek)}-(1)
Neu Plkzo)
Neur e () 0,3S

PLke1) ,33 4S

Suhat t t g in d1)
 PR22) 21- . S3S2t0.33s2-0,86 972 0.133

6 2.2 lalls
6Page2.S)2
AASwtchbtand Com hamdle ewy 2uphone
mumule
pen mnuule i h e mcemivwg a l per
18. tind
Eoura posem distubutiien with pahammotn
in
pbabil1ty thal he sutdhbrarud jy gvenlead
a y ne munle Hne nziu, pGnmte
Az

XsaYunclao pasiom vaable Surthboand

oveloadednay.
Plx2)z eA,z20,1,3 21 P anlminutej
PCXz2):1-P(xLar

P(x>24): = eCt6)

2
e 14+12+

A Cwr kine hunom has Tuwe Ca, usch twras G

dlay day umhth 0 namcs e a la m eaele
day datibuted a aboe disthibuutien utt mea
`,(aleulala e prpeti o days oawliih nithen (a
wwed and tpropelié h daya kiu Sere
donandl Yebsed. glvem h a t e l S 0.2231

yien meam mz S e e - S 2 o, 223]

CO) The pYGpAtiem t dayn whem neilLen Can o uged
PlXa o) 2 eXm" e K(S) e o , 223)

Ch The pYsponkeo eh days Can wtuch Sone doynamd

etued epX22) 2l-Plxs 2)
-C P Xa o)-+ Plx=) +P(x 2)
2
em e +
e"Itmty) erUit.St (is}
-er .s 125 -0.2231C3.625
- 0 ,80b7 0. (9[3 *
de Brove tiaT Mer Jange values ah n,him Oal
dstiubuton Cam he PYAOn distribudi.
appYD Tnated Jo
t a bm muia randem vawale X wtL pan@msler M,A)
n d pmnf
Pxlz) 1(1- z 20,1,1,3,-
wmn u erug l n g e , h hicomas Ueny V e y Jans9 To
Calculata I t r q u n e d t a daNOP ar pp Tozmat.

milhodk0 lange values oh n. l t w debime a

ParamT_A
ASucla that [A2np veslba

tTtng value oP m equ" (

-(11)
Pe n (A(1A
2
nn1)(n-2). .. Cm+t-z) »E.A ((A)

)(-)(1=)x(1-

Neur 16 n

(1 -E A
NGur

ALso n

liPc(o)a xe e AT
imPr(o) e A wch y apovf.
Dotbtte
uL t xamolen Vanable X has he polmg Pfobability
(v)_
bu ctiom values OX-
2 3
V)
PCe0 k|21 2k3k

C hndK uJadate PCY&) t ) Plx2

N) PLOz<s) (V) Px4 a) Fiud e mimmun

(Ni) Deermine t h distiubutungumcie K

(aT ndk
pr) 7 1 2 0-tk+2k+3k{k+2k+2K+K =
he
2 foKtto/a - <-|e 0
2 16l Clst0 ~1(Kt)=o
(et) Ctok-1)2I2-,
bxethabilhhy Can net bi gatuue Sew th-

Ci) PlY< )
PCx ) a PLXao)t PlX=1) 4 P(Xe 2) P(x23)
tPCXy) PlXaS)
0 + k+2k t21I< 8 t K A

fo-
1eb
iy P(x26)
P lx26) 21-PCx< ) S | 1 nee
Deten
(N Pocxcs)
Plo<xes) a [X:1)4Ptx*2) +PlX=3) + Pxe), and
2 k+ 2 k 2k f3k
k
(P(Xsa) >;, B paztn by rdal e

gt PXeu) > s o ay]

