CHAPTER 5

FORMATTING
To ensure uniformity in the preparation of the research manuscript, the following guidelines is
presented to help the student layout and organize his/her paper.
General Guidelines:
Paper Size
The text should be printed on one side of a standard 8.5” x 11” white paper. Generally, the page
orientation is portrait.
Font Specification
Twelve-point font is the recommended font size using Times New Roman as the font style.
Spacing
Double spacing is required throughout the paper. On typing the paper, leave one space after a
comma, colon, or semi-colon and one space after a period.
Margins
Throughout the paper, the margin is one inch on all sides, however for printing and binding
purposes, it is recommended to have a 1.5 inches margin on the left side.
Paragraph Alignment
Align the text to the left margin. The right margin is uneven or ragged. Indent the first line of each
paragraph 0.5 inch from the left margin.
Pagination
No page number on the title page.
For the preliminary pages, which include the abstract, table of contents and acknowledgements are
paginated using lower case Roman numerals (ii, iii, iv) which are located at the bottom center of
the page.
Beginning with the first page of chapter 1, pagination is in Arabic numerals and continuously for
the remainder of the paper. Pagination starts with number two (2) on the second page of chapter
1. The first page of each chapter though counted is not numbered. The numbers are positioned in
the top margin one inch from the right side of the paper.
Widows and Orphans
It is best to avoid “widows and orphans” in the documents. A widow is the last line of a paragraph
or subheading that is found by itself at the top of the page. An orphan is the first line of a paragraph
or subheading that is found by itself at the end of the page.
 Formatting for the Preliminary Pages

The Preliminaries
A. Cover Page
B. Title Page
C. Approval Page
D. Declaration of Originality
E. Acknowledgement
F. Abstract
G. Table of Contents
H. List of Tables
I. List of Figures
Format for the Cover Page

First line of the title is four single spaces from the top edge of the margin

14–point font; Times

New Roman
Title Bold
Upper and lower case
Typewritten in
[7 single spaces] inverted pyramid
style
Single-spaced
Academic Unit Upper and lower
Trinity University of Asia case letters
Single space
14-point font; Times
[7 single spaces]
New Roman

Name
Degree Program First name Middle
[4-5 single spaces]
Initial Last name
14-point font; Times
New Roman
Year of Completion

Note: The researchers can adjust the spaces in between text for aesthetic purpose
Format for the Title Page

First line of the title is four single spaces from the top edge of the margin

14-point font; Times

Title New Roman
Bold
[6 single spaces] Upper and lower case
Inverter Pyramid Style

An Undergraduate Degree Paper/ A Master’s Degree Paper/ A Dissertation

Presented to the Faculty of the _______________[Academic Unit]
Trinity University of Asia

[5-6 single spaces]

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree

______________________________________
[6-7 spaces]

Name of Researcher First Name Middle

Initial Last Name;
[2 spaces]
Bold; 12-point Font
Month and Year of Completion

Note: Font size is twelve except for the title. For multiple authors, one line per author. To
accommodate all of the names of the authors, the researchers are advised to adjust the spaces
between texts.
Format for the Approval Page

First Line is written four single spaces from the top margin
APPROVAL PAGE
The study titled TITLE OF THE STUDY (ALL CAPS, ITALICIZED AND BOLD
FACE, TIMES NEW ROMAN, 12-point FONT) prepared by NAME OF THE
RESEARCHERS ( ALL CAPS, FIRST NAME MIDDLE INITIAL LAST NAME) in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree, COMPLETE NAME OF THE
PROGRAM (ALL CAPS) is recommended for Oral Examination. (line spacing of
1.15)

NAME OF ADVISER NAME OF DEPT. HEAD

Thesis Adviser Department Head

___________________________________________________________________

Approved by the Panel on Oral Examination last __________________________.

NAME OF PANELIST NAME OF PANELIST
Panelist Panelist
NAME OF PANELIST
Chair

___________________________________________________________________
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree (Name of Degree)

NAME OF ACADEMIC UNIT HEAD

Dean

Note: Use Times New Roman, 12-point Font; Make the necessary adjustment on the spaces
for the number of panelists
 [four spaces from the top margin]

Centered, Times New

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY Roman, 14-point Font, All
caps, bold, written four
[double space] single spaces from the top
margin

I, [Student’s Name] hereby confirm that the research titled [Title of the Thesis] is my own work

and a result of my research undertaking. All sources used in my work are fully referenced. I

gave appropriate credit to author/s whose works were mentioned in the paper. I also sought the

permission of copyright owners for text, figures, tables, graphs and illustrations which were used

in its entirety. All data and findings have not been falsified or fabricated. I did not seek or used

the services of other entity to produce this work.

