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Chapter 2 Data Transmission 2210

Chapter 2 covers the fundamentals of data transmission, including its types (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex) and modes (serial, parallel). It discusses synchronous and asynchronous transmission, error detection methods, and various transmission mediums like copper cables and fiber optics. Additionally, the chapter highlights the importance of protocols in data transmission, such as HTTP and TCP/IP.

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41 views3 pages

Chapter 2 Data Transmission 2210

Chapter 2 covers the fundamentals of data transmission, including its types (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex) and modes (serial, parallel). It discusses synchronous and asynchronous transmission, error detection methods, and various transmission mediums like copper cables and fiber optics. Additionally, the chapter highlights the importance of protocols in data transmission, such as HTTP and TCP/IP.

Uploaded by

Fatima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2: Data Transmission

2.1 Data Transmission Basics

 Data transmission refers to how data is transferred from one device to another.
 Important in communication systems such as between computers, phones, servers, etc.

2.2 Direction of Data Transmission

There are three main types of data transmission directions:

1. Simplex Transmission
o Data flows in one direction only.
o Example: Microphone to speaker, TV broadcast.
2. Half-Duplex Transmission
o Data flows in both directions, but only one direction at a time.
o Example: Walkie-talkies.
3. Full-Duplex Transmission
o Data flows in both directions simultaneously.
o Example: Telephone calls, video conferencing.

2.3 Modes of Transmission

1. Serial Transmission
o Bits are sent one at a time, along a single wire.
o Slower, but more reliable over long distances.
o Used in: USB, Ethernet cables.
2. Parallel Transmission
o Several bits are sent simultaneously using multiple wires.
o Faster, but can suffer from interference or signal skew.
o Used in: Short-distance communication (e.g. inside CPU).

2.4 Synchronous vs Asynchronous Transmission

 Synchronous Transmission
o Data is sent at regular intervals, timed by a shared clock.
o Faster, used for real-time transmission like video streaming.
 Asynchronous Transmission
o Data sent with start and stop bits to separate characters.
o No shared clock; useful for simpler and slower communications (e.g. keyboards).

2.5 Error Detection Methods

When data is transmitted, errors can occur. These methods help detect errors:

1. Parity Check
o Adds a parity bit (0 or 1) to make the number of 1s even (even parity) or odd (odd
parity).
o Simple but limited.
2. Check Sum
o Adds up values of bytes and sends the total as a checksum.
o The receiver recalculates and compares.
3. Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
o Uses acknowledgements and timeouts.
o If no acknowledgment is received, data is re-sent.
4. Echo Check
o Sent data is returned to sender and compared.
o If different, data is resent.

2.6 Data Transmission Mediums

 Copper Cables: Cheap, short distances, affected by interference.


 Fibre Optics: Fast, long-distance, expensive, immune to electromagnetic interference.
 Wireless (Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared):
o No wires, portable, but slower and less secure.

2.7 Data Packet Structure

Data is often sent in packets, each containing:

 Header (with sender/receiver address, position in sequence),


 Payload (the actual data),
 Trailer (for error checking).

2.8 Protocols
Protocols define rules for data transmission. Examples:

 HTTP/HTTPS – Web data transfer


 FTP – File transfer
 TCP/IP – Internet communication
 Wi-Fi / Bluetooth – Wireless transmission

✅ Summary

Concept Key Idea


Simplex One-way communication
Half-duplex Two-way, one at a time
Full-duplex Two-way, same time
Serial One bit at a time
Parallel Multiple bits at once
Synchronous Uses a clock to sync data
Asynchronous Uses start/stop bits
Parity, Checksum, ARQ Common error-checking methods
Protocols Set rules for transmission (e.g. HTTP, TCP/IP)

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