V ) Te diytiabten buniliom Fy(z) o6 X siven íu
The hellewng tuble

3K 3kktKKk+2k9ktto
0
LPcx<z)l
6ue m an o d u a l aea tte asehag 0 l - fatd
CccicdeE Pen muth y 1 The wmber FaLedos
p e met pauous a pebA bn d a b u u uhts
h e probalbilty tLat methswl pas w h t
a t a l accidet.
yiunAa l, Ta C. b2AT IY 9(Lad)
t t Xhe t YGnden vauable h represenats
the s af acidot
P[x=e) a eb,
PCXo) e ) 2 o. 00243

6e A Tunclam varuable X kmeum t8 he poDn wL

A25 (0) Plat t e derstamd dtuibuhen bumotun
t T Kmdem Vaniablc cb) what i t h
pfebabil1ty ef ua e e t (DEXSG) A (o.259

neometuc Dtnibatie'
Detinitatien Suppea an e perumeatt A peabezmed
epeÁay Such t tha repetitiens a r indaPenelent
Omd on each reptitèn, the pretnbili-ty s4 Succem
a m c d sthct et- hailur q T h e n tle PDE G4
cthe yamlem vaniable X Ler w c h u e ne.6
e p e t t e s requinec t l a b i u t SuccoM ocawrs,
gum by PX=n)a pl) na 1,2,3
Le tho s i r t (n=) attempt m s t r e l u t a 4ailure.
amd the nt tal a Scces
repertua ( The geetic diatibution has
mino Les pispn
h Sum oLGeematbic yamdom Vaniclale y negatie
him@mial
Pree z Pzcopesty
OR 9 X i aGemduc Tmcdto vaab le, Shou
amakyticai tlet PCX ntk/x>n) Plxzk
Prset P x a ntk)z eq t k - i gtting Sucossm.
C(htk te ony)
Also PCX>n)2 PaM+ RMtl+Pqt P9t2 .

2 Pa C-tq tqq3t
pq
(11)
L,S PlX2nt/x>n) PCxn-t/<) p
P tt
kk-
-
PUX>n)
pq gettung SucosJn Kcttemptt}
pCxzk)

2S
ue 4 h e pretobility thaX a Studet posAa t a
Cramm.e equals 0,1, whot b the prohahilrt th
h e neia bewe tham S e p beare z a s n e s
 The egamimaOn
Let X tue random vaniable sheuwing e Nua ben
& ems"
probablity t h t MeSAude wu pasb Jm les
Thn S attempo
Ptxcs)z Pixsy) Plx:1)t Pl Xa2)+ Plx23) PlYay)
P t q t q t ) z P1-9h
lCo.6)3

baueTe probability thaa Camdidata Cam pas

q)whect prelalility tho h pua i tt thid

C hat t e polalkility t t he pos kehera te
nd
ual2
0. 42=a. E0.4
ca Px 3) b a (o.6)(0,4)* 0.09
pXs3)2 pCxD Ple 2)
p X ) pt P. PLtaz o.lIt0.)
20,6XLY2 0.Py

Negatwe Binsal Dibutun'(PasCal)Aibite

Suppose a epea the u a l untl Succa)erScCa
a n d t h i hed Iusb takem l g Y Succi0A e Ç a l

PCxn) ( nar,3t1,Yt2,
in deh Ja git th ¢ucceso u a lu a l , tuene m t
be - Suwcwn n he resw (n)ucl.
a. Th Yobobtlity tuc a Cchut playe hS aa boundory
he bouundany Sixth balU
Tha pobability sttat q_oukit playen hus a
bomday
P a 0. 2s

T X 2 no. ot balls
PcX) ( ) (o. 25)"(1-9.2S)
2
Co,2sJ(0,7S)
A 2
312S'xg2 0. u2197