In the event that the University was able to prove that I made a false claim in this Declaration, I

affirm the right of the University to impose disciplinary action in accordance with the University’s

regulation. I also understand that as a consequence of research misconduct in the course of

completing the research the University may cancel the degree awarded to me.

[four (4) spaces]

Name and Signature

Date:_____________
Acknowledgement Page
The acknowledgement page enables the researchers to express their gratitude to all those who have
helped or supported their project. In writing the acknowledgement the following guidelines may
be considered:
1. Be brief as possible. Avoid strong emotive language.
2. List the names of the people who offered their support and their corresponding
contribution.
3. List people according to their importance. Example the thesis adviser is first followed by
other teachers, family with friends as last.
For the body of the acknowledgement, use Times New Roman, 12-point Font, double space and
ragged right. The word ACKNOWLEDGEMENT should be all caps, Times New Roman, 14-
point font, centered, boldface and written four (4) spaces from the top margin.

Abstract Page
The abstract, which is found at the beginning of the paper, provides a concise description or
synthesis of the thesis. It is the most important part of the paper and should generate the interest
of the reader to read the full paper. The abstract should be stand-alone and should include the
major elements of the paper, namely, purpose of the study, research problem, methodology,
results and implication of the study. The abstract should be written separately from the full paper
and is not a collection of excerpts.
Guidelines in writing the abstract
1. For undergraduate degree paper: 150 words
For Master’s Thesis: 250 words
For Dissertation: 350 words
2. Use Times New Roman, 12-point font, double space and ragged right for the body of the
abstract
3. The abstract should be written as one paragraph with no indentation.
4. The word ABSTRACT is written four (4) spaces from the top margin using Times New
Roman 14-point font, all caps, boldface.
5. Avoid citing sources in the abstract.
6. At the end of the abstract, include a list of five (5) keywords which will give readers a brief
idea of what the paper is all about. The keywords will be useful in indexing the paper.
Format of the Abstract
Table of Contents
Guidelines:
1. The table of contents is placed after the abstract.
2. The heading TABLE OF CONTENTS is typed double-spaced from the top margin,
centered, all caps and boldface.
3. Chapter titles should be written double-spaced from the last text.
4. Use Times New Roman, 12-point font all throughout the text
5. Chapter titles must be in ALL CAPS.
6. Subheadings are in upper and lower case letters. Single-space before each subheading
7. Chapter numbers in Arabic are written on the left side while page numbers are located on
the right side
8. The wordings of headings and subheadings in the Table of Contents must correspond
exactly to the wordings of the text
9. See format of Table of Contents on the next page
 51

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page
Title Page i
Approval Page ii
Declaration of Originality iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1

Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 5
Hypothesis 7
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Limitation of the Study 10

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES 14

Common Elements of Teaching 14
Unpacking the Practice of Teachers 18
Dilemmas of Teachers in the Practice 20
Professional Learning 25
Learning Trajectories 28
Synthesis 30
Conceptual Framework 31
Definition of Terms 32

3 METHODOLOGY 33
Research Design 33
Population, Sample Size and Sampling Technique 36
Participants 38
Research Instruments 42
Validation of the Research Instrument 44
Data Gathering Procedure 48
Statistical Treatment of Data 49

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA 51
Culture and Teachers 51
Teachers and Learning 58
The Challenges of Teaching 75
Role Reversal of Teachers 89
 52

5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS 100
Summary of Findings 100
Conclusions 105
Recommendations 110

REFERENCES 112

APPENDICES
Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire 117
Appendix B: Ethics Clearance 118
Format for the List of Tables

1. The heading LIST OF TABLES is typed double space from the top margin, centered, all
caps and boldface.
2. Observe double space between titles of tables. Single space must be observed within titles.
3. Use Times New Roman, 12-point font all throughout.
4. Titles of tables should make use of upper and lower case letters.
5. Use Arabic numbers.
6. Table numbers are written on the left side while page numbers are located on the right side.
10. The wordings in the LIST OFTABLES must correspond exactly to the titles of the table in
the text
11. See format of LIST OF TABLES in the next page

Format for the LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Title Page

1 Demographic Description of the Participants 12
2 Distribution of Responses of the Participants when
Grouped According to Profile 55
3 Data Analysis 75

Follow the same format for the LIST OF FIGURES.

