Complex Variable, Laplace and Z-Transformation Spring 24-25

Chapter-5
Complex Differentiation and
The Cauchy-Riemann Equation
Analytic Functions:
If a single valued function f (z) is differentiable i.e. f ' ( z) exists at every point of a domain D
except possibly at a finite number of exceptional points, then the function is said to be
analytic in the domain D. These exceptional points at which f ' ( z) does not exist are called
singular points or singularities of the function.

Necessary conditions for f (z) to be analytic:

Rectangular Form:
If z=x +iy and f (z)=u(x , y )+iv(x , y) satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations(C-R) i.e.,
u x =v y and u y =−v x
∂u ∂v ∂u −∂ v
i.e., = and =
∂x ∂ y ∂ y ∂x
then f (z) is said to be analytic.
Hence, at points where f ' ( z) exists may be obtained from either of
' '
f ( z)=u x +i v x or f ( z)=v y −i u y .
Polar Form:
If z=r e iθand f (z)=u(r , θ)+iv (r , θ) satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations(C-R) i.e.
1 −1
ur = v θ and v r= u
r r θ
∂u 1 ∂ v ∂ v −1 ∂u
i.e., = and =
∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ
then f (z) is said to be analytic.
Hence, at points where f ' ( z) exists may be obtained from either of
' −iθ
f ( z)=e ( ur +i v r )
−iθ
' e
f ( z )= ( v θ −iuθ )
r
Important Formulae:
iat −iat at −at
e −e e −e
sin at= sinh at =
2i 2
iat −iat at −iat
e +e e +e
cos at= cosh at=
2 2

cos iay=cosh ay sin iay=isinh ay

Example 5.1
2 df
Verify C-R equations for the function f ( z )=e z and hence find or f ' ( z).
dz
Solution: Given,
2 2

f ( z )=e z =e( x+iy )

2 2
or u+iv=e x − y +i 2 xy
2 2
or u+iv=e x − y ei 2 xy

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Complex Variable, Laplace and Z-Transformation Spring 24-25

2 2
or u+iv=e x − y ¿
2 2 2 2
or u+iv=e x − y cos 2 xy +i e x − y sin2 xy
2 2 2 2

Here, u ( x , y )=e x − y cos 2 xy and v ( x , y )=e x − y sin 2 xy .

Now, partially differentiating u and v with respect to x and y , we get
2 2 2 2

u x =2 x e x − y cos 2 xy −2 y e x − y sin 2 xy
2 2 2 2

u y =−2 y e x − y cos 2 xy−2 x e x − y sin 2 xy

2 2 2 2

v x =2 y e x − y cos 2 xy +2 x e x − y sin 2 xy
2 2 2 2

v y =−2 y e x − y sin 2 xy + 2 x e x − y cos 2 xy

From the above result, we can write

u x =v y and v x =−u y
Since f (z) satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations, so f (z) is analytic.
'
f ( z )=u x + i v x
2 2 2 2

¿ 2 xe x − y cos 2 xy −2 y e x − y sin 2 xy +¿ i ¿ ¿
2 2

¿ 2 x ex − y ¿
2 2

¿ 2 x ex − y ¿
2 2

¿ 2 x ex − y ¿
2 2 2 2

¿ 2 x e x − y ei 2 xy + i2 y e x − y e i 2 xy
2 2 2 2

¿ 2(x +i y )e x − y +i 2 xy =2( x+ i y )e(x+iy ) ¿ 2 z e z .

Example 5.2
df
Verify C-R equations for the function f ( z )=z 5 and hence find or f ' ( z).
dz
Solution:
Given
5
f ( z )=z
or, u+iv=( r eiθ )5
or, u+iv=r 5 e i5 θ
or, u+iv=r 5 ¿
or, u+iv=r 5 cos 5 θ+i r 5 sin 5 θ

Here , u=r 5 cos 5θ and v=r 5 sin 5θ

Partially differentiating u and v with respect to r andθ , we get
4
ur =5 r cos 5 θ
4
v r=5 r sin 5 θ
5
uθ=−5 r sin 5 θ
5
v θ=5 r cos 5θ
From the above result, we can write
1 −1
ur = v θ and v r= u.
r r θ
Since f (z) satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations, so f (z) is an analytic function.
' −iθ
f ( z )=e (ur + i v r)
−iθ 4 4
¿ e (5 r cos 5 θ+i 5 r sin 5 θ)
4 −iθ
¿ 5 r e (cos 5 θ+i sin 5θ)

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Complex Variable, Laplace and Z-Transformation Spring 24-25

4 −iθ i5θ
¿5r e e
4 i4θ
¿5r e
iθ 4
¿ 5(r e )
4
¿5 z .
Exercise set: 5.1
1. Write Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) equations in rectangular and polar forms.
2. For the following functions:
2z 2 5 1 9
f (z)=e ,2 z , z , 3 , z and e 2 x (cos 2 y +i sin 2 y )
z
(i) separate real and imaginary parts,
(ii) verify C-R equations,
df
(iii) find or f ' ( z ) .
dz
3. Justify whether the following functions satisfy the (C-R) equations. If analytic, then find
'
f ( z)=u x +i v x
2 z z 3
f ( z)=z , 2 z +3 e , 2 z e and 3 z .
4. Justify whether the following functions satisfy the (C-R) equations. If analytic, then find
' −iθ
f ( z)=e ( ur +i v r )
−2
1 3
f (z)=z2 , ,z 3
and z 5
z9
5. Problems from Book(Complex Analysis with Applications – Dennis G. Zill)
Verify Cauchy-Riemann Equations. If possible, find f ' ( z ) : Using Cauchy-Riemann
Equation in Cartesian form
a. f ( z )=z 3 b. f ( z )=3 z 2 +5 z−6 i
c. f ( z )=ℜ( z ) d. f ( z )= y+ ix
e. f ( z )=4 z−6 z +3 f. f ( z )=z 2
g. f ( z )=x 2 + y 2 h. f ( z )=x +sin x cosh y +i ¿ ¿ ¿
z 2 2
i. f ( z )=2e j. f ( z )=4 x +5 x−4 y +9+ i( 8 xy+ 5 y −1)
−x −x
k. f ( z )=2 z 3 +6 z l. f ( z )=e cos y−i e sin y
2 2 2 2

m. f ( z )=e3 z n. f ( z )=e x − y cos 2 xy +i e x − y sin 2 xy

o. f ( z )=e−z p. f ( z )=e z
Using Cauchy-Riemann Equation in Polar form
x y
a. f ( z )= 2 2 +i 2 2 b. f ( z )=z 5
x +y x +y
1 cos θ sin θ
c. f ( z )= 7 d. f ( z )= −i
z r r