Scondetijtlen ctfzrP) doite tlu popabil,

h t Thene are x balurss preceding h e Succoss
in Czt) tials. Nor the Jast 1 a l t be a Succss
wrheaprotebility p.m the renuming (Et1) tYals
we pet have - ) ScceMAy wda0e prstoability
GiUem a y t e Jain@heral pYobability J byhe

epfesi
n i tfeteed Ln-pounod pY@Lablity theem

p r o a b i l t i es

ttz,){(zr)P P 2

A xCmelem vonu ossle X Saud t L0Lour q ogtu

bmamal disDubuita h pancmnlo Y and p
A pYobabtlidy mads
buncuen siven hy
Pxzz) pC)
Ottheryt)e
why h dutYibution
Called negke sirndanky ( Y-I
(
binial dstyioutuen
Also +Y-1 +Y- UztY-2).
+Y-2).. DY

)-T)-T-) (-z+2) (7-T+D}|

frtr-.(ra(z-20)
(
rebe-)t={r[PUS herwe
91,2

ipand pf- -0)

Lch Ahe CXtljtr ih he expcLmslen
9A p' Ct-q whh y a binenaal expawsien.
with 4negti index C1.e-Y). Hemte e dtributio-
k n o u n as ngalu blneua dtYibula

ALSs ro ptz) ( p ' z

20

p) 2 b9 epYeetG the proability tuncen

Cmd tie duy e t i vanuable daica bollBu-
Ais píbbubtlity bunahen Caled henegive
biewa Nanuate
Alsaig aand t42
a-Pa
ihen brem
herwne

7h t e general term n the lgatue bin&mad

expansie (a-e

Deduetie
P C 0,1,2
wnh tha probabtl1t emctten O
ge tuc cdyfYibiutien

Que-1 Pessem Dstbutuen as a n t g Case o{

t naGue hasmial distni buien,b3DÝS%
Such hat APxÄCnite)
Sol: Negcue binruial dhy iulatuen tonob peMon.
dyiubuttwm a) P 0 Such tlet *-A_

ptx) (z+Y)P kep

lim (z+T) tr1). (Yt1)T 98-P

m (tf+
 20/n

A_Ctntuuy amclem vaneble x Sard To umlgmly

diythbuted oven the erual La,,) h e plf
X qAvem byt

AxC) b elseuuhwne
w t q<b
enea amed L ane eal cogtati
he cDE o6 a coluiuQy h n Yndan vaniable

du (z-q
C fr(u) du b-

)
A plst hapdt am CDE h a wGum Yancla
Vamable lhR wnpe Yaclam VGLble Lth er
eam amd Cm ranabley deuetat as U (o,L)

a b

Ca pdff cb) CDF

ney- Yy a Vadem vauate G B y diytvibted se

LS), bmd the prteability hathe Teey a4 t e
e uatim 4+yx +Yt2z0 ane beh real,

y Uy t (yta)e0 ho atbrtc20
2
+JY)ux(Y+1) Thena lane
2 X
y+16Y16Y-9t 0 othewu
8
 67/03/

Lpenatos AsOeLaendd Vayuable

analom
Expeclaluans (q) ExAeTated waue of
Vacble
aus
e X he_a yamcla Vamalble h e n expesTAU
Yanden vanialle s denGtad h E(X)1s copmd u
6 ydibcele randern Varuabte md tuL
e cevsp pdiog p bil t e n ECO
TiP 2
PCx-x) P(xi)-
X Centinuguy m d e m Vannable and f )

w the coveop ondig P_DF h e

ECx)
PrevidedECX) e r i t a-d hite
Kepene 129F a uy amy C&atanitthen E a )
2qEX
(e1) a)cwyCostauikthen Ea)a
ti) 94F s h e noam a e a m d e y Vanble X
then
ECXE) o

Ca-) 2 fCatT) hem E ) a

-

( axt uhUzi aondbane C9tanb

ECY)2 a E l x ) t b

Samcem vaiple X Any X i

dhe Sum a heye ecpete, eqnata.
Pretelcd all
 the espetutisy e i t , e E (X,+tXn)
E LX) ECX)*. E(An)
yiðle madllhematiial ez actte e h e podiuet Df
m m a t n of 1ndepinclisnTTanodem Van able
ecualJo e pYilt o There indawtdal
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