 Guidelines in Writing the Body of the Paper
Headings and Subheading
The headings and subheadings identify the different section in the paper. The number of headings
or subheadings depends on the length of the paper and on its complexity.
APA Headings Format [Seventh Edition]

APA Headings
Level Format
Centered, Boldface, Title Case Heading
1
Text starts a new paragraph.
Flush left, Boldface, Title Case Heading
2
Text starts a new paragraph.
Flush Left, Boldface Italic, Title Case Heading
3
Text starts a new paragraph.
Indented, Boldface Title Case Heading Ending With a Period. Paragraph text continues on
4
the same line as the same paragraph.
Indented, Boldface Italic, Title Case Heading Ending With a Period. Paragraph text continues
5
on the same line as the same paragraph.
EXAMPLE:
Chapter 3
Methodology [Level 1]
Research Design [Level 2]
Participants [Level 2]
Profile of the Participants [Level 3]
Age. [Level 4]
Adolescent. [Level 5]
Source:
Purdue University (2020). Changes in the 7th Edition. Retrieved from
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa
_changes_7th_edition.html
Chapter and Subheadings
1. Begin each chapter on a new page.
2. Use title case for the word chapter and chapter title. Follow the APA format in writing
the headings and the subheadings.
3. Use Arabic numerals for chapter numbers.
4. Use double space throughout the paper.
Writing Tables and Figures
Tables and figures will follow the APA 7th edition style. The following guidelines will be followed
in constructing the tables:
1. Number the tables in the order they first appeared, begin with Table 1.
2. Use Arabic numerals in numbering the tables. Table numbers should be bold, flush to the
left and should be double space between the table number and table title.
3. Table title should be italicized and in title case.
4. Each column should have a heading with the first letter of the first word capitalized.
5. Do not use vertical borders. Use horizontal lines sparingly and for clarity only.
6. Do not use borders around each cell.
7. Be consistent in the number of decimal places.
8. Entries in the table should be in sentence case and double space.
9. If necessary, includes notes below the table. The notes explain some items in the table.
There are three types of information that may be written as notes. The first are the general
notes which include explanation of the table as a whole, acknowledgement if the table is
copied from a source and definition of any abbreviation used. These are followed by
specific notes that pertain to a specific item in the table. Superscript letters (a, b, c…) may
appear at some items in the table. Probability notes indicate the p values for some of the
statistical data in the table such as p<0.5.
10. Write the word Note which is italicized followed by a period.
Example of a table:
Table 1

Age Distribution of the Participants

Age
Type of Participants 15 years old 16 years old 17 years old 18 years old
Drop Out 8 9 9 7
Enrolled 7 8 9 8
Note. All of the participants are females.
Drawing of Figures

The common type of figures included in the table are line graphs, bar graphs, charts, drawing,
photographs, infographics and illustrations. The inclusion of figures in TUA research papers
follows the APA 7th Edition format.

Guidelines in drawing figures

1. Number the figures in the order they first appeared in the paper. Begin with Figure 1.
2. Use Arabic numerals. Figure numbers should be bold, flush to the left and with double
space between the figure number and figure title.
3. Figure title is italicized and in title case.
4. For text within the image of the figure such as axis labels, use Times New Roman between
8 and 14 points.
5. The legend should be placed within the borders of the figure and explains any symbols
used in the figure.
Figure 1
Process Chart on Data Processing

data program module

Note: A linear process is being followed in the data processing.
Use of Italics
Based on the 7th Edition of the APA, the following guidelines determines when to use and when
not to use italics:
Italics are appropriate for:
 Titles of books, journals and periodicals, webpages, films and videos
 Key terms of phrases accompanied by definition (In research low risks implies
that the only foreseeable risk is discomfort.
 Anchors of scale such as 0 (never) to 5 (continuously)
 Scientific names such as Chanos chanos

Italics are not appropriate for:

 If the intention is to emphasize

 Common foreign phrases used in English such as ad hoc
 Greek letters
 Chemical terms CO2

Note: Foreign terms not commonly used in English are in italics.